Chapter 8 (Social Disorganization Crim 2331)

How many rings are there in the concentric zone theory and what do they stand for?

1. Business district zone 2. Transitional zone 3. Working class zone 4. Residential zone 5. Commuter zone

To Sampson and Groves, What were the 3 components of the concept of social disorganization?

1. Lack of community supervision of teenage gangs 2. Informal friendship networks 3. Participation in formal organizations (gangs)

What are the 2 aspects of collective efficiency?

1. Social cohesion and mutual support 2. Shared expectations for social control

Who was the first two people to attempt to base criminological theory on empirical data?

Adolphe Quetelet and André-Michel Gurrey

What categories did Adolphe Quetelet compare his findings with?

Age, sex, season, climate, education, poverty, occupation and even the use of alcohol

What model did Sampson and Groves use?

An empirical model of social disorganization

How does the measurement of social capital differ and relate from the measure of collective efficacy?

Both include a measure of mutual trust among neighbour, but collective efficacy incorporates a specific measure of resident intervention in deviant activities, the typical measure of social capital.

What factors did Sampson and Groves model use?

External factors affecting social disorganization sich as social class, residential mobility, and family disruption

What idea did André-Michel Gurrey add to ___________'s idea?

He added the statistical map that depicted geographically those areas which individuals with crime resided to Adolphe Quetelet's idea

What theory did Ernest W. Burgess come up with and whose theory did he base it on?

He came up with the concentric zone theory and he based it on Robert E. Park's theory

What research did Adolphe Quetelet do?

He found the correlation between rates of crime and a variety of social characteristics and categories.

Who is Robert Bursik?

He is a scientist who worked with Shaw and McKay's theory

What did Robert E. Park say about the natural ecological communities.

He said that if a plant or animal community is invaded by a new species, it will cause rapid change in the community.

Who is André-Michel Gurrey?

He was a contemporary of Quetelet

What is the environment and community like in a commuter zone?

Higher class white-collar workers with families

What did many social disorganization theory also measure?

I also measures social capitalism

Where was Social Disorganization Theory first developed?

In the studies of uban crime and delinquency by sociologists at the University of Chicago

What does the index of concentrated disadvantages do?

It combines the measures of percent of families below poverty level, percent on welfare, percent female-headed households, percent unemployed, percent under age 18, and percent black into a single indicator meant to capture the conditions of blighted neighbourhoods occupied by the "truly disadvantaged", where poverty, race and age converge to produce the highest risk of crime.

What is the concentric zone theory?

It depicted the city geographically as a target, consisting of a series of concentric rings

What is collective efficiency?

It is the ability of neighbourhood residents to activate informal social control

What does it mean that "social values play a role in Shaw and McKay's Reseach"?

It means that in socially disoranized communities,

What is social capital?

It refers to the features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefits

What is the environment and community like in a traditional zone?

Rundown housing, newly arrived immigrants, and the neighbourhoods are gradually being invaded by manufacturing industries

What amendments did Robert Bursik suggest?

Shaw and McKay were not trying to propose that urban ecology, economic conditions and rapid social change are direct causes of crime and delinquency, rather they proposed social disorganization to change the social controls within a community or neighbourhood. Then, this results in crime and delinquency

What is the environment and community like in a working class zone?

Skilled workers, employed in factories located in the transition zone. The people living here have often escaped form the slums of zone 2.

What is the environment and community like in a business district zone?

Skyscrapers, office buildings, hotels, theatres and city government. Usually no houses because it is considered the entertainment zone

What are macro-level theories often called?

Structural theories

What did Sampson Conclude in his study?

That "collective efficiency" as the key "underlying social mechanism" in social disorganization theory

Micro-level theories focuses on...

The Characteristics, environment and motivations of individuals who commit criminal acts

Which theory did Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay use as their template in their studies?

The concentric zone theory

Macro-level theories focuses on...

The differences between communities, collectivities or social categories with higher and lower crime. Essentially they look at crime as a pattern of activity that characterizes an entire community

What is the key behind the concept of social disorganization that Bursik contended?

The key is the breakdown of social control

What did Rosenfeld, Messner and Baumer argue?

They argued that community characteristics such as resource deprivation and population size and density aversely impact the community's social capital

How did Sampson measure collective efficancy

They asked a sample of residents in urban neighbourhoods how likely it is that "neighbours could be counted on to take action" in different scenarios.

How did Sampson and colleagues did what theoretical study?

They did a Chicago study to tested the structural characteristics of the community to find out the collective efficiency, then linked it to higher levels of violence.

What did Wikstrom and Loeber find that involved delinquent involvement?

They found that delinquent involvement begun in the later teenage years, but not early onset delinquency, is related to neighbourhood disadvantage and instability. These adolescents at high risk were more likely to be delinquent regardless of neighbourhood context.

What did Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay find with their study? And the specific results?

They found that the distribution of delinquents around the city fit a systematic pattern. They found that the Inner city neighbourhoods maintained high rates of delinquents over decades, despite the fact that the racial and ethnic makeup of the population in those areas underwent substantial change

What did Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay study?

They studied the geographic distribution of delinquent boys across the Chicago

Who was Robert Sampson and Groves?

They were scientists that also agreed with Robert Bursik's idea

What is the environment and community like in a residential zone?

White-collar workers and families

What did lower collective efficiency relate with in Sampson's study?

it related with both the official homicide and levels of self reported violence rates.