Chapter 8: Metabolism

Which of the following are considered catabolic hormones?

-epinerhrine -cortisol -glucagon

Which of the following are key hormones in the regulation of metabolic activities?

-glucagon -epinephrine -insulin -thyriod hormone

match the pathway with the catabolic pathway

-glucogenic-pyruvate -ketogenic-acetyl CoA

Cortisol promotes which of the following actions?

-increases protein catabolism -increases use of amino acids for gluconeogensis

Mitochondria are responsible for

-the transfer of energy -released to ATP -catabolize macronutrients

Which of the following are responsible for transporting hydrogen ions and high energy electrons to electron transport chain?

FADH-2 and NADH

______ has riboflavin in its chemical structure

FADH2

When the body is in need glucose it can synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrates precursors in a process known as __________

Gluconeogenesis

Which of the following nutrients provides the greatest energy density?

Triglycerides

Which of the following vitamins is often present in the chemical structure of coenzymes?

Vitamin B

Low to moderate amounts of alohol are metabolized through the?

alcohol dehydrogenase pathway

The cells of an obese person may?

become insulin resistant

Metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones are classified as_______

catabolic

The most important product produce during the citric acid cycle are ___________

coenzymes

The organic cofactors that helps enzymes catalyze reactions are called_____

coenzymes

glucagon instructs liver to ?

degrade glycogen to store glucose

During prolonged fasting, the following pathways are all active except?

fatty acid synthesis

The pathway by which glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells is____?

glycogenesis

2 ATP are gained from______

glycolysis

Metabolic postabsorptive responses are mainly under the influence of ?

insulin

The hormone that activates receptors on cell membranes of adlpocytes and muscle cells and signals glucose transport proteins is

insulin

Which of the following hormones promotes glycogenesis?

insulin

When high concentration of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate cause a lowering of blood pH this causes

ketoacidosis

When oxygen is not available in a working muscle cell, pyruvate will be converted to?

lactic acid

The synthesis of fatty acids is known as _____

lipogenesis

Hormone sensitive lipase facillitates_________by removing the 3 fatty acid from the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride

lipolysis

______are the powerhouse organelles that synthesis most of the ATP that cells need to functions.

mitochondria

When excess is consumed, the amino acid are stripped of the _____________and used to make either glucose or fat.

nitrogen group

During beta-oxidation fatty acids are____

oxidized to yield acetyl CoA molecules for the citric acid cycle

The anabolic process of recycling ATP through the attachment of a Pi group to ADP is known as _______

phosphorylation

Kenny's BAC is 0.025. At this BAC, you should expect him to be?

relaxed

Human cells must obtain energy by

releasing chemical energy from macronutrients

Glycolyis

results in the formation of pyruvate

Alcohol metabolism in the liver can result in all of the following except?

synthesis of glucose

Catabolism is a term that describes

the breakdown of large molecules

Energy is defined as

the capacity to perform work

The conversion of amino acids into other molecules such as glucose and fatty acid is dependent on?

the specific amino acid.

Metabolism is the _______that occur in living cells.

total of all chemical reactions

True or false: Pyruvate may be convertes back to glucose.

true

Pyruvate is converted to a___________-carbon compound in the __________ when oxygen is present.

two, mticondria

Beverages amount with the appropriate number of drinks is

-10 oz of wine= 2 drinks -36 oz of wine= 3 drinks -6 oz of wine= 4 drinks

During the citric acid cycle, which of the following are by-products (released) when compounds are oxidized?

-CO2 -Hydrogen ions

Conversion of ATP to ADP results

-cleaving of the bonds -between the last two -phospate group of ATP

First priorities for amino acid derived from proteins are

-create structural molecules -synthesize enzymes -synthesize hormones

Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions that occur in living cells including:

-eliminate waste products -synthesize proteins -energy release from -biological fuels

As acetyl CoA molecules are added to the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid, the fatty acid is able to_____?

-elongate -store energy

Following steps in order

1- amino acids are converted to acetyl CoA 2- acetyl CoA molecules do not enter citric acid cycle 3- excess acetyl CoA enters fatty acid synthesis

Steps of energy production from ATP in order

1- enzyme cleaves bond between last two phosphate groups of ATP. 2-ATP molecule loses power 3- ADP is formed.

Vitamin B deficiency is linked to fatigue order

1- inadequate vitamin intake 2- lack of coenzyme production 3- decreased conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA 4- person becomes fatigued

Metabolic syndrome in order

1- liver cells become insulin resistant 2- gluconeogenesis becomes altered 3- liver releases monosaccharides into blood stream 4- blood glucose levels rise 5-pancreas secretes more insulin 6- metabolic syndrome

Glucose break down in order

1-Glycolysis 2-Pyruvate --> Acetyl CoA 3- Citric Acid Cycle 4- Electron Transport Chain

During beta-oxidation, fatty acid molecules are seperated into______carbon segments that are converted to____________

2, acetyl CoA

NAD and FAD are each able to pick up __ hydrogen ions and __ electrons

2;2

ATP is converted into _______ when the last high-energy bond on the ATP molecule is cleaved.

ADP

_______ involves metabolic reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones

Anabolism

___________ refers to metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaler ones.

Anabolism

Where does glucose go after it is degraded in the liver?

Bloodstream

Ann consumes a high-concentration diet. How does this type of diet most likely contribute to weight gain?

Cells membrane the monosaccharides molecules for ATP which spares triglycerides from being broken down

______________are a series of specific chemical reactions that occur in sequence to allow cells acess and use stored energy.

Chemical pathways

________ is a catabolic hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands

Cortisol

The citric acid cycle is a complex series of chemical reactions that converts the 2-carbon acetyl CoA molecules into _______

H20 and CO2

_______________ occurs in muscle cells and adlpocytes because insulin receptors no longer function properly.

Insulin resistance

Which of the following statements is true?

Ketone bodies are produced from acetyl CoA molecules

Which of the Following can be a product of anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate?

Lactic acid Lactate

Where is the primary site of glycogen degradation to provide tissues with energy?

Liver

Which of the following best describes the most likely fate of excess glucose molecules in the body after a meal?

Liver cells convert the excess glucose molecules to glycogen

ATP production during anaerobic metabolism is____________ during aerobic metabolism.

Much less than

__________is a component of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleoide.

Niacin

Excess fat that accumulates in liver cells can lead to condition called_______?

Non-alcoholic fatty liver.

Which of the following hormones can adapt to increasing or decreasing metabolic refers?

Thyroid hormone

Which of the following coenzymes are required to convert glycogen to glucose?

Pyridoxal phosphate