Chapter 9-12
Personal problems
A dysfunctional home life or psychological abnormalities are examples of what type of correlate of school failure?
Alienation
A feeling of being alone and "away" from others is an example of what type of correlate of school failure?
dyad
A friendship _____ is considered an association with a single "best friend."
6
A genetic basis for drug abuse is supported by evidence showing that future substance abuse problems can be predicted by behavior exhibited as early as _____ years of age.
40 percent
A more serious type of drug-involved youth is one who distributes multiple substances and commits both property and violent crimes, and may very well be a gang member. These youngsters make up 2% of the teenage population, but they commit up to _______% of robberies and assaults, and about 60% of all teenage felony thefts and drug sales.
protective factor
A positive prior factor in an individual's life that decreases the risk of future delinquent behaviors is termed a(n) _____.
Social class
A student from a low-income household is an example of what type of correlate of school failure?
Party gang
According to Jeffrey Fagan, which gang type concentrates primarily on drug use and sales, forgoing most delinquent behavior except vandalism?
organized
According to Jeffrey Fagan, which gang type is heavily involved in criminality; drug use and sales are related to other criminal acts?
Zero Tolerance
According to one national survey, a majority of United States schools have adopted a policy that mandates that action be taken for the slightest infraction of a school or criminal code violation. What is the name of this policy?
850,000
According to the National Youth Gang Survey, the most recent survey of gang membership in the U.S. estimates that there are roughly _____ gang members.
home visitation
According to the text, a very popular and effective form of family support, including the assistance with parenting skills, is:
without the promise of love
According to the text, adolescent sexual activity _____ increases the likelihood of offending.
having five or more alcoholic beverages on the same occasion at least once in the past 30 days
According to the text, binge drinking is defined as ____.
inhalants
According to the text, the category of drugs known as _____ produces short-term euphoria followed by a periods of disorientation, slurred speech, and drowsiness.
Inner-city, predominantly minority
According to the text, the high school dropout rate would be highest in which type of school?
Being quiet and reserved
According to the text, which of the following is NOT a factor linked to school violence?
School sports
According to the text, which of the following is NOT a source of student alienation?
Lack of overall willingness by juvenile justice system officials to create, try, and evaluate new innovate strategies
According to the text, which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the major obstacles facing delinquency prevention programs in the United States?
Hispanics
Based on recent research, since 1990, the dropout rates have remained the highest for _____.
after-school programs
Boys and Girls Clubs of America are one of the most successful ______ in preventing juvenile delinquency.
near-groups
Clusters of youth who seem unified but actually have limited cohesion are referred to as:
10%
Data gathered from the National Youth Gang Survey indicates that less than _____ of gang members are female.
source control
Destroying overseas crops and arresting members of drug cartels is referred to as ______. Attempting to eliminate the growth and manufacture of illegal drugs in parent countries is referred to as:
risk and protective factors
Developmental prevention refers to interventions, especially those targeting _____ designed to prevent the growth of criminal potential in individuals.
800
Drinking and driving by teenagers results in approximately how many deaths per year?
petty
Drug dealers who sell mainly small amounts to friends are referred to as ______dealers.
frequent dealers
Drug dealers who sell the majority of drugs in parks, schools, or other public places are referred to as:
1950s
During which decade was a major focus of delinquency prevention programs to reach out to youth who were unlikely to use community centers?
Synar
Enacted in 1992, the _____ Amendment requires states to enact and enforce laws restricting the sale of tobacco products to youths under the age of 18.
Behavioral
Establishing a school policy of locker searches and other related security activities is an example of what kind of school-based prevention program?
interstitial group
Frederick Thrasher coined the term _____, to describe a group that fills a crack in the social fabric and maintains standard group practices.
Chicago
Frederick Thrasher did most of his research on gangs in which city?
graffiti
Gang drawings or inscriptions written on a wall or structure and used for gang messages and turf definition are called:
controversial status youth
Groups of youth who collectively engage in delinquent behaviors are referred to as:
opium poppy flowers
Heroin is produced from _____.
corporal punishment
In Ingraham v. Wright, the courts ruled on the issue of:
blood tests
In reference to school security efforts across the United States, all of the following are considered to be practical and legal means for enhancing security except:
Secondary prevention
In reference to the public health approach, which type of prevention focuses on intervening with children and young people who are potentially at risk for becoming offenders?
drug runners
In regard to drug dealing, many dealers in large U.S. cities are frequently hired by older dealers to act as street-level_______ for their bosses.
gang details
In regard to gang control, _____ refers to one or more police officers, usually from youth or detective units who are assigned exclusively to gang-control work.
Primary prevention
In regard to the public health approach, which type of prevention focuses on improving the general well-being of individuals through such measures as access to health care services and general prevention education?
Tertiary prevention
In regard to the public health approach, which type of prevention focuses on intervening with adjudicated juvenile offenders through such measures as substance abuse treatment and imprisonment?
Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
In the Supreme Court case of _____ , the court held that schools were allowed to administer drug-testing programs to student athletes.
Baker v. Owen
In the Supreme Court decision of ___________ , the court upheld the school's right to use corporal punishment.
search and seizure
In the case of New Jersey v. T.L.O., the court dealt with the issue of ______.
alcohol
It is generally believed that most drug users start at a young age using _____ as a gateway drug.
two-thirds
More than _____ of all married couples with school-age children (ages 6 to 17) have both parents working outside the home.
Treatment
Multisystemic therapy, which addresses a wide variety of family, peer, and psychological problems, is considered to be which type of drug control strategy?
bullying
NWhich term refers to repeated negative acts committed by one or more children against another; the acts may be physical or verbal?
Hope's Law
Passed in 2009 in Missouri, legislation known as _____ represents one way to help reduce the dangers presented by drugs to children in the home.
12
Recent research indicates that most youths join their first gang at age _____.
co-offending
Research shows that juvenile delinquent acts tend to be committed in small groups, rather than by youths acting alone. This is phenomenon is referred to as:
school climate
Research shows that the _____ is one of the most important predictors of campus crime and violence.search and seizure
school failure
Researchers commonly find that _____ is a stronger predictor of delinquency than such personal variables as economic class membership or peer group relations.
cliques
Small groups of friends who share intimate knowledge and activities with each other are referred to as:
Chicago Area Project
Started by famed sociologists Shaw and McKay, the _____ was one of the earliest juvenile delinquency prevention programs used in the United States. Experimentation with comprehensive community-based delinquency prevention began with which well-known prevention program?
50 percent
Surveys show that about ______ of all U.S. schools now use one or more security cameras.
drug use among American adolescents continues to decline
The 2015 Monitoring the Future Survey produced by the University of Michigan found that:Ex
Alcohol and cigarettes
The 2015 Monitoring the Future survey reported a significant decline in the teenage usage of which of the following two drugs?
randomized experimental design
The Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study was one of the first delinquency prevention programs to be evaluated using a(n) _____.
disciplinary techniques that stress firmness
The Oregon Social Learning Center (OSLC) personnel teaches parents _____.
Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser
The courts upheld a school system's right to suspend a student who uses obscene or profane language and gestures in:
inconclusive, with some programs working and others not.
The effectiveness of mentoring programs, according to the text, has been shown to be _____.
late 1780s
The first mention of youth gangs in America occurred in the _____.
Norway
The first, and best-known, intervention program to reduce bullying among school children was launched in _____.
school safety agents
The largest contingent of police officers in city schools, numbering 5,000, is in New York City. These officers are called _____.
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
The most important Supreme Court case concerning a student's right to passive speech was the 1969 case of ______.
Marijuana
The most recent National Survey on Drug Use and Health results show that _____ use is more common among male youths compared to their female counterparts.6
Oregon Social Learning Center
The most widely cited parenting skills program is one created by the ______ which focuses on addressing how poor parenting skills may lead to a child's negative life course path.
juvenile violence
The only national estimate of the costs of juvenile delinquency in the United States seem to focuses on _____.
school
The primary agent of socialization in the United States is the _____.
losers
Those drug dealers who are associated with gangs but are of the least value to them are called ______.
underachievers
Those who fail to meet expected levels of school achievement are referred to as:
90
Today, more than _____% of the school-age population attends school, compared with 7% in 1890.
representing
Tossing or flashing gang signs in the presence of rivals, often escalating into a verbal or physical confrontation, is called:
Present anger as a normal, potentially constructive human emotion
Violence prevention curriculum for adolescents is one type of school-based prevention program. What does the curriculum hope to achieve?
Relief from fear and apprehension, elevation of the spirits
What are the results of ingesting heroin?
Tetrahydrocannabinol
What is the main active ingredient in marijuana and hashish?
Gang sweeps
What method of gang enforcement relies on police, armed with arrest and search warrants, to enter a neighborhood to make as many arrests of gang members as possible?
Truant
What term is used to describe being out of school without permission?
Dropout factory
What term is used to describe certain high schools in which the number of seniors is 60% (or less) of the number of ninth graders?
cocaine
When first isolated in 1860, _____ , the most powerful natural stimulant known to humans, was considered a medical breakthrough that could relieve fatigue, depression, and other symptoms, and it quickly became a staple of patent medicines.
Alcohol
Which drug seems to be the major gateway drug for youth?
U.S. Secret Service and FBI
Which federal agencies have developed a profile of school shootings and school shooters?
National Youth Victimization Survey
Which is NOT one of the major youth drug surveys reported in the text?
Job Corps
Which of the follow is considered to be the best-known, and largest job training program for youth in the United States?
Asian
Which of the following gangs tend to victimize members of their own ethnic group, are more organized than other types of gangs, have recognizable leaders, and tend to be secretive?
Cut back on extracurricular activities
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a strategy that may reduce school violence?
The long delays before early childhood programs show an impact on delinquency
Which of the following is NOT one of the pressing issues facing the future of delinquency prevention?
Project PATHE
Which of the following is a comprehensive program used in secondary schools that reduces school disorder and aims to improve the overall school environment?
Participate and Learn Skills (PALS)
Which of the following is a successful Canadian-based program implemented in a public housing developments in Ottawa that recruits low-income young people to participate in after-school activities?
Ecstasy
Which of the following is considered to be a "designer drug"?
Montreal Longitudinal-Experimental Study
Which of the following prevention programs focused specifically on the effects of an early preventive intervention program for 6-year-old boys from poor neighborhoods who were aggressive and hyperactive?
Mobilization for Youth (MOBY)
Which of the following prevention programs received federal funding and attempted an integrated approach to community development by creating employment opportunities in the community, coordinated social services, sponsored social action groups, and voter registration?
Boston's Mid-City Project
Which of the following prevention projects centered upon the idea of dispatching trained social workers to seek out and meet with youth gangs three to four times a week on the gang's own turf?
Seattle Social Development Project
Which of the following programs created and implemented a method in which teachers learn techniques that reward appropriate student behavior and minimize disruptive behavior?
Juvenile Mentoring Program
Which of the following programs has provided thousands of youths across the U.S. with advisors; advisors that act as caring adults to volunteer their time as mentors to young people?
Tracking
Which of the following terms refers to dividing students into groups according to their ability and achievement levels?
Children At Risk program (CAR)
Which of the following was purposely created to help improve the lives of young people at high risk for delinquency, gang involvement, substance abuse and other problem behaviors?
deviancy training
Which process refers to when close friends reinforce deviant behavior through talk and interaction?
School problems
Which risk factor would have the greatest impact on juvenile delinquency?
National Youth Gang Survey
Which survey does the United States federal government sponsors to measure gang activity within the United States?
Ballers
Which term is used to describe individuals who control the drug distribution in hard-core drug gangs?
Disorganized
Which term is used to describe neighborhoods found within inner-city areas that are plagued with extreme poverty and where the critical social control mechanisms have broken down?
crowds
Which term refers to loosely organized groups of children who share interests and activities?
anomie/alienation
Which theory suggests that delinquent youths are loners who do not form attachments to others? Which view of gang membership proclaims that youths are encouraged to join gangs during periods of social, economic, and cultural turmoil?
rational choice
Which view of gang involvement states that ganging can provide girls with a sense of security, at least from non-gang members?
anthropological
Which view of gang membership suggests that gangs appeal to adolescents' longing for the tribal process that sustained their ancestors?
Heavy drinking
_____ is defined as having five or more alcoholic drinks on the same occasion on at least five different days in the past 30 days.
Phencyclidine (PCP)
_____ is the most widely abused anesthetic drug.
Community-based
_____ programs reach out to some of the highest-risk youths by using local neighborhood organizations to help the youth get involved in prosocial activities.
Multisystemic
_____ therapy addresses a variety of family, peer, and psychological problems by focusing on problem solving and communication skills training.
Educational programs
_____, such as Project ALERT, have been shown to be successful in training middle-school youths to avoid recreational drugs and to resist peer pressure to use cigarettes and alcohol.
Delinquency control
________________ involves any justice program or policy designed to prevent the occurrence of a future delinquent act.
Delinquency prevention
______________________ involves any nonjustice program or policy designed to prevent the occurrence of a future delinquent act.
Klikas
_____are subgroups of same-aged youths in Hispanic gangs that remain together and have separate names and a unique identity in the gang.