Chapter 8 - SMARTBOOK
The UL for copper for adults is
10 mg/day.
Chromium deficiency could lead to
diabetes.
Magnesium is _____ distributed
widely
Older adults absorb calcium less efficiently than younger adults, so the Recommended Dietary Allowance for calcium for older adults increases to ______ mg/day.
1200
What is the RDA for iron in women under the age of 50?
18 mg/day
Select the Adequate Intake (AI) level for chromium.
20-35 micrograms per day
What is the Upper Limit(UL) for selenium?
400 mcg/day
The adult RDA for magnesium is about ______ milligrams per day for men and about ______ milligrams per day for women.
400; 310
The RDA for selenium is ___ micrograms.
55
The RDA for phosphorus for adults over age 18 is ____ milligrams daily
700
Select the adult RDA for copper.
900 micrograms
Wilson's disease typically includes symptoms comparable to:
Alzheimer's disease
Which of the following is a good source of magnesium?
Beans
Where is most of the magnesium in the body stored?
Bone
Where is most of the calcium in the body found?
Bones
Select the richest food source of selenium.
Brazil nuts
____ is a mineral which is an important component of hemoglobin.
Iron
Intervention trials in China have shown that supplementation with selenium may help prevent
Keshan disease.
What is the main source of heme iron?
Meat
Select the primary function(s) of copper in the human body.
Metabolism of oxygen Part of enzymes
On average, do Americans consume more or less phosphorus than they need?
More
Which of the following are functions of calcium?
Muscle function Bone building Blood clotting
Select food sources for chromium.
Organ meats Beer Nuts
What is the term used for decreased bone mass related to the effects of aging, genetic background, and poor diet in both genders, and hormonal changes at menopause in women?
Osteoporosis
Which mineral is part of the genetic code in every cell, a functional component of bones and teeth, and a primary component of ATP?
Phosphorus
______ deficiency is very rare.
Phosphorus
Which mineral is classified as a major mineral?
Potassium
Which of the following MyPlate food groups provides the richest sources of absorbable iron?
Protein
In China, intervention trials have shown that ________ supplementation may help prevent Keshan disease.
Selenium
Select the food source that likely has the least amount of selenium per serving.
White bread
Which of the following are good plant sources of iron?
Whole grain bread Dried fruits
Which of the following are functions of zinc in the human body?
Wound healing Immune system function DNA synthesis and function
Which of the following population groups is most susceptible to iron toxicity from dietary supplements?
Young children
Mineral supplementation is generally unnecessary in athletes because:
adequate nutrition is best consumed through the diet. mineral supplementation can be harmful in excess
The primary function of iron is to:
aid in oxygen transportation
The National Academy of Sciences has noted that ____ trace mineral(s) are toxic if consumed at high doses for a long enough time.
all
Identify the type of athlete who may not be able to obtain adequate mineral nutrition from their diet:
an athlete on a weight loss diet
A copper deficiency will present itself as
anemia
Rebecca, a 32-year-old woman, has no clinical symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia and her blood hemoglobin is within the normal range. However, she has depleted iron stores. She may be suffering from iron deficiency without ____.
anemia
Heme iron is found in:
animal foods
Zinc is most bioavailable from:
animal sources
Selenium may be related to the development of such diseases as cancer and heart disease because of its function as a(n) _________.
antioxidant
A 30-year-old woman who typically consumes 4 milligrams per day of zinc is
below the RDA for zinc.
Individuals with lactose intolerance or cow's milk allergy may be at a higher risk of ____ inadequacy.
calcium
The following minerals are classified as major minerals:
calcium magnesium sodium
These minerals are mostly stored in bones and teeth:
calcium phosphorus
A basic principle of nutrition is to eat foods rich in the following nutrients in order to help the individual meet most of their mineral needs:
calcium potassium iron
Which of the following minerals are important to bone health?
calcium and phosphorus
A diet naturally rich in _____, _____ and ______ should help an individual receive adequate amounts of the other major and trace minerals at the same time.
calcium; iron; potassium
Hemochromatosis
can be either genetic or acquired.
Which of the following sources of iron is the most well absorbed and thus is more bioavailable?
chicken
Features of ______ deficiency could include impaired insulin activity and therefore impaired physical performance.
chromium
Which mineral is important in optimizing insulin activity?
chromium
Advertisers have falsely claimed which of the following supplements can decrease body fat and increase lean body mass?
chromium picolinate
Major minerals are ______.
classified by the amount of minerals required by the body. required by the body in amounts of 100 mg or greater per day
Because of its roles in iron transport and development of red blood cells, a deficiency of the mineral ______ can lead to anemia.
copper
Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder of ______ metabolism.
copper
Good sources of phosphorus include
dairy foods. seafood. meat.
The presence of oxalic or phytic acids in food can _____ the absorption of calcium from that food.
decrease
Scientific evidence ____ appear to support the use of zinc for the prevention of the common cold.
does not
Well-controlled research __________ the claims that supplementation with chromium picolinate can decrease fat mass.
does not support
It is advised that female athletes at risk for iron deficiency be screened for hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels:
during training at the beginning of training
Recommendations regarding exercise and the prevention of osteoporosis include ____.
dynamic exercises youth participation in regular physical activity
Iron supplementation may need to be strongly considered for those typically at higher risk of having low serum ferritin levels, like:
female distance runners vegetarian athletes athletes on a restricted calorie intake.
Recall that selenium has numerous functions, including:
glutathione peroxidase activity
The RDA for iron for adult women is ____ the RDA for adult men.
greater than
The UL for magnesium is ____ the RDA for Magnesium for females.
greater than
Minerals are involved in the following body functions:
growth and development bone health cell metabolism
A person with ______ may suffer liver damage as a result of excessive iron absorption.
hemochromatosis
Elevated _______ levels increase the ability to transport oxygen to the muscles, thereby improving performance.
hemoglobin
The majority of iron is used in the body to form ____, a protein-iron compound in red blood cells.
hemoglobin
During periods of rapid skeletal growth, _____ amounts of phosphorus, compared to the RDA, are required.
higher
Magnesium supplementation is associated with a decreased risk of
hypertension.
Symptoms of an adult zinc deficiency include:
impotence impaired wound healing reduced sense of taste and smell
Individuals who have a mineral deficiency may likely experience _____ health or physical performance if that deficiency is corrected.
improved
Among competitive athletes, marathoners may be at greater risk to develop anemia because of
inadequate dietary iron intake.
Which of the following groups are likely to be at higher risk of calcium inadequacy?
individuals with lactose intolerance vegans women with anorexia nervosa
In nutritional terms, a mineral is a(n) __________ element found in nature.
inorganic
Excessive intake of _____ through supplements may be fatal to young children.
iron
The micronutrient that is the leading risk factor for death and disability worldwide is
iron
Individuals in North America may have iron deficiency without anemia, which may result in:
iron depletion. low serum ferritin levels
The Upper Level for chromium:
is currently not available
In general, supplementation has _____ effect(s) on an individual whose mineral status is adequate.
little
Potassium and ______ supplementation can decrease blood pressure.
magnesium
Calcium supplementation ___ recommended to attain the RDA in individuals who do not obtain a sufficient amount through their normal diet.
may be
The factors that may influence an individual's peak bone mass include:
menstrual status heredity race
What food has the highest content of calcium?
milk
When an inadequate amounts of a mineral are consumed, the body absorbs _____.
more
When a mineral deficiency occurs, the body absorbs ______ of the mineral from foods, and the intestine excretes _____.
more; less
Intracellular calcium ions are involved in
muscle contraction
Calcium plays a role in the following body functions:
nerve impulses cell metabolism bone health
Iron supplementation offers _________ to individuals with normal hemoglobin and iron status.
no benefits
In young female athletes, athletic amenorrhea is often associated with _________.
osteoporosis
The calcium deficiency disease seen in adults that is attributed to a thinning and weakening of the bones related to the loss of calcium stores us called
osteoporosis
The female athlete triad involves:
osteoporosis amenorrhea disordered eating
The absorption of calcium is diminished by the presence of
oxalic acid. phytic acid. a high fiber diet.
Milk, cheese, meat, and bread are all rich sources of:
phosphorus
Whereas average calcium intakes of Americans fall below recommendations, average intakes of ______ exceed the RDA for this nutrient.
phosphorus
Bone is the major depot for which of the following bone-building nutrients?
phosphorus calcium magnesium
Because of potential mineral losses, some sports nutritionists recommend mineral supplementation for athletes with:
poor dietary habits
Among typical Americans, deficiencies of phosphorus are
rare because the hormonal control of phosphorus is effective. rare because the mineral is widespread in the diet.
Calcium intake up to about 1200 mg may _____ the risk of kidney stones.
reduce
Select the best food source of copper:
seafood
Identify the mineral that participates in antioxidant reactions:
selenium
A condition that appears to develop in some individuals during the early phases of training or when training load increases dramatically is called:
short -term sports anemia
Signs and symptoms of an iron deficiency include
weakness. irritability. fatigue.
Identify the type of bread product which is generally the better source of chromium:
whole wheat bread
Certain athletes who may likely be at higher risk for iron deficiency include:
wrestlers male distance runners distance runners
Peak bone mass typically occurs in
young adulthood.
Although evidence of its benefits are not conclusive, which of the following minerals is often added to lozenges in attempts to reduce the duration of symptoms of the common cold:
zinc
An altered sense of taste and smell may be related to a ______ deficiency.
zinc
Milk and other dairy products are _____ sources of calcium.
good
The possible benefits of calcium supplementation on bone health
include a maximization of peak bone mass. appear to outweigh the few risks.
Soaking beans or grains prior to cooking will _____ iron bioavailability.
increase
Ben is a 56-year-old man who takes acid-reducing medications to treat a stomach ulcer. At his yearly check-up, he appears pale and reports unusual fatigue,shortness of breath, and difficulty concentrating on tasks at work. He most like has a deficiency of:
iron
Calcium supplements may decrease ______ absorption.
iron and zinc
A ____ is an inorganic dietary element found in nature.
mineral
A magnesium deficiency can cause
muscle weakness
Excessive calcium supplementation can decrease absorption of:
zinc iron
Kidney stones _____ caused by dietary calcium.
are not
Which of the following minerals is the leading risk factor for death and disability worldwide?
Iron
The ACSM recommends optimal calcium intake of ____ mg or more daily is important in conjunction with exercise for stimulating bone development.
1000
The Recommended Dietary Allowance for calcium for adults between the ages of 19 to 50 is ____ mg
1000
The RDA for zinc in men is ____ milligrams.
11
Which of the following body processes rely on phosphorus?
Cell membrane transport DNA and cell division Energy metabolism
Select all of the dietary changes a person could make to increase iron absorption.
Consume nonheme sources of iron in combination with heme sources of iron. Choose a rich source of vitamin C, such as a glass of orange juice, when taking an iron supplement.
The mineral ____ is a component of ceruloplasmin, a blood protein that functions in iron metabolism.
Copper
Which of the following is not a good food source of copper?
Cottage cheese
Vitamin ____ is often supplemented with calcium in attempts to protect and/or improve bone mineral density.
D
Lana follows a lactoovovegetarian diet. Identify the best source of iron for Lana:
Dried fruits
Which of the following are functions of zinc?
Energy production DNA synthesis
Which of the following is a function of chromium?
Enhancing insulin action
Short-term ____ anemia is a condition that appears to develop in some athletes in early phases of training, or when the training load increases drastically.
sports
Select rich food sources of zinc.
steak milk oysters
Although supplementation may be necessary for some, an individual's primary sources of nutrients should come from:
the diet
All trace minerals can be considered ____ if consumed at high doses for a long enough period of time.
toxic
The ____ minerals are those needed in amounts less than 100mg daily.
trace
Minerals required by the body in amounts less than 100 mg per day are classified as
trace minerals
During exercise, a magnesium deficiency could present with the following symptoms:
tremor cramping muscle weakness
Given the functions of selenium, a deficiency of this mineral has been hypothesized to be related to the development of:
type 2 diabetes heart disease cancer
Minerals that are needed in very minute amounts (just micrograms per day) are called:
ultratrace minerals
Which vitamin is often supplemented with calcium to improve bone health?
vitamin D
