Chapter 8- Technology-based Training methods
Benefits of using scenarios
-Scenarios present a real problem or work related situation that a learner is asked to solve. -Can help develop critical thinking skills such as troubleshooting in identifying customer needs. -Help increase the meaningfulness of e-learning because they are relevant to learners jobs. -They offer an opportunity for learners to practice their skills dealing with a variety of situations and problems without risk. -For mandatory training such as sexual-harassment, they may increase learners motivation to learn compared to programs that just involve reviewing policies and procedures.
Guidelines for developing effective training in the virtual classroom
-Design short modules and follow up with assignment that applies learning to the job. -Make learning interactive and interesting, such as model in the program after phone-in radio show. -Include media such as video and audio. -Limit class-size to no more than 25 learners. -Create a guide providing questions, key points, and activities for facilitators at each site. -Offer learners most always interacting with each other in the structure, including webinars, email, discussion rooms, message boards, and blogs. -Test the technology before the first class to ensure it's ready
(NTT) -E-learning, online learning, computer based training CBT, web based training WBT -Podcasts -Webcasts/webinars -mobile learning -blended learning -Wikis -Distance Learning
-Elearning: Training delivered using a computer or the web. Could include CDs or DVDs of text and or videos -Podcasts: Web-based delivery of audio and video files -Webcats: Live web based delivery of instruction to the trainees interspersed locations. -Mobile: Delivery of training through handheld mobile devices such as smart phones or tablet computers. -Blended Learning:Training approach that combines technology in face-to-face instructional delivery such as classroom and web based training. -wiki: Websites that allow users to create, edit, and update content and share knowledge -Distance: Training delivered to trainees in other locations online, or through webcasts or virtual classrooms often supported through communications tools such as chat, e-mail, and online discussions.
Needs assessment
-Getting management is for online learning. -Needs assessment determines the companies resources for training and the tasks to be trained for, and it analyzes the employees who may need training. -Needs assessment goes hand-in-hand with technology assessment. -The information technology department needs to be involved in the design of any web-based program to ensure that technology capabilities of the company network are understood and guarantee that trainees can get access to the browsers and connections they need to participate in e-learning and other tools (email, chat rooms, hyperlinks) that may company it, as well as get technical support when needed.
Creating a positive online learning experience
-Instruction includes relevant visuals and words. -Text is aligned close to visuals. -Complex visuals or explain by audio or text, rather than by both tax and audio that narrates the text. -Extraneous visuals, words, and sounds are omitted -Learners are socially engage through conversational language agents -Key concepts are explained prior to the full process or task associated with the concepts -Prompts are provided that encourage self regulation -Content is presented in short sequence is over which learners have control. -Activities and exercises that mimic the context of a job are provided. -Explanations are provided for learning responses to quizzes and exercises. -Exercises are distributed within and among the modules rather than in a single place.
Advantages of (online) E-Learning
-It supports the company's business strategy and objectives. -It is assessable at any time in any place. -The audience can include employees managers, as well as vendors, customers, and clients. -Training can be delivered to geographically dispersed employees. -Training can be delivered faster and two more employees in a shorter period of time. -Updating is easy. -Practice, feedback, objectives, assessment, and other positive features of a learning environment can be built into the program. -Learning is enhanced through the use of multiple media (sound, text, video, graphics, etc.) and trainee interaction. -Paperwork related to training management (enrollment, assessment, etc.) can be eliminated. -We can link letters to other content, experts, and peers.
(NTT) -MOOC: Massive Open Online Courses -Adaptive training -Machine learning -augmented reality (AR) -artificial intelligence (AI)
-MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses): Learning that is designed to enroll a large number of learners (massive) it's free and accessible to anyone with an Internet connection (open) takes place using videos of lectures, interactive course work including discussion groups, and wiki's (online) and has specific start and completion dates, quizzes and assessments, and exams (courses) -Adaptive training: Training that customizes the content presented to the trainee based on their needs -Machine learning: Technology that applies algorithms to data to identify user trends and patterns to inform future suggestions and data searches. -augmented reality (AR): Allows trainees to see the physical world around them but their view includes virtual media -artificial intelligence (AI): I system such as a computer, a computer controlled robot, or software that thinks intelligently like humans.
MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)
-MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses): Learning that is designed to enroll a large number of learners (massive) it's free and accessible to anyone with an Internet connection (open) takes place using videos of lectures, interactive course work including discussion groups, and wiki's (online) and has specific start and completion dates, quizzes and assessments, and exams (courses) -Cover a wide variety of subject matter including courses in chemistry, math, physics, computer science, philosophy and leadership. -MOOC's are often high demand areas such as robotics, semi autonomous vehicles, and artificial intelligence
Virtual Reality
A computer-based technology that provides trainees with a three-dimensional learning experience. A lot of simulations become even more realistic. Using specialized equipment or viewing the immersive model on the computer screen, trainees move through the simulated environment and interact with its components.
Effectiveness of online learning
-Online instruction is more effective than face-to-face classroom instruction for teaching declarative knowledge (cognitive knowledge assessed using written test designed to measure where the trainees remember concepts presented in training.) -Web based instruction and classroom instruction are equally effective in teaching procedural knowledge (the ability of learners to perform the skills taught in training) -Learners are equally satisfied with web based in classroom instruction -Web based instruction appears to be more effective than classroom instruction. (1.)When learners are provided with control over content, sequence, and pace (2.)in long courses and (3.)when learners are able to practice the content and receive feedback. -*Online learning me facilitate greater social interaction between trainees than face-to-face learning methods because other trainees are equally accessible or more accessible and then structure and there are more methods available that allow owners to interact, so does Email, blogs, wikis in chat rooms.* -Web based instruction in classroom instruction are equally effective and similar instructional methods are used like both approaches video, practice assignments, and learning tests. -The employees who get the most from online learning are those who complete more of the available practice opportunities and take more time to complete the training. -E-learning is not effective for all learners, especially those with low computer self efficacy
(NTT) -Social Media -Shared workspaces -RSS Feeds -Blogs -Chat rooms and discussion boards -Microblogs or Microsharing
-Social Media: Online and mobile technology used to create interactive communication allowing the creation in exchange of user generated content. Includes wiki's, blogs, networks such as Facebook, my space, and LinkedIn, micro sharing sites such as Twitter, and shared media such as YouTube. -Shared workspaces: a place online were people can share information together such as google docs. -RSS Feeds: Updated content sent to subscribers automatically instead of by email. -Blogs: A webpage where an author posts entries and readers can comment like WordPress -Chat rooms and discussion boards: An electronic room or message board and which learners communicate. Communications between learners can occur at the same or different times. A facilitator on instructor can moderate the conversations, which may be grouped by topic. -Microblogs or Microsharing: Software tools that enable communications in short bursts of text, links, and multimedia, either through stand-alone applications or through online communities or social networks.
Digital collaboration
-Use of technology to enhance and extend employees' abilities to work together regardless of their geographic proximity -Requires a computer, tablet, or phone with a web browser or app, but collaborative. Can have synchronous or asynchronous communication.
Web 2.0
A dynamic learning environment likely includes the use of Web 2.0 technologies, including social networking, so-called blogs, wikis, and Twitter. -- Qualcomm's Initiative, Learning 2.0, involves the use of Web 2.0 technologies specifically the tools found in media such as Facebook and YouTube to build relationships between trainees and the training content.
Mobile technology consists of
-Wireless transmission system such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth that allowed transmission of data without the need for physical connections between devices or between a device and an Internet connection -Mobile device is such a smart phone, tablet computers, iPads, iPads, global positioning system GPS devices, and radio frequency identification chips RFID. -Software applications related to processing audio files, wordprocessing, spreadsheets, Internet, email, and instant messaging.
artificial intelligence (AI)
A system such as a computer, a computer controlled robot, or software that thinks intelligently like a human. Includes mimicking how we reason, make decisions, ask questions, and determine value. AI is developed by studying how we think, learn, decided and work while trying to solve a problem and then using this information to build intelligence software and systems
Wiki
A website that allows many users to create, edit, and update content and share knowledge
Used to support training efforts
Artificial intelligence, expert systems, and electronic performance support systems
Properly arrange content: orientation
-explain how to learn online, how to get help, and how to interact with peers, trainers, and facilitators. -should be provided with an overview of the course or program in success factors for a completion.
podcast
Audio or video program contact distributed an episode do you think software such as RSS the best use of Podcasts is for a narrative-based content whch inspires the users imagination using music and sound effects. Are great for sharing the expertise of SMEs using interviews, stories, and role-plays. CHEAP
Shared media
Audio or video such as YouTube that can be accessed and shared with others
Senior management needs to be convinced that an LMS will:
Benefit employees Improve business functions Contribute to overall business strategies and goals ALSO!!! The company must have an e-learning culture The online learning environment needs to be under the control of the learner
When deciding whether to move some more training all online you should consider.
1. determine whether online training relates to business goals or employees learning needs. 2. If employees will be resistant to using online training because of personal preferences or lack of familiarity with training technology. 3. If it is developed, employees need to know what is being used, how they can use it to meet their learning needs, how to find courses, and how to gain the most benefit from the courses offered. -online training can save cost without compromising quality and provide access to learning for employees who have difficulties attending face-to-face training because of schedules or locations. -Online learning may be valuable but is insufficient for teaching complex analytical, conceptual, and interpersonal skills. -It also lacks communication with richness: some online learners may be reluctant to interact with other learners, although... online learning increases accessibility to training, employees with busy work schedules have a greater opportunity to more easily delay, failed to complete, or poorly perform learning activities.
3 most important ways technology has influence training and learning
1. it provides for greater collaboration 2. it creates a more dynamic learning environment 3. it enhances learner control
Three elements of expert systems:
1.Knowledge base: contains facts, figures, and rules about a specific subject. 2.Decision-making capability: imitating an expert reasoning ability, draws conclusions from those facts and figures to solve problems and answer questions. 3.User interface: gathers and gives information to the person using the system
incentives to complete online learning...Given the work demands that employees face WHAT ARE SOME OF THESE?
1.Presenting cash awards and merchandise 2.Certifying programs to ensure that online courses are completed
Three types of ITS environments:
1.Tutoring - Increases trainee understanding of a content domain 2.Coaching - Provides trainees with flexibility to practice skills in artificial environments 3.Empowering - Refers to the student's ability to explore the content of the training program freely
Blog
: A webpage where an author posts entries and readers can comment 1.Personal blogs - Written by one person 2.Company blogs - Used for marketing and branding purposes 3.Topic blogs - Focus on a specific topic area 4.Video blogs and mobile device blog
Virtual Worlds
Computer-based, simulated online three-dimensional representations of the real world where learning programs or experiences can be hosted. Allows employees to learn alone, with their peers, or in teams. Trainees use avatars to interact with each other in the classroom, webinars, or role-play exercises. FOR EXAMPLE SECOND LIFE, YOU ARE TRAINING USING AVATARS
First step in choosing a technology based training method is?
Conduct a needs assessment
Business needs supported by AI (3)
Process automation; automation of digital and physical processes. Cognitive insight; using algorithms to detect patterns in data and interpret their meanings. Cognitive engagement; engage employees and customers using natural language processing chat bots, machine learning, and intelligent agents.
Plug-ins IS THIS A GOOD OR BAD IDEA?
Additional software that needs to be loaded on the computer to listen to sound, watch video, or perform other functions -- Online learning should try to build in interactivity without requiring the use of plug-ins. Plug-ins can be EXPENSIVE! and they can affect how the computer processes the task, it the trainee experiences repeated technology problems they will likely lose patience and be reluctant to participate in online learning.
ADVANTAGES OF VIRTUAL REALITY
Allows trainees to practice dangerous tasks without putting themselves or others in danger More memory available for learning
Augmented Reality (AR)
Allows trainees to see the physical world around them but their views include virtual media. Brings digital elements into the physical world to enhance the information in context that people experience. VR uses computers versus AR uses a sense of physical surroundings. An example of AR is Pokémon go.
Electronic Performance Support Systems (EPSSs)
An electronic infrastructure that captures, stores, and distributes individual and corporate knowledge assets throughout an organization enable individuals to achieve required levels of performance in the fastest possible time in with a minimum support from other people. -Used to help transfer training interview I just in time performance support that substitutes for training.
Rapid prototyping
An iterative process in which initial design ideas are proposed and provided in rough form in an online working prototype that is reviewed and refined by design team members -- Multiple types of media should be chosen in order to appeal to different learning styles.
Properly arrange content: Materials
And online learning need to be organized and small, meaningful modules of information. Each module should relate to one idea or concept. The modules should be connected in a way that encourages the learner to be actively involved in learning which may include asking trainees to find resources on the Internet, try quizzes or games, choose between alternative actions, or compare with a no to the knowledge of an expert or model.
Apps
Applications designed specifically for smartphones and tablet computers. Being used as a primary training method, to supplement training, to manage the path or sequence of training, and to help employees maintain training records.
Machine Learning
Artificial intelligence systems that learn. The systems learn by applying algorithms to date at identify user trends and patterns to inform future suggestions and data searches.
In some CBT Training the following happens:
Content is provided stand-alone using software or DVDs with no connection to the Internet. THIS MEANS TRAINEES CAN STILL INTERACT WITH THE TRAINING CONTENT BUT THEY CANNOT COLLABORATE WITH OTHER LEARNERS.
Potential features of online learning
Content, collaboration and sharing, links to resources, learner control, delivery, and administration (PG 348)
Advantages of NEW TECHNOLOGY TRAINING METHODS
Cost savings due to training being accessible to employees at their home or office Reduced number of trainers needed Reduced costs associated with employees traveling to a central training location (e.g., airfare, food, and lodging)
Technology has made several benefits possible
Employees can gain control over when and where they receive training. Employees cannot access knowledge and expert systems on an as needed basis. Through the use of avatars, virtual reality, and simulations the learning environment can look, feel, and sound just like the work environment. Employees can choose a type of media they want to use in a training program. Course enrollment, testing, and training records can be handled electronically, reducing the paperwork in time needed for administrative activities. Employees accomplishments during training can be monitored. Traditional training methods such as classroom instruction and behavior modeling, can be delivered to trainees rather than require them to come to a central training location.
Informal learning
Engaging in communication and messaging via Twitter, blogs, or Facebook
Blended Learning
Combines online learning, face-to-face instruction, and other methods for distributing learning content and instruction
Repurposing -some downfalls?
Directly translating an instructor-led, face-to-face training program to an online format - downfall is that just putting text online isn't an effective way to learn. Online learning that simply repurposes an ineffective training program will still result in ineffective training. In their haste to develop online learning, many companies are repurposing bad training.
serious games
Games it was the training content has been turned into a game but has business objectives. "Gamification" means that game based Reggies are applied to training programs. games created to be fun and educational that use game dynamics to instruct players on topics
Learner control
Giving trainees the option to learn actively through: Self-pacing; Exercises; Exploring links to other material; Conversations with other trainees and experts.
DISADVANTAGES OF VIRTUAL REALITY
Poor equipment that results in a reduced sense of presence Poor presence may result in the trainee experiencing simulator sickness
DISADVANTAGES OF SIMULATIONS
HIGH DEVELOPMENT COSTS TRAINEES MAY NOT BE HAPPY LEARNING IN ENVIRONMENTS WITHOUT HUMAN CONTACT.
ADVANTAGES FOR VIRTUAL WORLDS
Imitates an actual workplace without any harm Provides a place to meet with trainers, managers, or other employees who can serve as teachers
Formal learning
Include e-learning courses, podcasts, or videos on the mobile device
Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS )
Instructional systems that use artificial intelligence
Human Capital Management
Integrates training with all aspects of the human resource function (performance evaluation, human resource planning) to determine how training dollars are spent and how training expenses translate into business dollars for the company. --MAJOR REASON COMPANIES USE LMS IS TO CENTRALIZE MANAGEMENT OF LEARNING ACTIVITIES, TRACK REGULATORY COMPLIANCE, MEASURE TRAINING USAGE, AND MEASURE EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE.
Webcasting
Involves instruction that is provided online through live broadcasts. Helps spread the salesforce training throughout the year rather than cramming it into a twice a year sales meeting also can help ensure that the sales people all receive the same information.
DISADVANTAGES FOR VIRTUAL WORLDS
Lack of ease of use for first-time users Potential risk of a difficult keyboard and mouse interface High investment of time and money Lack of evidence supporting effectiveness
Technology gives learners control
Learner control: giving trainees option to learn through self pacing exercises, exploring links to other material, and engaging conversations with trainees and experts. It gives him the ability to select how content is presented to pause, skip interview content, and to link to additional resources.
Hyperlinks
Links that allow a trainee to access other websites that include: Printed materials; Communications links to experts, trainers, and other learners.
Asynchronous communication
Non-real-time interactions. Persons are not online and cannot communicate with each other without a time delay, but lenders can still access information resources when they desire them.
Social Media
Online and mobile technology used to create interactive communications allowing the creation and exchange of user-generated content. Blogs, and wikis like google docs, networks such as Facebook and LinkedIn. microsharing sites such as Twitter and shared media such as YouTube. SOME ADVANTAGES INCLUDE: (pg361) 1. Engaging Generation X and millennial employees 2. Providing content before a face-to-face learning event
COMPARISON OF TRAINING METHODS
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Pros of Blended Learning
Provides increased learner control Allows for self-directedness Requires learners to take more responsibility for their learning More face-to-face social interaction Ensures a dedicated learning environment cons Fast changing technology, insufficient management support and commitment to blended learning, and a lack of understanding of what blended learning really is and how to implement it.
ADVANTAGES OF SIMULATIONS
REDUCE COST OF HAVING TO ALL MEET SOMEWHERE TRAINEES ARE EMOTIONALLY ENGAGED SHORTER TRAINING TIMES INCREASE IN ROI
New technology has helped
Reduce the costs associated with delivering training to employees, increases the effectiveness of the learning environment, and ensures that training contributes to the business goals. Examples of new training technology methods are below (NTT)
Chat bot
Referred to AI systems that create an automated personalize conversation with human users.
Learning Management System (LMS)
Refers to a technology platform that can be used to automate the administration, development, and delivery of all of a company's training programs. Used to: Reduce travel and other cross related to training, reduce time for program completion, increase his employees access to training across the business, and provides administrative capabilities to track program completion and course enrollment.
learning portal
Refers to an online access point to training resources. May be organized in several different ways. One way is a different groups of employees such as new hires, new leaders, or engineers can access specific courses or resources.
Computer-Based Training, Online Learning, Web-Based Training, E-learning is:
Refers to instruction and delivery of training by computer through the Internet or the web -- Integrate text interactions by: Interaction using simulations and games, and video Collaboration using blogs, wikis, and social networks Hyperlinks to additional resources
Poor presence
Results and trainees experiencing vomiting, dizziness, headaches or simulator sickness, and frustration because senses are inappropriately distorted
Properly arrange content: Evaluation
Should involve collecting some combination of reaction, learning, behavior, and results outcomes, including emphasis and questions related to the number and quality of interactive exercises in multimedia in the ease of use of the navigation tools.
presence
Simulations allow trainees to experience present what's your first the perception of actually being in the particular environment. Presence is influenced by the amount of sensory information available to the trainee, control over the environment, and ability to modify the environment.
Microblog/Microsharing
Software tools like Twitter Enable communications in short bursts of text, links, and multimedia through: Stand-alone applications, online communities or social networks
Why do some trainees fail to complete their online training?
Some employees don't like online training because they prefer instructor led face to face instruction because they want to be able to learn and network with their peers. Effective online learning connects trainees and facilitates interaction and sharing through the use of collaborative learning tools such as chat rooms, discussion boards etc.
Should consider using new technology training methods under these conditions.
Sufficient budget and resources are provided Trainees are geographically dispersed Trainees are comfortable using technology It is a part of the company's business strategy and suits its culture Employees have limited or no time for training Current training methods allow limited time for practice, feedback, and assessment Its use fits into the organizational culture or business strategy
Teleconferencing
Synchronous exchange of audio, video, and/or text between two or more individuals or groups at two or more locations
Expert systems
Technology (usually software) that organizes and applies the knowledge of human experts to specific problems
Bandwidth AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
The number of bytes and bits (information) that can travel between computers per second -Online learning courses should be designed for the available bandwidth on the company's system. Bandwidth can be increased by upgrading access speed on the users' computes, buying and installing faster servers, etc. IF THIS ISNT DONE RIGHT SYSTEMS WILL CRASH WHEN TRYING TO DOWNLOAD AND MAINTAIN ALL TRAINING MATERIALS.
Branching Story Simulation
Trainees are presented with a situation and asked to make a choice or decision. They progress through the simulation based on their decisions.
Synchronous communication
Trainers, experts, and learners interact with each other live and in real time, the same way they would in face-to-face classroom instruction
Mobile Learning
Training delivered using a mobile device such as a smartphone, netbook, notebook computer, or iPad. - for videos, PDFs, games or courses.
Distance Learning
Used by geographically dispersed companies to provide information about new products, policies, or procedures, as well as deliver skills training and expert lectures to field location. Can include virtual classrooms; which have the following capabilities projection of still, animated, and video images; instructor participant audio discussion; sharing of computer software applications; interactions using instant polling technology; and whiteboard marking tools. Two way communication between people, and it currently involves two types of technology.
Interactive distance learning (IDL)
Uses satellite technology to broadcast programs to different locations and allows trainees to respond to questions posed during the training program using a keypad
Virtual classroom
Using a computer and the Internet to distribute instructor-led training to geographically dispersed employees
avatar
refers to a computer depictions of humans that are used as imaginary coaches, coworkers, and customers in simulations.
Advantages and disadvantage to MOOCs
adv. +No travel costs. +The courses don't disrupt daily work. +They provide training canton unavailable from local vendors or consultants. +Can give employees access to highly specialized courses or courses they're not part of their current job responsibilities. +Include many features that facilitate learning and transfer. +Apply knowledge and skills using role-plays, cases, and projects, and they are semi synchronous, meeting that Laura's receive the same assignments, video lectures, readings, quizzes, and discussions book and complete the coursework at their own time. dis adv. -Interaction with the course tends to drop off after the first two weeks in the course -Course completion rates are low within 10 to 20% -Students who complete the courses don't take the credential exam -5% of employees receive financial support from their companies were participating in MOOOCs -May be inappropriate for courses were synchronous or real time collaboration or interaction is needed
Self regulation
refers to the learner's involvement with the training material and assessing their progress toward learning. Some on the prompts as trainees to recall key points or just say goals to help them use a remember the constant after the course.
Flipped Classroom
blends online and face-to-face instruction. Learners watch lectures, complete online simulations, read books and articles, take quizzes to assess their knowledge and skills, and come to class to work on projects and cases, hear speakers and interact with faculty. It recognizes that face-to-face instruction using lectures can be affective when it is delivered to individual learners rather than to group of learners in a classroom. Lectures can be captured on video and delivered online which frees up face-to-face classroom time for reinforcing and applying knowledge and skills.
Interactive Spreadsheet simulation
trainees are given a set of business rules usually finance-based, and asked to make decisions that will affect the business. These decisions are then entered into a spreadsheet that shows how the decisions affect the business.
Virtual lab simulation
trainees interact with a computer representation of the job for which they are being trained.
Game based simulation
trainees play a video game on a computer
Properly arrange content: skip materials
trainees should be able to skip over material with which they are familiar in or which they are competent, based on a test of the continent or return to modules for practice.
Adaptive training
training that customizes or adapts the content presented to the trainee based on their learning style, ability, personality, or performance. Includes a variety, difficulty, and sequencing of content as well as practice problems.
