Chapter 8 - SMARTBOOK

The UL for copper for adults is

10 mg/day.

Chromium deficiency could lead to

diabetes.

Magnesium is _____ distributed

widely

Older adults absorb calcium less efficiently than younger adults, so the Recommended Dietary Allowance for calcium for older adults increases to ______ mg/day.

1200

What is the RDA for iron in women under the age of 50?

18 mg/day

Select the Adequate Intake (AI) level for chromium.

20-35 micrograms per day

What is the Upper Limit(UL) for selenium?

400 mcg/day

The adult RDA for magnesium is about ______ milligrams per day for men and about ______ milligrams per day for women.

400; 310

The RDA for selenium is ___ micrograms.

55

The RDA for phosphorus for adults over age 18 is ____ milligrams daily

700

Select the adult RDA for copper.

900 micrograms

Wilson's disease typically includes symptoms comparable to:

Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following is a good source of magnesium?

Beans

Where is most of the magnesium in the body stored?

Bone

Where is most of the calcium in the body found?

Bones

Select the richest food source of selenium.

Brazil nuts

____ is a mineral which is an important component of hemoglobin.

Iron

Intervention trials in China have shown that supplementation with selenium may help prevent

Keshan disease.

What is the main source of heme iron?

Meat

Select the primary function(s) of copper in the human body.

Metabolism of oxygen Part of enzymes

On average, do Americans consume more or less phosphorus than they need?

More

Which of the following are functions of calcium?

Muscle function Bone building Blood clotting

Select food sources for chromium.

Organ meats Beer Nuts

What is the term used for decreased bone mass related to the effects of aging, genetic background, and poor diet in both genders, and hormonal changes at menopause in women?

Osteoporosis

Which mineral is part of the genetic code in every cell, a functional component of bones and teeth, and a primary component of ATP?

Phosphorus

______ deficiency is very rare.

Phosphorus

Which mineral is classified as a major mineral?

Potassium

Which of the following MyPlate food groups provides the richest sources of absorbable iron?

Protein

In China, intervention trials have shown that ________ supplementation may help prevent Keshan disease.

Selenium

Select the food source that likely has the least amount of selenium per serving.

White bread

Which of the following are good plant sources of iron?

Whole grain bread Dried fruits

Which of the following are functions of zinc in the human body?

Wound healing Immune system function DNA synthesis and function

Which of the following population groups is most susceptible to iron toxicity from dietary supplements?

Young children

Mineral supplementation is generally unnecessary in athletes because:

adequate nutrition is best consumed through the diet. mineral supplementation can be harmful in excess

The primary function of iron is to:

aid in oxygen transportation

The National Academy of Sciences has noted that ____ trace mineral(s) are toxic if consumed at high doses for a long enough time.

all

Identify the type of athlete who may not be able to obtain adequate mineral nutrition from their diet:

an athlete on a weight loss diet

A copper deficiency will present itself as

anemia

Rebecca, a 32-year-old woman, has no clinical symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia and her blood hemoglobin is within the normal range. However, she has depleted iron stores. She may be suffering from iron deficiency without ____.

anemia

Heme iron is found in:

animal foods

Zinc is most bioavailable from:

animal sources

Selenium may be related to the development of such diseases as cancer and heart disease because of its function as a(n) _________.

antioxidant

A 30-year-old woman who typically consumes 4 milligrams per day of zinc is

below the RDA for zinc.

Individuals with lactose intolerance or cow's milk allergy may be at a higher risk of ____ inadequacy.

calcium

The following minerals are classified as major minerals:

calcium magnesium sodium

These minerals are mostly stored in bones and teeth:

calcium phosphorus

A basic principle of nutrition is to eat foods rich in the following nutrients in order to help the individual meet most of their mineral needs:

calcium potassium iron

Which of the following minerals are important to bone health?

calcium and phosphorus

A diet naturally rich in _____, _____ and ______ should help an individual receive adequate amounts of the other major and trace minerals at the same time.

calcium; iron; potassium

Hemochromatosis

can be either genetic or acquired.

Which of the following sources of iron is the most well absorbed and thus is more bioavailable?

chicken

Features of ______ deficiency could include impaired insulin activity and therefore impaired physical performance.

chromium

Which mineral is important in optimizing insulin activity?

chromium

Advertisers have falsely claimed which of the following supplements can decrease body fat and increase lean body mass?

chromium picolinate

Major minerals are ______.

classified by the amount of minerals required by the body. required by the body in amounts of 100 mg or greater per day

Because of its roles in iron transport and development of red blood cells, a deficiency of the mineral ______ can lead to anemia.

copper

Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder of ______ metabolism.

copper

Good sources of phosphorus include

dairy foods. seafood. meat.

The presence of oxalic or phytic acids in food can _____ the absorption of calcium from that food.

decrease

Scientific evidence ____ appear to support the use of zinc for the prevention of the common cold.

does not

Well-controlled research __________ the claims that supplementation with chromium picolinate can decrease fat mass.

does not support

It is advised that female athletes at risk for iron deficiency be screened for hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels:

during training at the beginning of training

Recommendations regarding exercise and the prevention of osteoporosis include ____.

dynamic exercises youth participation in regular physical activity

Iron supplementation may need to be strongly considered for those typically at higher risk of having low serum ferritin levels, like:

female distance runners vegetarian athletes athletes on a restricted calorie intake.

Recall that selenium has numerous functions, including:

glutathione peroxidase activity

The RDA for iron for adult women is ____ the RDA for adult men.

greater than

The UL for magnesium is ____ the RDA for Magnesium for females.

greater than

Minerals are involved in the following body functions:

growth and development bone health cell metabolism

A person with ______ may suffer liver damage as a result of excessive iron absorption.

hemochromatosis

Elevated _______ levels increase the ability to transport oxygen to the muscles, thereby improving performance.

hemoglobin

The majority of iron is used in the body to form ____, a protein-iron compound in red blood cells.

hemoglobin

During periods of rapid skeletal growth, _____ amounts of phosphorus, compared to the RDA, are required.

higher

Magnesium supplementation is associated with a decreased risk of

hypertension.

Symptoms of an adult zinc deficiency include:

impotence impaired wound healing reduced sense of taste and smell

Individuals who have a mineral deficiency may likely experience _____ health or physical performance if that deficiency is corrected.

improved

Among competitive athletes, marathoners may be at greater risk to develop anemia because of

inadequate dietary iron intake.

Which of the following groups are likely to be at higher risk of calcium inadequacy?

individuals with lactose intolerance vegans women with anorexia nervosa

In nutritional terms, a mineral is a(n) __________ element found in nature.

inorganic

Excessive intake of _____ through supplements may be fatal to young children.

iron

The micronutrient that is the leading risk factor for death and disability worldwide is

iron

Individuals in North America may have iron deficiency without anemia, which may result in:

iron depletion. low serum ferritin levels

The Upper Level for chromium:

is currently not available

In general, supplementation has _____ effect(s) on an individual whose mineral status is adequate.

little

Potassium and ______ supplementation can decrease blood pressure.

magnesium

Calcium supplementation ___ recommended to attain the RDA in individuals who do not obtain a sufficient amount through their normal diet.

may be

The factors that may influence an individual's peak bone mass include:

menstrual status heredity race

What food has the highest content of calcium?

milk

When an inadequate amounts of a mineral are consumed, the body absorbs _____.

more

When a mineral deficiency occurs, the body absorbs ______ of the mineral from foods, and the intestine excretes _____.

more; less

Intracellular calcium ions are involved in

muscle contraction

Calcium plays a role in the following body functions:

nerve impulses cell metabolism bone health

Iron supplementation offers _________ to individuals with normal hemoglobin and iron status.

no benefits

In young female athletes, athletic amenorrhea is often associated with _________.

osteoporosis

The calcium deficiency disease seen in adults that is attributed to a thinning and weakening of the bones related to the loss of calcium stores us called

osteoporosis

The female athlete triad involves:

osteoporosis amenorrhea disordered eating

The absorption of calcium is diminished by the presence of

oxalic acid. phytic acid. a high fiber diet.

Milk, cheese, meat, and bread are all rich sources of:

phosphorus

Whereas average calcium intakes of Americans fall below recommendations, average intakes of ______ exceed the RDA for this nutrient.

phosphorus

Bone is the major depot for which of the following bone-building nutrients?

phosphorus calcium magnesium

Because of potential mineral losses, some sports nutritionists recommend mineral supplementation for athletes with:

poor dietary habits

Among typical Americans, deficiencies of phosphorus are

rare because the hormonal control of phosphorus is effective. rare because the mineral is widespread in the diet.

Calcium intake up to about 1200 mg may _____ the risk of kidney stones.

reduce

Select the best food source of copper:

seafood

Identify the mineral that participates in antioxidant reactions:

selenium

A condition that appears to develop in some individuals during the early phases of training or when training load increases dramatically is called:

short -term sports anemia

Signs and symptoms of an iron deficiency include

weakness. irritability. fatigue.

Identify the type of bread product which is generally the better source of chromium:

whole wheat bread

Certain athletes who may likely be at higher risk for iron deficiency include:

wrestlers male distance runners distance runners

Peak bone mass typically occurs in

young adulthood.

Although evidence of its benefits are not conclusive, which of the following minerals is often added to lozenges in attempts to reduce the duration of symptoms of the common cold:

zinc

An altered sense of taste and smell may be related to a ______ deficiency.

zinc

Milk and other dairy products are _____ sources of calcium.

good

The possible benefits of calcium supplementation on bone health

include a maximization of peak bone mass. appear to outweigh the few risks.

Soaking beans or grains prior to cooking will _____ iron bioavailability.

increase

Ben is a 56-year-old man who takes acid-reducing medications to treat a stomach ulcer. At his yearly check-up, he appears pale and reports unusual fatigue,shortness of breath, and difficulty concentrating on tasks at work. He most like has a deficiency of:

iron

Calcium supplements may decrease ______ absorption.

iron and zinc

A ____ is an inorganic dietary element found in nature.

mineral

A magnesium deficiency can cause

muscle weakness

Excessive calcium supplementation can decrease absorption of:

zinc iron

Kidney stones _____ caused by dietary calcium.

are not

Which of the following minerals is the leading risk factor for death and disability worldwide?

Iron

The ACSM recommends optimal calcium intake of ____ mg or more daily is important in conjunction with exercise for stimulating bone development.

1000

The Recommended Dietary Allowance for calcium for adults between the ages of 19 to 50 is ____ mg

1000

The RDA for zinc in men is ____ milligrams.

11

Which of the following body processes rely on phosphorus?

Cell membrane transport DNA and cell division Energy metabolism

Select all of the dietary changes a person could make to increase iron absorption.

Consume nonheme sources of iron in combination with heme sources of iron. Choose a rich source of vitamin C, such as a glass of orange juice, when taking an iron supplement.

The mineral ____ is a component of ceruloplasmin, a blood protein that functions in iron metabolism.

Copper

Which of the following is not a good food source of copper?

Cottage cheese

Vitamin ____ is often supplemented with calcium in attempts to protect and/or improve bone mineral density.

D

Lana follows a lactoovovegetarian diet. Identify the best source of iron for Lana:

Dried fruits

Which of the following are functions of zinc?

Energy production DNA synthesis

Which of the following is a function of chromium?

Enhancing insulin action

Short-term ____ anemia is a condition that appears to develop in some athletes in early phases of training, or when the training load increases drastically.

sports

Select rich food sources of zinc.

steak milk oysters

Although supplementation may be necessary for some, an individual's primary sources of nutrients should come from:

the diet

All trace minerals can be considered ____ if consumed at high doses for a long enough period of time.

toxic

The ____ minerals are those needed in amounts less than 100mg daily.

trace

Minerals required by the body in amounts less than 100 mg per day are classified as

trace minerals

During exercise, a magnesium deficiency could present with the following symptoms:

tremor cramping muscle weakness

Given the functions of selenium, a deficiency of this mineral has been hypothesized to be related to the development of:

type 2 diabetes heart disease cancer

Minerals that are needed in very minute amounts (just micrograms per day) are called:

ultratrace minerals

Which vitamin is often supplemented with calcium to improve bone health?

vitamin D