Chapter 8

fontanels

"Soft spots" on the infant's head; un ossified areas in the infant scull.

appendicular skeleton contains ____ (number) of bones that form the upper and lower _____

126; extremities

skeleton fully ossified by age __

25

Axial Skeleton contains ____ (number) bones of the ___ ___ and ____

80; head neck and torso

endosteum

A fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity.

sinus

A space or cavity inside some of the cranial bones.

scoliosis

Abnormal lateral (side-to-side) curvature of the vertebral column.

What is kyphosis

Abnormal thoracic curvature of vertebral column. "humpback"

lordosis

Abnormally exaggerated lumbar curvature of the vertebral column.

kyphosis

Abnormally exaggerated thoracic curvature of the vertebral column.

Articular cartilage

Absorbs shock and reduces friction. cartilage covereing joint ends of bones

canaliculi

An extremely narrow tubular passage or channel in compact bone that connect the lacunae with one another and with the central canal in each osteon. Nutrients pass from the blood vessel in the osteon through the canaliculi to the osteocytes.

Vertebral Column (In order)

Atlas, Axis, cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5), coccyx

Epiphyseal fracture

Between epiphysis and diaphysis

hemopoiesis

Blood cell formation.

osteoclasts

Bone absorbing cells.

osteoblasts

Bone forming cells.

Describe structure of osteon

Bone matrix is organized into numerous structural units called osteons. Each circular, tubelike osteon is composed of calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers. Each ring is called a concentric lamella. The circular rings or lamellae surround the central canal that contains a blood vessel. Osteocytes lie between the hard layers of the lamellae in little spaces called lacunae. Tiny passages or canals called canaliculi connect the lacunae with one another and with the central canal in each osteon. Nutrients pass from the blood vessel in the osteon through the canaliculi to the osteocytes.

skull

Bones of the head and face.

vertebrae

Bones that make up the spinal column.

Trabeculae

Bony, needle-like thread portions of the spongy bone that surround the open spaces.

chondrocytes

Cartilage cells.

articular cartilage

Cartilage covering the joint ends of bones.

5 sections of The vertebral column (based on location.)

Cervical vertebrae, Thoracic vertebrae, Lumbar vertebrae, Sacrum and Coccyx

Ulnar deviation

Characteristics deformity of rheumatoid arthritis.

thorax

Chest

clavicle

Collar bone, connects the upper extremity to the axial skeleton.

What is a "dowager's hump"

Compression fractures of vertebrae --> shortened stature and kyphosis

Transverse or Volkmann canals

Connect the central canals to one another.

synovial membrane

Connective tissue membrane lining the spaces between bones and joints that secretes synovial fluid.

pelvic girdle

Connects the legs to the trunk.

compact bone

Dense bone.

periosteum

Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone.

epiphyses

Ends of a long bone.

Spongy bone

Found in epiphyses of bones Appears "porous" to naked eye with many open spaces Spaces contain red bone marrow Texture results from needle-like threads of bone called trabeculae

yellow bone marrow

Found in medullary cavity, composed chiefly of fat cells and functions as a fat storage area

diarthroses

Freely movable joint.

Heberden nodes

From DJD; at distal interphalangeal joint

Bouchard nodes

From DJD; at proximal interphalangeal joint

What are ligaments.

Grows out of the periosteum. Attaches Bone-Bone. bands made of fibrous connective tissue

red bone marrow

Hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes. Located within the spongy bone. In the adult, it is chiefly in the sternum, ribs, and hipbones.

medullary cavity

Hollow area inside the diaphysis of the bone that contains yellow bone marrow.

U shaped bone located just above the larynx and below mandible that is suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bone. ONLY bone in the body that articulates with no other bones

Hyoid

synarthroses

Immovable joint

mastoiditis

Inflammation of the air cells within the mastoid portion of the temporal bone; usually caused by infection.

epiphyseal plate

Long bone grows and ultimately becomes ossified from small centers located in both ends of the bone called epiphyses, and from a larger center located in the shaft of the bone. These growth areas are made of cartilage. As long as any cartilage, called epiphyseal plates, remains between the epiphyses and shaft of the bone, growth can continue. Growth ceases when all epiphyseal cartilage is transformed into bone.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells (were once osteoporosis blasts). Located within lacunae. lie between the hard layers of the lamellae in little spaces called lacunae

Talus

Most important bone in foot

trabeculae

Needlelike threads of spongy bone that surround a network of spaces.

radius

One of the two bones in the forearm; located on the thumb side of the forearm.

ulna

One of the two forearm bones; located on the little finger side.

A stable circular base that supports the trunk and attaches the lower extremities to it. Made up of the sacrum and two coxal bones bound tightly by strong ligaments

Pelvic girdle

carpal

Pertaining to the wrist.

What does synovial membrane do?

Secrete synovial fluid.

diaphysis

Shaft of a long bone.

scapula

Shoulder blade.

pectoral girdle

Shoulder girdle; the scapula and clavicle.

amphiarthroses

Slightly movable joint such as the joint joining the two pubic bones.

lacunae

Space or cavity; for example, lacunae in bone contain bone cells.

Three types of joints

Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthroses

axial skeleton

The bones of the head, neck, and torso, or trunk of the body.

appendicular skeleton

The bones of the upper and lower extremities of the body.

phalanges

The bones that make up the fingers and toes.

concentric lamella

The circular rings or lamellae surround the central canal that contains a blood vessel.

False ribs

The eighth, ninth, and tenth pairs of ribs are attached to the costal cartilage of the seventh rib pair

True ribs

The first seven pairs of ribs are attached to the sternum by costal cartilage

Floating ribs

The last two pairs of ribs are attached only to the vertebrae and seem to "float free" in the front

metacarpal

The part of the hand between the wrist and the fingers.

humerus

The second longest bone in the body; the long bone of the arm.

femur

The thigh bone, which is the longest bone in the body.

spine

The vertebral column consisting of a series of separate bones or vertebrae connected in such a way that they form a flexible curved rod.

lamella

Thin layer, as of bone.

Structural classification

Type of connective tissue that joins bones together (fibrous or cartilaginous joints) or presence of a fluid filled joint capsule

Avulsion fracture

Violent muscle contractions pull a piece of bone free

endochondral ossification

When the skeleton begins to form in a baby before birth, it consists of cartilage and fibrous structures shaped like bones. Gradually thesecartilage models become transformed into bone when the cartilage is replaced with calcified bone matrix. This process of remodeling a growing bone as it changes from a cartilage model to the characteristic shape and proportion of the adult bone is called endochondral ossification and requires the continuous activity of bone-forming cells called osteoblasts and

abduction

away

Hematopoiesis Function of bone

blood cell formation is a vital process carried on in red bone marrow, which is soft connective tissue in some bones.

site for the production of blood cells

bone marrow

Support Function of bone

bones form the body's supporting framework, giving it shape.

In general, what bones are included in the axial skeleton?

bones of the center or axis of the body. The skull, spine, chest, and the hyoid bone in the neck are all in the axial skeleton

Storage Function of bone

bones play an important part in maintaining homeostasis of blood calcium.

zone of proliferation

cartilage cells undergoing active mitosis

Most bones begin as a ____ with bone formation spreading from ____ to the _____

cartilage model; center to the ends

Adduction

close

Composite of _____ and an amorphous mixture of ____ called _____

collagenous fibers; protein and polysaccharides; ground substance

cranial flat bones have an internal and external table of _______ and in inner cancellous region called the _____

compact bone; diploe

Osteon

composed of calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers (aka haversian systems) A structural unit of compact bone

intramembranous ossification occurs within a _____ tissue membrane

connective

Cartilage

consists more of intracellular substance than cells. Innumerable collagenous fibers reinforce the matrix of both bone and cartilage; however, in cartilage, the fibers are embedded in a firm gel instead of a calcified cement substance as they are in bone. Cartilage has the flexibility of firm plastic rather than the rigidity of bone. Cartilage cells, called chondrocytes, are located in lacunae. In cartilage, lacunae are suspended in the cartilage matrix much like bubbles in a block of gelatin. There are no blood vessels in cartilage.

hydropxyaphatite

crystals of calcium and phosphate contribute to bone hardness

zone of calcification

dead or dying cartilage cells undergoing rapid calcification

osteogenesis

development of bone from small cartilage or membrane model to adult bone

bone grows in length as endochondral ossification progress from the ____ toward each _____

diaphysis; epiphysis

Tibia articulates distally with the ___ and ___

fibula and talus

Frontal bone forms the ____ and ____ part of the top of the cranium

forehead; anterior

forms the coronal suture with the two parietal bones

frontal bone

Protection Function of bone

hard bony boxes protect delicate structures enclosed within them.

A synarthrotic joint

has fibrous connective tissue growing between the articulating bones, holding them close together. Synarthroses do not allow any significant movement between the joint bones. An example of this type of joint is the cranial bones in which there is no movement.

knee

hinge joint

most common type of cartilage

hyaline

Synchondroses

hyaline cartilage present between articulating bones

Coccyx

in a child there are 3 to 5 separate vertebrae; in an adult the vertebrae are fused into one.

Sacrum

in a child there are 5 separate vertebrae that form the sacrum; in an adult the vertebrae are fused into one.

symphyses

joints in which a pad or disk of fibrocartilage connects two bones

Tibia

larger and stronger of the two leg bones. more medially and superficially located.

patella

largest sesamoid bone in the body

Osteocytes lie between the hard layers of the lamellae in little spaces called lacunae. Tiny passages or canals called canaliculi connect the lacunae with one another and with the central canal in each osteon. Nutrients pass from the blood vessel in the osteon through the canaliculi to the osteocytes.

lie between the hard layers of the lamellae in little spaces called lacunae

Thoracic vertebrae

located in the center of the back—contain 12 vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae

located in the small of the back—contain 5 vertebrae

Cervical vertebrae

located in the upper neck region—contain 7 vertebrae

mandible

lower jaw

depression

lowers a part

In general, what bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?

made up of the upper and lower extremities or appendages. The bones of the shoulder, pectoral girdle, arms, wrists, hands, hip, pelvic girdle, legs, ankles, and feet make up the appendicular skeleton.

Inorganic salts found in bone

magnesium, sodium, sulfate, and fluoride

Structures affected by ankle injury

malleoli and articular surface of tibia

largest strongest bone of the face that forms the only movable joint of the skull with the temporal bone

mandible

Sternum composed of three parts:

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

two ____ form the keystone of the face

maxillae

bone marrow is found in the ______ of ______and in the spaces of ______

medullary cavities of long bones; spongy bone

blood vessels enter the cartilage model at the ____ of the _____

midpoint; diaphysis

retraction

moves a part backward

protraction

moves a part forward

elevation

moves a part up

Movement Function of bone

muscles are anchored to bones. As muscles contract and shorten, they pull on bones and thereby move them.

type of soft diffuse connective tissue called ______

myeloid tissue

zone of hypertrophy

older enlarged cells undergoing degenerative changes associated with calcium deposition

Bone matrix

organized into numerous structural units called osteons. Each circular, tubelike osteon is composed of calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers.

______ are clustered together in ossification center

osteoblasts

flat bone intramembranous ossification begins when groups of cells differentiate into ____

osteoblasts

Function of knee joint

permits flexion, extension, and some rotation

resting cartilage cells-

point of attachment joining the epiphysis to the shaft

articulation (definition)..... ___ and ___ act as shock absorber

point of contact between bones; synovial fluid and fossa

found in virtually all bones in an infants or childs body

red marrow

functions to produce red blood cells

red marrow

two types of marrow

red marrow/yellow marrow

Slender needlelike crystals are oriented to most effectively....

resist stress and mechanical deformation

Epiphyseal plate is composed of four layers:

resting, zone of proliferation, zone of hypertrophy, zone of calcification

Ground substance

secreted by connective tissue cells

Foot bones are held together to form _____ arches

spring

protects lungs and heart as well as supports ribs

sternum

maxilla

upper jaw

____ marrow cells become saturated with fat and are no longer active in RBC production

yellow

replaces red marrow as an individual ages

yellow marrow