Chapter 8 Joints

Compare and contrast the common types of arthritis

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Name and provide examples of the six types of synovial joints based on the types of movements allowed.

1. Plane joint - intercarpal joint 2. Hinge joint - elbow joint 3. Pivot joint - proximal radioulnar joint 4. Condyloid joint - metecarpophalangeal joint 5. Saddle joint - Carpometacarpal (joint of thumb) 6. Ball - and- socket - shoulder joint

List three natural factors that stabilize synovial joints.

1. Shapes of articular surface (minor role) 2. Ligament number and location (limited role) 3. Muscle tone which keep tendons that cross the joint taut.

Describe the hip

1. hip bone and femur 2. synovial ball and socket 3. diarthrotic gliding of patella

Describe the shoulder

1. scapula and humerous 2. synovial ball and socket 3. diarthrotic, multifaxial, flexion. extension. abduction, circumduction, rotation of humerous

Describe the elbow joints in terms of articulating bones , anatomical characteristics of the joint, movements allowed, and joint stability.

1. ulna and radius with humerous 2. synovial/hinge 3. diarthrotic, uniaxial,flexion, extension of forearm

Describe the knee

1.femur and tibia 2.synovialmodified hinge (contains articular disc) 3. diarthrotic, biaxial, flexion, extension of leg some rotation allowed in flex position

Describe the jaw

1.temperal bone of skull and mandible 2. synovial modified hinge contains articular disc 3. diarthrotic, gladial, and uniaxial, rotation, slight lateral movement, elevation, depression. protraction and retraction of mandible.

Compare the structures and functions of bursae and tendon sheaths.

Bursae - flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes - contain synovial fluid - commonly act as ball bearings where ligaments muscle, skin, tendon, or bones rub together. Tendon sheath : - elegonated bursae that wraps completely around a tendon

Name the most common joint injuries and discuss the symptoms and problems associated with each.

Cartilage tears, sprains, and dislocations -cartilage tears typically occur when a meniscus is subjected to compression and shear stress at the same time -cartilage is avascular and cannot repair itself which can cause a joint to lock and grind Sprain - ligaments reinforcing a joint are torn are torn sprains tend to be painful and immobilizing Dislocations occur when bones are forced out of alignment.

Describe the cause and consequences of Lyme Disease.

Caused by bacteria transmitted by the bites of ticks. Symptoms - skin rash, flu like symptoms, and foggy thinking. Treatment - antibiotics.

name and describe the common body movements.

Common body movements : origin - attachment to the immovable bone insertion - attach to the movable bone Movements occur along tranverse, frontal, or sagittal plane.

describe the general structure of cartilaginous joints. Name and give an example of each of the two common types of cartilaginous joints.

Structure of cartilagenous : united by cartilage no joint cavity Two Types : synchondroses - symphyses -

describe the structural characteristics of synovial joints.

Synovial Joints Distinguishing Features : - All are diathrotic - Include all limb joints, most joints of the body 1. Articular cartilage : hyaline cartilage 2. Joint synovial cavity ; small potential space 3. Articular joint capsule : - outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue - inner synovial membrane of loose connective tissue 4. Synovial Fluid -viscous slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid -lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage 5. Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments - capsular (intrinsic) - part of the fibrous capsule - extracapsular - outside the capsule - intrascapular - deep to capsule covered by the synovial membrane 6. Rich nerve and blood vessel supply - nerve fibers detect pain, monitor, joint position, and stretch - capillary beads produce filtrate for synovial fluid

Describe the general structure of fibrous joints. Name and give an example of each of the type of fibrous joints.

fibrous - 1) bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue 2) no joint cavity 3) types : sutures - in the skull syndesmoses - distal tibiafibular gomphoses - socket of tooth (unique to gomphoses)

Classify joints structurally

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Classify joints functionally

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

Define joint or articulation

the place where two or more bones meet.