chapter 8: vitamins

What are some good food sources of folate?

Asparagus Leafy vegetables Liver

Choose the vitamins that are water-soluble.

B vitamins vitamin C

The federally regulated enrichment program specifies amounts of vitamin B vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid) and the mineral that must be added to refined and milled grain products.

Fe

Which B vitamin plays a role in DNA synthesis and amino acid metabolism?

Folate

Which vitamin cannot be used when vitamin B-12 is unavailable?

Folate

Megaloblastic anemia can result from a deficiency of which vitamins?

Folate B-12

Which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin C in the body?

Fruits and vegetables

Milk, yogurt, liver, and enriched cereals are all good sources of which vitamin?

Riboflavin

A vitamin B-12 deficiency is more common in which group due to the fact that the HCI production in their stomachs is poor?

Older adults

Which statement is true?

Purchasing health-food supplements with coenzymes is a waste of money because the coenzymes are not absorbed intact.

is a deficiency disease in children characterized by inadequate vitamin D levels. This results in bones that are soft and misshapen.

Rickets

Which of the following are food sources of niacin?

Salmon Tuna Beef liver

Why is a vitamin B-12 deficiency more common among older adults?

They are unable to release the vitamin from animal protein. HCI production in their stomachs declines.

Pork, wheat germ, and yeast are all good sources of which vitamin?

Thiamin

Which vitamin plays a role in the chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates?

Thiamin

When consumed in high doses, vitamins often______.

cause unpleasant side effects have druglike effects in the body

Adding a pat of margarine to steamed carrots or tossing vegetables in salad dressing are two ways to improve the absorption of -soluble vitamins.

fat

The body is able to store which group of vitamins?

fat soluble vitamins

The ___ soluble vitamins are more readily stored in the body than _____ soluble vitamins.

fat, water

What is a symptom of a riboflavin deficiency?

fatigue

Liver, legumes, broccoli, and orange juice are all good sources of _____.

folate

Women who are capable of becoming pregnant should take a supplement of 400 mcg of to prevent neural tube defects in newborns.

folic acid

What roles does vitamin A play in the body?

formation of epithelial cells cell growth cell production

Vitamins A and D are often added to milk, and ready-to-eat cereals are often sprayed with additional vitamins. These are examples of______.

fortification

involves the addition during manufacturing of one or more vitamins to a wide array of commonly eaten foods.

fortification

Which of the following are major food sources of vitamin K?

green leafy vegetables soybean and canola oils margarine and salad dressing

Symptoms of a vitamin A toxicity include______.

headache vomiting nausea

Which foods are good sources of vitamin D?

herring milk salmon

During infancy, adolescence, and pregnancy, a person's vitamin needs _____.

increase

The factor secreted by the stomach which facilitates the absorption of vitamin B-12 is called

intrinsic factor

There ______ an association between eating diets rich in fruits and vegetables and lower risk of certain cancers, heart disease and age-related macular degeneration.

is

A vitamin A deficient person's epithelial cells produce too much of the protein , making their skin rough and bumpy.

keratin

Which of the following foods are good sources of thiamin?

legumes pork orange juice

Excess consumption of vitamin A can damage the______.

liver

Conditions that can result in a biotin deficiency include

long term antibiotic therapy. surgical removal of the colon.

What are some major food sources of vitamin B-12?

meat milk poultry

The deficiencies of both vitamin B-12 and folate can result in _______.

megaloblastic anemia

A vitamin E deficiency can result in______.

nerve damage reduced immune function

The U.S. Public Health Service recommends that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 mcg of folic acid daily to prevent

neural tube defects.

Salmon, tuna, mushrooms, and enriched breads are all good sources of _____.

niacin

Choose the four B vitamins and one mineral that must be added by the manufacturer when a product has been refined.

niacin folic acid iron thiamin riboflavin

An early sign of vitamin A deficiency is called______.

night blindness

The situation that arises when retinol is unavailable and one becomes unable to see in dim light is called

night blindness

Vitamin K helps bone-building cells produce , a protein needed for normal bone mineralization.

osteocalcin

Adults with normal amounts of collagen but less-than-normal amounts of calcium develop bones that are soft and weak. This adult form of rickets is called ______.

osteomalacia

The adult form of rickets is called

osteomalacia

Choose the fruits and vegetables that contain more beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids.

peaches mangoes sweet potatoes

The "4 Ds," dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death are all signs of , a niacin deficiency disease.

pellagra

Populations at increased risk of a vitamin E deficiency include______.

premature infants people with diseases that interfere with fat absorption

Choose the foods that are typically fortified with vitamin D.

ready-to-eat cereals margarine milk orange juice

When taken during pregnancy, excess vitamin A is a(n) _____.

teratogen agent that causes birth defects

It is unnecessary to consume 100% of all vitamins every day because _____.

the body can synthesize some vitamins bacteria in the intestinal tract can produce some vitamins cells contain a supply of vitamins

______ is a water-soluble vitamin that is used to make a coenzyme that participates in chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates.

thiamin

What are some examples of diet-related carcinogens?

trans fat alcohol nitrates

An increased risk of cancer is associated with obesity.

true

True or false: A symptom of a mild riboflavin deficiency is to become fatigued easily.

true

What are some ways to improve the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins in low-fat foods like vegetables.

use salad dressing cook the vegetables in oil

The consumption of which foods has been associated with a decrease in the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration?

vegetables fruits

What is a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes in the body?

vitamin

What are some signs of scurvy?

-Loose teeth -Bruised skin -Swollen gums

Which of the following is true about coenzymes?

-Regulates a chemical reaction -Cofactor

Rank in order the sequence of events in the digestion and absorption of Vitamin B12.

1. Hydrovholoric 2. the stomach 3. b12 - IF 4. The IF/b12 5. b12 - blood

Liver, butter, fish, fish oils, and eggs are all good sources of which vitamin?

A

Vitamin participates in the development of epithelial cells, the production of white blood cells, and bone growth.

A

Which statement is most accurate?

A nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days and even years.

Name the fat-soluble vitamins.

A, D, E, K

Dermatitis, anemia, seizures, depression, and confusion are all signs of a vitamin ______ deficiency.

B6

People suffering from which disease are very weak and have poor muscular coordination?

Beriberi

Intestinal bacteria can produce which vitamin?

Biotin

When blood calcium levels drop, vitamin works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to signal bones to release calcium.

D

Folate plays a role in which of the following?

DNA synthesis Preventing homocysteine accumulation

What are some signs and symptoms of a vitamin B-6 deficiency?

Dermatitis Seizures Anemia

Plant oils such as sunflower, safflower, canola, and olive oils, as well as margarine and salad dressing are rich food sources of _____.

E

Which statements about vitamins are true?

Excess vitamin intake can produce a toxicity disorder. Cells can be damaged by excess vitamin intake. Cells can become saturated with a vitamin.

is a toxic amino acid and vitamin B-6 plays a vital role in keeping it from accumulating in the blood.

Homocysteine

Which of the following is true about vitamin K?

It is very stable and resists being destroyed by usual cooking methods.

Which vitamin helps bone-building cells produce osteocalcin?

K

What are some food sources of vitamin B-6?

Liver Fish Meat

Which statement about vitamins is most true?

More is not always better.

What criteria must a nutrient meet to be classified as a vitamin?

Signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet. The nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods. The body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to maintain good health.

______ plays a vital role in keeping homocysteine from accumulating in the blood by converting it to cysteine.

Vitamin B-6

The degenerative brain disorder associated with thiamin deficiency is called - syndrome and often occurs in alcoholics.

Wernike Korsakoff

When are the body's requirements for vitamins highest?

adolescence infancy pregnancy

Vitamin C can affect free radicals due to its properties.

antioxidant

Vitamin C can act as a(n) ______ by donating electrons to radicals. In excess, however, vitamin C may act as a(n) ______ by promoting radical production.

antioxidant; prooxidant

Folate's metabolic roles are related to those of ______. Diets that lack either vitamin produce a number of identical deficiency signs and symptoms.

b12

People who eat little/no animal products should take a vitamin supplement.

b12

Shellfish, poultry, meat, and eggs are all good sources of which vitamin?

b12

Liver, meat, fish, and sweet red peppers are all good sources of _____.

b6

The synthetic folic acid is absorbed _____ the naturally occurring forms of folate.

better than

Drinking recommended intakes of fluid and other nonalcoholic fluids may reduce the risk of _____ cancer.

bladder

Signs of scurvy include

bleeding gums. broken blood vessels. slowed wound healing.

Unless treated with vitamin A, xeropthalmia leads to______.

blindness

What is the primary function of vitamin K?

blood clotting

Although commonly used for this purpose, scientific studies do not show that megadoses of vitamin prevents the common cold.

c

Individuals with excess body fat and are obese have a higher risk of _____.

cancer

What is the second leading cause of death in the United States?

cancer

Alcohol, sodium nitrate, trans fat, and arsenic are all examples of diet-related , or cancer causing agents.

carcinogens

In order to make phospholipids and acetylcholine, the body needs the vitamin called

choline

A small, organic molecule that interacts with enzymes, enabling the enzymes to function is called a(n)

coenzyme

Choose functions of vitamin D.

controls cell growth regulates neuromuscular and immune function reduces inflammation

During vitamin A deficiency, excess keratin can be formed in the ______.

cornea skin

Which of the following foods would not be a good source of vitamin D?

cucumbers

As a person gets older, their vitamin D production _______.

decrease

Folate is reported in _____ to account for the differences in the body's ability absorb folic acid and natural forms of folate.

dietary folate equivalents (DFEs)

When taken in high doses, vitamins often have a _____ effect on the body.

druglike

When should the consumption of vitamin A supplements be avoided?

during pregnancy

Which dietary habits can result in a reduction of cancer risk?

eating a variety of nutritious foods increased intake of fruits and vegetables drinking adequate fluids

Dark green fruits and vegetables do not contain beta-carotene and provitamin A carotenoids.

false

True or false: It is helpful to purchase supplements that contain coenzymes from health stores.

false

True or false: Scientific studies show that taking vitamin C is an effective way to prevent the common cold.

false

True or false: Vitamins are helpful and safe in any amount.

false

Which of the following are considered roles of vitamins?

regulates a variety of body processes involved in the growth and development of tissues

Keeping foods in high humidity and away from air are storage methods that _____ vitamin content.

retain

is the most active form of vitamin A in the body.

retinol

Which disease is characterized by a vitamin D deficiency and leads to soft and misshapen bones in children?

rickets

Which population is at increased risk for a vitamin D deficiency?

semiors

Vitamin C absorption occurs in the

small intestine

Where does vitamin C absorption occur?

small intestine

is the primary site of vitamin absorption.

small intestine

Which food storage methods best preserve vitamin content?

storing foods in high humidity storing food at near freezing temperatures storing foods away from air

Which of the following are good sources of vitamin C?

strawberries broccoli citrus fruits

Which foods are good sources of vitamin E?

sunflower seeds and plant oils

The body needs choline to _____.

synthesize a part of a phospholipid in the liver. produce phospholipids in cell membranes. as part of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Since this vitamin is only found in animal products, people who eat little/no meat should take a _______ supplement.

vitamin B-12

Which of the following are water-soluble vitamins?

vitamin B-6 riboflavin niacin

When the epithelial cells in the eye harden and stop producing mucus during a Vitamin A deficiency, this results in the condition called

xerophthalmia