Chapter 8: Skeletal System - Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Fontanelles

'soft spots' on baby's head

Name the bones that make up one side of the lower limb

- 1 femur - 1 patella - 1 tibia - 1 fibula - 7 tarsal bones - 5 metatarsal bones - 14 phalanges

Name the bones of the upper limb (one side)

- 1 humerus - 1 radius - 1 ulna - 8 carpal bones - 5 metacarpal bones - 14 phalanges

What bones can be seen from a lateral view of the skull?

- 1 parietal bone - 1 temporal bone - 1 zygomatic bone - maxilla - mandible - frontal bone - occipital bone - lacrimal bone

Name the bones that make up the pectoral girdle

- 2 clavicles - 2 scapula

How many phalanges does each finger have?

- 3 per finger - 2 per thumb

Vertebra Prominens

- C7 - transition from cervical to thoracic vertebra - spinous process longer than in other cervical vertebrae - easily palpated between the scapulae

What does the sacrum articulate with?

- L5 superiorly - first coccygeal vertebra inferiorly - the 2 hip bones laterally

Sutural Bones

- Wormian bones - represent independent bone ossification centers - most common and numerous in the lambdoid suture

Scoliosis

- abnormal lateral curvature

Name the bony markings of the os coxae

- acetabulum - ilium - ischium - pubis - iliac crest - ischial tuberosity - obturator foramen - pubic symphysis

Name the bone markings of the clavicle

- acrimonial end (flatter) - sternal end

Paranasal Sinuses

- air-filled chambers open into nasal cavity - cause skull bones to be lighter - provide resonance to voice

Sacrum

- anteriorly curved, triangular bone - forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity

Name the bony markings of the sacrum

- apex (projects inferiorly) - base (superior surface)

Occipital Condyles

- articulate with first cervical vertebra of vertebral column (ATLAS) - what the skull rests on

Facet

- articulating surface - small, flat, shallow surface

Trochlea

- articulating surface - smooth, grooved, pulley-like process

Head

- articulating surface -prominent, rounded epiphysis

Condyle

- articulating surface - large, smooth, rounded oval surface

Coronal Suture

- articulation between frontal and parietal bones - extends laterally across superior surface of skull

Hypoglossal Canal

- at anteromedial edge of each condyle - hypoglassal nerve extends through here (supplies tongue muscles)

How is the skeletal system organized and divided?

- axial skeleton - appendicular skeleton

Anatomical Neck of Humerus

- between head and tubercles - groove marking location of former epiphyseal plate

Foramen Lacerum

- between occipital and temporal bones - covered by cartilage

Structural Features of the Vertebrae

- body - vertebral arch (laminae and pedicles) - vertebral foramen - vertebral canal - intervertebral foramina - spinous process - transverse processes - superior and inferior articular processes - articular facet - intervertebral discs

Deltoid Tuberosity

- bone marking on humerus - site of deltoid muscle attachment

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

- bones of upper and lower limbs - pectoral and pelvic girdles

Sella Turcica

- bony depression on sphenoid - holds pituitary gland

Superciliary Arches

- brow ridges - superior to orbits on anterior surface of frontal bone - larger and more pronounced in males

Name the spinal curvatures

- cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral

Name the regions of the vertebral column?

- cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacrum - coccyx

Secondary Spinal Curvatures

- cervical and lumbar vertebrae - appear after birth (cervical when baby can life his head 3-4 months, lumbar when baby can walk 1 year) - help shift trunk weight over the legs

What bones are found in the pectoral girdle?

- clavicle - scapula

Axial Skeleton

- composed of bones along the central body axis - framework supports and protects organs - spongy bone contains hemopoietic tissue

Sagittal Suture

- connects left and right parietal bones - extends between coronal and lambdoid sutures

Lambdoid Suture

- connects the 2 parietal bones and the occipital bone - extends across posterior skull surface

Pelvic Brim

- continuous oval ridge - divides pelvis into true and false pelves

What makes the thoracic vertebrae unique in structure?

- costal facets (AKA demifacets) that articulate with the both the head and tubercle of ribs - T11/T12 lack transverse costal facets

Name the bone markings of the sternum

- costal notches

How are the bones of the skull categorized?

- cranial bones - facial bones

Name the cavities of the skull

- cranial cavity - orbits (eye sockets) - oral cavity - nasal cavity - paranasal sinuses

Interosseous Membrane

- dense regular CT - located between the radius and ulna - keeps radius and ulna a fixed distance apart - pivot of rotation for the forearm

Alveolus

- depression - deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible

Fossa

- depression - flattened or shallow depression

Sulcus

- depression - narrow groove

Supraspinous Fossa

- depression superior to spine - supraspinatus muscle attaches here (?)

Crista Galli

- elevation on anteromedial part of cribiform plate - attachment of cranial dural septa of brain

Nasal Complex

- encloses nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

What is the difference between the male and female pelvis?

- female pelvis shallower and wider - females with wider hips - female sacrum shorter and wider

Name the bony markings of the fibula

- fibular articular facet - head - neck - lateral malleolus

Lumbar Vertebrae

- form inferior concave region of the back

Thoracic Vertebrae

- form superior region of the back - each articulates with one or two pairs of ribs

Facial bones

- form the face - protect entrances to digestive and respiratory systems - give shape and individuality to the face - form part of the orbit and nasal cavities - support teeth - provide attachment sites for muscles of facial expression and chewing

Vertebral Canal

- formed by stacked vertebral foramina - contains the spinal cord

Mandible

- forms lower jaw

Parietal Foramina

- found along posterior third of sagittal suture - passage of small veins between brain and scalp

What bones can be seen from a sagittal sectional view of the skull?

- frontal bone - parietal bone - temporal bone - occipital bone - ethmoid bone - sphenoid bones

What bones make up the cranial cavity?

- frontal bone - parietal bone - temporal bone - occipital bone - ethmoid bone - sphenoid bones

What bones can be seen from the anterior view of the skull?

- frontal bone - parietal bone - temporal bone - sphenoid bone - ethmoid bone - lacrimal bone - nasal bone - zygomatic bone - maxilla - inferior nasal concha - mandible

What bones can be seen from the superior view of the skull?

- frontal bone - parietal bones - occipital bone - zygomatic bone - temporal bone - sutural bone

What bones can be seen from an internal view of the cranial base?

- frontal bone - sphenoid bone - temporal bone - parietal bone - occipital bone - ethmoid bone

Spinal Curvatures

- gives column some flexibility - better supports weight of the body than a straight spine

Name the bone markings of the femur

- head - fovea - neck - shaft - greater/lesser trochanter - gluteal tuberosity - linea aspera - popliteal surface - medial/lateral condyles - medial/lateral epicondyles - intercondylar fossa - patellar surface

Name the bony markings of the humerus

- head - greater/lesser tubercle - anatomical/surgical tubercle - shaft - deltoid tuberosity - radial groove - medial/lateral epicondyles - capitulum - trochlea - radial fossa - coronoid fossa - olecranon fossa

Name the bony markings of the radius

- head - neck - radial tuberosity - shaft - styloid process - ulnar notch

Name the bone markings of the ribs

- head - neck - shaft - costal groove - tubercle

Stylomastoid Foramen

- holds facial nerve - between mastoid and styloid process

What bones make up the elbow joint?

- humerus - radius - ulna

Kyphosis

- hunchback - exaggerated thoracic curvature

Name the bones that make up the os coxae

- ilium - ischium - pubis

What bones make up the ossa coxae?

- ilium - ischium - pubis

Surgical Neck of Humerus

- immediately distal to the tubercles - common fracture site

Suture

- immovable joint - form boundaries between cranial bones - connected by dense regular CT - often with intricate interlocking forms - named for bones or features they interconnect

Supination

- in anatomic position, palm of hand facing anteriorly - radius on lateral side - ulna on medial side

Patella

- indirectly articulates with patellar surface of femur - allows tendon to glide more smoothly - oad base - inferior pointed approtects knee joint - superior brex

Middle Cranial Fossa

- inferior and posterior to anterior cranial fossa - from posterior edge of lesser wings to anterior regions of petrous temporal bone - houses temporal lobes and pituitary gland

Mastoid Process

- inferior and posterior to the meatus - bump behind external ear opening

Where are the inferior, middle, and superior nasal chonchae found?

- inferior nasal conchae is a facial bone - middle and superior nasal chonchae are bone features of the ethmoid bone

True Pelvis

- inferior to pelvic brim - encloses pelvic cavity and contains pelvic organs

Hyoid Bone

- inferior to skull between mandible and larynx - does not articulate with any other bone - 2 hornlike processes (greater and lesser cornua)

Infraspinous Fossa

- inferior to the spine - infraspinatus muscle attaches here (?)

Pelvic Outlet

- inferiorly placed opening - bounded by coccyx, ischial tuberosities, inferior border of symphysial surface - covered with muscles and skin

Carotid Canal

- internal passageway for carotoid artery - anteromedial to jugular foramen

Jugular Foramen

- internal passageway for jugular vein and several nerves - opening between temporal and occipital bones

Intervertebral foramina

- lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae - passageways for spinal nerves extending to body

Maxillae

- left and right fuse in the midline - form most of upper jaw - form most of lateral boundaries of nasal cavity - form portion of floor of each orbit - form roof of the oral cavity

Cleft Palate

- left and right maxillary and palatine bones incompletely fused

Name the auditory ossicles

- malleus - incus - stapes

Name the main components of the sternum

- manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Name the bone markings on the tibia

- medial/lateral condyles - tibial tuberosity - shaft - medial malleolus

Posterior Cranial Fossa

- most inferior cranial fossa - extends from posterior regions of petrous temporal bones to occipital bone - supports cerebellum and part of brainstem

Anterior Cranial Fossa

- most shallow cranial fossa - formed by frontal, ethmoid, and lesser wings of sphenoid bone - houses frontal lobes of the brain

What bones can be seen from the posterior view of the skull?

- occipital bone - parietal bones - temporal bones - sutural bones - mandible

Medial and Lateral Pterygoid Plates

- on sphenoid bone - form pterygoid process

Sinus

- opening or space - cavity or hollow space in a bone

Fissure

- opening or space - narrow, slitlike opening through a bone

Canal

- opening or space - passageway through a bone

Meatus

- opening or space - passageway through a bone

Foramen

- opening or space - rounded passageway through a bone

Internal Acoustic Meatus

- opens in medial temporal bone - proximal facial nerve and vestibulocochlear nerve

Orbital Complex

- orbits enclose and protect the eyes and the muscles that move them - multiple bones form each orbit

Pronation

- palm of hand facing posteriorly - bones are crossed (no longer parallel)

What bones make up the roof of the cranium?

- parts of frontal bone - parietal bone - parts of occipital bone

What bones make up the base of the cranium?

- parts of the ethmoid bone - sphenoid bone - occipital bone - temporal bones

Herniated Disc

- pinches spinal cord or nerves - bulging of disc contents into vertebral canal - causes back pain - sometimes treated with surgery

Pterion

- portion of sphenoid bone - articulates with frontal, parietal, and temporal bones

Ramus

- projection for a tendon and ligament - angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure

Process

- projection for a tendon and ligament - any marked bony prominence

Tuberosity

- projection for a tendon and ligament - large, rough projection

Line

- projection for a tendon and ligament - low ridge

Trochanter

- projection for a tendon and ligament - massive, rough projection found only in the femur

Spine

- projection for a tendon and ligament - pointed, slender process

Tubercle

- projection for a tendon and ligament - small, round projection

Epicondyle

- projection for tendon and ligament - projection adjacent to a condyle

Crest

- projection for tendon and ligament attachment - narrow, prominent, ridge like projection

What are the different types of bone markings?

- projections - smooth areas - depressions, grooves, and openings

Vertebral Column

- provides vertical support for body - supports weight of head - helps maintain an upright body position - houses and protects spinal cord

How are the phalanges of the foot labeled?

- proximal, medial, distal - proximal and distal for big toe - roman numerals I - V

How do you label the phalanges?

- proximal, middle, distal phalanx - roman numeral I - V

How are the metatarsals labeled?

- roman numerals I - V - I = medial, big toe - V = lateral, pinky toe

How are metacarpals labeled?

- roman numerals I - V - I = thumb - V = little finger

Name the bones that make up the pelvis

- sacrum - coccyx - ossa coxae (2)

Name the carpal bones in the proximal row of the wrist

- scaphoid - lunate - triquetrum - pisiform

Name the carpal bones

- scaphoid - lunate - triquetrum - pisiform - trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate

What bones make up the axial skeleton

- skull - vertebral column - thoracic cage (ribs, sternum, clavicle and thoracic vertebrae)

Fovea

- small depression within head of the femur - small ligament connects head to acetabulum

Patellar Surface

- smooth depression on anterior surface of femur - where patella articulates with the femur

What bones make up the internal bones of the skull?

- sphenoid bone - ethmoid bone - inferior nasal concha - vomer - palatine bone

Name the bone markings of the scapula

- spine - acromion - coracoid process - suprascapular notch - glenoid cavity - subscapular fossa - infraspinous fossa - supraspinous fossa

Subscapular Fossa

- subscapularis muscle overlies this fossa - broad anterior surface of scapula

False Pelvis

- superior to pelvic brim - houses inferior abdominal organs

Pelvic Inlet

- superiorly positioned space enclosed by pelvic brim - marks boundary between true and false pelves

What is the purpose of the bones in the skeleton?

- support soft tissues - protect vital organs - bear body's weight - help us move - stores minerals

Bone Markings

- surface features that characterize each bone

Lordosis

- swayback - exaggerated lumbar curvature

Name the 7 tarsals of the ankle

- talus - calcaneus - navicular bone - medial cuneiform - intermediate cuneiform - lateral cuneiform - cuboid bone

What makes lumbar vertebrae unique in structure?

- their size- they are much bigger than cervical or thoracic - bear most of the weight of the body

Primary Spinal Curvatures

- thoracic and sacral vertebrae - present at birth - result in C-shape of column

What bones make up the thoracic cage?

- thoracic vertebrae - ribs - sternum

Name the carpal bones in the distal row of the wrist

- trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate

Name the bony markings of the ulna

- trochlear notch - olecranon - coracoid process - styloid process - tuberosity of ulna

Optic Groove

- where optic nerves cross - houses optic chiasma

Subpubic Angle

- wider and more convex in females - angle when pubic bones aligned at symphysial surfaces

Name the facial bones

- zygomatic bones (2) - lacrimal bones (2) - nasal bone (2?) - inferior nasal conchae (2) - palatine bones (2) - maxillae (2) - unpaired vomer - mandible

Which ribs are true ribs?

1-7

Which ribs are floating ribs?

11 and 12

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

126

How many facial bones make up the skull?

14

How many phalanges are there total in one hand?

14

Inferior Nasal Conchae

2 scroll shaped bones on inferolateral walls of nasal cavity

How many bones in the human body?

206 (varies slightly)

How many bones make up the skull?

22

How many bones make up the vertebrae?

26

How many total phalanges in the human body?

4 x 14 = 56

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

How many carpal bones make up the wrist?

8

How many cranial bones make up the skull?

8

Which ribs are false ribs?

8-12

How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

80

Squamous Suture

Between parietal and temporal bones

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

approximately 4 fused

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

approximately 5 fused

Superior/Inferior Temporal Lines

arc across the surface of parietal and frontal bones

Glabella

area superior to nasal bones between orbits

Tubercle of Rib

articular facet for transverse process of thoracic vertebra

Costal Notches

articulates sternum with the ribs

Lacrimal Bone

articulates with maxilla anteriorly and ethmoid bone posteriorly

Proximal Phalanx

articulates with the head of the metacarpals

Plagiocephaly

asymmetric head shape

Distal Phalanx

at the tip of the finger

What is the other name for C1?

atlas

What is the purpose of the girdles of bones?

attach limbs to axial skeleton

Radial Tuberosity

attachment site for biceps brachii muscle

Greater and Lesser Cornua

attachment sites for tongue and larynx muscles and ligaments

What is the other name for C2?

axis

Ischial Tuberosity

bears weight of body in sitting position

Hallux

big toe

What are the largest and second largest bones of the tarsals?

calcaneus and talus

Costal Cartilage

cartilaginous extensions that attach the ribs and sternum together

Mental Protuberance

chin

In what order do the sutures fuse?

coronal -> sagittal -> lambdoid -> squamous

Cranium

cranial bones that surround and enclose the brain

What is the largest cavity in the human body?

cranial cavity

Bony markings of C2

dens - acts as a pivot for lateral rotation between atlas and skull

Squamous part of temporal bone

directly inferior to squamous suture

Internal Occipital Crest

extends from protuberance to posterior border of foramen magnum

External Acoustic Meatus

external bone opening of the ear

What is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the human body?

femur

What does T12 articulate witih?

first lumbar vertebra

What does L5 articulate with

first sacral vertebra

What does C7 articulate with?

first thoracic vertebra

Hard Palate

formed by palatine process of maxillae and palatine bones

Nasal bones

forms bony bridge of nose

Vomer

forms posteroinferior portion of nasal septum

Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid

forms posterosuperior portion of nasal septum

Name the paranasal sinuses

frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary

Zygomatic Arch

fused portion of temporal process of the zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of the temporal bone

What articulates with the head of the humerus?

glenoid cavity of the scapula

What is the most anterior structure of the inferior view of the skull?

hard palate

Palatine Bone

hard palate of roof of mouth

True Rib

has direct costal cartilage attachment

False Rib

have indirect or no attachment to costal cartilage

Floating Rib

have no attachment to costal cartilage

What is the purpose of the pelvic girdle?

holds lower limbs in place

What is the purpose of the pectoral girdle?

holds upper limbs in place

Cleft Lip

incomplete fusion of upper jaw components of embryo

What does Co1 articulate with?

inferior end of sacrum

Nucleus Pulposus

inner gelatinous region of inervertebral discs

Femoral Trochanters

insertion sites for gluteal and thigh muscle

Internal Occipital Protuberance

internal landmark on occipital bone

Choanae

internal openings of nasal cavity, medially adjacent

Superior/Inferior Nuchal Lines

intersect external occipital protuberance

Linea Aspera

line of attachment for quads and hamstrings

What kind of bone is the humerus?

long bone

Temporomandibular Joint

mandible articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone

Gluteal Tuberosity

marks attachment of gluteus maximus muscle

Anterior Nasal Spine

marks inferior border of nasal cavity

Costal Groove

marks the path of nerves and blood

What does C1 articulate with?

occipital condyles

Vertebral Foramen

opening enclosed by body with vertebral arch

Optic Canals

optic nerves extend from eyes to brain

Name the bones that make up the pelvic girdle

ossa coxae (2)

What bones are found in the pelvic girldle?

ossa coxae (ilium, ischium, and pubis)

Anulus Fibrosus

outer ring of fibrocartilage of intervertebral discs

Cribiform Foramina

passageways for olfactory nerves to superior nasal cavity

Tympanic part of temporal bone

posterolateral to mandibular fossa

Craniosynostosis

premature fusion of cranial sutures

External Occipital Protuberance

prominence on posterior aspect of skull

Suprascapular Notch

provides passage for nerve and blood vessels

Acetabulum

region where 3 bones have fused

Calvaria

roof of the cranium

Parietal Eminence

rounded, smooth area on lateral surface of each parietal bone

Intercondylar Fossa

separates the medial and lateral condyles of the femur

Smooth areas

sites of articulation between bones

What is the most complex structure in the skeleton?

skull

What are the 2 large openings within each orbit?

superior and inferior fissures

Bony markings of C1

superior articular facet (articulates with the occipital condyles)

What happens to sutures during the course of one's lifespan?

sutures fuse together (each at a different time of your life)

Nasal Septum

thin ridge of bone dividing nasal cavity into left and right halves

Styloid Process

thin, pointed projection anteromedial to mastoid process

Does the tibia or the fibula bear more weight?

tibia

What makes cervical vertebrae unique in structure?

transverse foramina and sometimes bifid spinal process

Popliteal Surface

triangular area bordered by the ridges of the linea aspera

Sphenoid Bone

unites cranial and facial bones

Body of Vertebrae

weight-bearing structure

Depressions, grooves, and openings

where blood vessels and nerves travel

Mandibular Fossa

where mandible attaches to the skull

Projections

where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach

Foramen Magnum

where spinal cord enters cranial cavity

Alveolar Processes

where teeth fit in

Which part of the sternum do you want to avoid during CPR?

xiphoid process