Chapter 85: HIV and AIDS

The nurse is caring for a client undergoing testing for HIV. Which of the following nursing considerations is related to this process? A) An informed consent must be obtained from the client before testing. B) Posttest counseling is required only if the test is positive. C) Results can be given over the phone or sent to the person in writing. D) Most laboratories use the last name of the client and a code to ensure confidentiality.

A) An informed consent must be obtained from the client before testing.

A nurse is caring for a client with AIDS. When caring for this client, which of the following should the nurse document as a characteristic sign of the disease? A) Anorexia B) Weight gain C) Productive cough D) Build up of fat in arms and legs

A) Anorexia

A client with AIDS is in the terminal stage of the disease. What would be the focus of care for this client? A) Comfort B) Medications C) Rehabilitation D) Social interaction

A) Comfort

The nurse is explaining to a client how HIV is transmitted. Which of the following is a method of contracting the disease? Select all that apply. A) Having vaginal sex with an infected person B) Shaking hands with an HIV positive person C) Sharing infected needles D) Breathing air when an infected person sneezes E) Being in contact with the feces of an infected person F) Cleaning up the vomit of an infected person

A) Having vaginal sex with an infected person C) Sharing infected needles E) Being in contact with the feces of an infected person F) Cleaning up the vomit of an infected person

A nurse is required to care for a client who is HIV-positive. Which of the following nursing care measures should be employed when caring for the client? A) Take suitable precautions to protect the client from nosocomial infections. B) Discuss the client's health condition with the client's relatives. C) Put the client's infectious wastes in a closed bag and dispose of in a sanitary landfill. D) Break the needles off the syringes manually before disposing of them.

A) Take suitable precautions to protect the client from nosocomial infections.

The nurse is teaching the student nurse what occurs when human HIV invades a normal human cell. Which of the following events occurs? A) The virus uses its own RNA to change the healthy cell's existing DNA. B) The virus's DNA duplicates and spreads HIV within the body. C) The original purpose and function of the normal cell is recreated in the HIV cells. D) A reverse transcriptase protein converts the virus's RNA into DNA.

A) The virus uses its own RNA to change the healthy cell's existing DNA.

A client is diagnosed with HIV and is undergoing a CD4 (T cell) count to measure his immune function. Which of the following represents a normal value range for CD4 cell counts? A) 250 cells/mm3 B) 1,000 cells/mm3 C) 1,750 cells/mm3 D) 2,000 cells/mm3

B) 1,000 cells/mm3

The nurse documents pneumonia in a client who is HIV-positive. Which of the following T-cell counts represents the level at which the first opportunistic infections may appear? A) 150/mm3 B) 250/mm3 C) 500/mm3 D) 750/mm3

B) 250/mm3

A nurse is caring for a female client with HIV. Which of the following manifestations of HIV is frequently seen in female clients? A) Endometrial cancer B) Cervical cancer C) Ovarian cancer D) Breast cancer

B) Cervical cancer

The nurse caring for clients with HIV knows that opportunistic infections and cancers account for a large proportion of deaths related to HIV. Which of the following is a viral infection that commonly occurs with HIV? A) Candidiasis B) Hepatitis C C) Tuberculosis (TB) D) Syphilis

B) Hepatitis C

A client recently diagnosed with HIV infection is being cared for at home. What should the nurse include in the education provided to the family caregivers of the client? A) Encourage them to keep the client on complete bed rest. B) Inform them on how to take care of infectious waste. C) Recommend that they provide a diet reduced in salt. D) Ask them to assist the client with all daily activities.

B) Inform them on how to take care of infectious waste.

The nurse is researching the incidence of HIV transmission in the United States. Which of the following is the fastest growing group of persons living with HIV? A) Infants born to infected mothers B) Males having unprotected sex with males C) People engaging in high-risk heterosexual contact D) Users of contaminated needles

B) Males having unprotected sex with males

The nurse caring for a client in a hospital setting receives a needlestick injury on the job. What is the initial intervention for this possible exposure to HIV? A) Screening the clients for HIV B) Thoroughly washing the exposed area C) Starting postexposure treatment within 1 week D) Attending counseling sessions

B) Thoroughly washing the exposed area

The school nurse is educating students regarding the practice of safe sex to avoid contracting HIV. Which of the following would the nurse recommend to provide safer sex? A) Practicing oral sex B) Using condoms C) Taking contraceptives D) Using the "day after" pill

B) Using condoms

17. The nurse is assisting in performing a viral load (HIV-RNA) test to measure how virulent the HIV is in a client diagnosed with AIDS. Which of the following information regarding this testing is accurate? A) A person who is not infected with HIV has a minimum viral load. B) Clients with controlled HIV may have readings as high as 1,000,000 copies. C) An undetectable reading is considered an excellent response to therapy. D) The inability to detect the virus in the blood indicates a person is no longer infected.

C) An undetectable reading is considered an excellent response to therapy.

A nurse is caring for client infected with HIV. Which of the following opportunistic infections in the client can be documented as a fungal infection? A) Tuberculosis B) Toxoplasmosis C) Cryptococcosis D) Herpes zoster

C) Cryptococcosis

The nurse is teaching a class on HIV/AIDS in a local community setting. Which of the following are accurate descriptions of these conditions that could be included as teaching points? A) The terms HIV and AIDS are synonymous. B) AIDS is the virus responsible for causing HIV. C) HIV is a retrovirus overtaking living cells to duplicate itself. D) The only known cure for AIDS is HAART.

C) HIV is a retrovirus overtaking living cells to duplicate itself.

When providing client education regarding AIDS, which of the following viruses should the nurse identify as the causative organism for AIDS? A) Human papilloma virus B) Epstein-Barr virus C) Human immunodeficiency virus D) Varicella zoster virus

C) Human immunodeficiency virus

The nurse caring for clients with HIV knows that, if untreated, HIV can lead to the development of both minor and major opportunistic infections and cancers, eventually leading to death. The depletion of what system leads to this chain of events? A) Respiratory system B) Cardiovascular system C) Immune system D) Integumentary system

C) Immune system

A nurse working with clients with AIDS in a local clinic experiences a needlestick injury. Which of the following drugs would be prescribed to prevent HIV from entering CD4 cells? A) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) B) Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) C) Integrase inhibitors D) Protease inhibitors (PIs)

C) Integrase inhibitors

The nurse explains to the client with HIV infection that HIV infection compromises the body's immune mechanism, thus predisposing the client to a number of opportunistic infections. Which of the following cells does HIV specifically invade? A) Erythrocytes B) Granulocytes C) Lymphocytes D) Platelets

C) Lymphocytes

The nurse is caring for a client with AIDS. Who is responsible for evaluating the outcomes of care for this client? A) The physician and nurse B) The nurse and the client C) The healthcare team, client, and family D) The client and family

C) The healthcare team, client, and family

A client diagnosed with HIV/AIDS develops Pneumocystis carinii (pneumonia). Which of the following drugs are used to treat this infection? Select all answers that apply. A) Azithromycin (Zithromax) B) Loperamide (Imodium) C) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Septra, Bactrim) D) Dapsone (Avlosulfan) E) Aerosolized pentamidine (Nebupent) F) Acyclovir (Zovirax)

C) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Septra, Bactrim) D) Dapsone (Avlosulfan) E) Aerosolized pentamidine (Nebupent)

A client is to undergo the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test. Which of the following information should the nurse provide regarding the test? A) HIV antibodies effectively fight against the HIV virus. B) Blood is the only body fluid used for EIA testing. C) EIA test is more expensive than the western blot test. D) A positive EIA test does not necessarily indicate HIV infection.

D) A positive EIA test does not necessarily indicate HIV infection.

The nurse is educating a client who contracted HIV regarding the nature of the human cells that are invaded by the virus. Which type of cell is the main cell affected by HIV? A) B cells B) C cells C) Lymphocytes in bone marrow D) CD4 cells

D) CD4 cells

A client is diagnosed with encephalopathy as a result of opportunistic infections following HIV infection. What nursing diagnosis should the nurse document? A) Ineffective breathing pattern B) Impaired tissue integrity C) Risk of disuse syndrome D) Disturbed thought process

D) Distrubed thought process

Nurses and caregivers need to be aware of the more common opportunistic infections associated with AIDS. Which of the following infections causes small, painful blisters on the skin of the lips, nose, or genitalia? A) Cryptococcus B) Cytomegalovirus C) Toxoplasmosis D) Histoplasmosis

D) Histoplasmosis

A nurse is caring for a client with HIV infection. Exposure to which of the following has a low occupational risk of transmission of HIV infection to the nurse? A) Cerebrospinal fluid B) Peritoneal fluid C) Vaginal secretions D) Lacrimal secretions

D) Lacrimal secretions

Nurses working in healthcare settings may be exposed to HIV. Which of the following is the greatest source of exposure for healthcare workers? A) Exposure to vomit B) Exposure to feces C) Airborne pathogens D) Needlestick injuries

D) Needlestick injuries

The nurse is describing to a client diagnosed with AIDS the use of "the cocktail" to attack development cycles of the virus. Which of the following class of drugs that may be found in this cocktail disables a protein that the HIV needs for replication? A) Entry inhibitors B) Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) C) Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) D) Protease inhibitors (PIs)

D) Protease inhibitors (PIs)