Chapter 9

Most of the carbon dioxide you exhale is re- leased during 1. lactate fermentation. 2. glycolysis. 3. the Krebs cycle. 4. electron transfer phosphorylation. 5. alcoholic fermentation.

3

FAD is reduced to FADH2 during 1. the Krebs cycle. 2. electron transfer phosphorylation. 3. glycolysis. 4. gluconeogenesis. 5. lactate fermentation.

1

In which step of glycolysis are two ATP molecules required? 1. glucose priming 2. acetyl-CoA formation 3. cleavage and rearrangement 4. oxidation 5. pryruvate formation

1

The reactionC6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O , when it occurs in living cells, is known as 1. aerobic respiration. 2. glycolysis. 3. anaerobic fermentation. 4. oxidative phosphorylation. 5. aerobic fermentation.

1

The typical ATP yield from respiration of one molecule of glucose by the aerobic pathway is 1. 36 ATP 2. 26 ATP 3. 32 ATP 4. 4 ATP

1

ATP synthase 1. splits water. 2. catalyzes the attachment of phosphate to ADP. 3. consumes ATP 4. pumps hydrogen ions into the thylakoid compartment. 5. attaches carbon to RuBP.

2

What is not an end product of glycolysis? 1. energy 2. NAD+ 3. pyruvate 4. NADH 5. ATP

2

What is the main end product of glycolysis? 1. NAD+ 2. pyruvate 3. ATP 4. ADP 5. alcohol

2

Mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing radioactive carbon, and then closely moni- tored. Where would you eventually find ra- dioactive carbon atoms after the mice com- pletely oxidize the glucose in aerobic respira- tion? 1. oxygen gas 2. NADH 3. water 4. ATP 5. carbon dioxide

5

The enzymes catalyzing the reactions of gly- colysis are found in the 1. Golgi apparatus. 2. nucleus. 3. chloroplasts. 4. mitochondria. 5. cytoplasm.

5

Which process produces carbon dioxide and water as waste products?

cellular respiration

Muscle cells in athletes often have more mito- chondria than do muscle cells in nonathletes. Based on this observation, it can be inferred that the muscle cells in athletes

have a greater demand for energy than do the muscle cells of non-athletes.

Aerobic cellular respiration

produces a net gain of 36 ATP molecules.

ATP molecules 1. can both store energy and provide it for metabolic reactions. 2. produce NADPH. 3. contain five phosphate groups. 4. contain sulfur. 5. help a plant produce carbon dioxide.

1

Chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by 1. a difference in H+ concentration on the two sides of the mitochondrial membrane. 2. phosphate transfer through the plasma membrane. 3. osmosis of macromolecules. 4. sodium, potassium pumps. 5. large quantities of ADP.

1

Which of the following is NOT part of cellular respiration? 1. ATP synthase 2. Krebs cycle 3. glycolysis 4. electron transport chain 5. Calvin cycle

5

Which statement best describes cellular respiration?

It is the release of stored chemical energy in food to produce ATP.

Enzymes and other proteins of electron transport systems stockpile hydrogen ions in 1. the outer compartment of mitochondria. 2. the cytoplasma. 3. the interior of the endoplasmic reticulum. 4. lysosomes. 5. the nucleolus.

1

In glycolysis, 1. four ATP molecules are produced. 2. aerobic processes occur. 3. glucose is produced. 4. four ADP molecules are produced. 5. there is a net ATP loss.

1

In the absence of oxygen, hydrogen atoms generated by glycolysis are donated to organic molecules in a process called 1. fermentation. 2. acetyl-CoA formation. 3. electron transport chain reaction. 4. decarboxylation. 5. chemiosmosis.

1

The enzymes of the Krebs cycle are located in the 1. matrix of the mitochondria. 2. outer membrane of the mitochondria. 3. inter-membrane space of mitochondria. 4. cytoplasm. 5. vesicles of the ER.

1

Which of the following steps does not describe any of the steps of the the Krebs cycle? 1. adding electrons and protons to oxygen to form water 2. production of FADH2 3. production of ATP 4. release of carbon dioxide 5. production of NADH

1

By what process is ATP formed during gly- colysis and the Krebs cycle? 1. electron transfer 2. substrate-level phosphorylation 3. electron transport phosphorylation 4. rearrangement

2

By which process does cellular respiration derive most of its chemical energy? 1. substrate-level phosphorylation2. transferring electrons from organic molecules to oxygen 3. converting oxygen to ATP 4. generating carbon dioxide and oxygen in the electron transport chain 5. forming lactate from pyruvate

2

Electron transfer chains allow a series of con- trolled 1. rearrangements. 2. oxidation-reduction reactions. 3. hydrolysis reactions. 4. cleavage reactions. 5. condensation reactions.

2

For each glucose molecule that enters glycol- ysis, how many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cyvle? 1. 1 ATP, 2 NADH, 3 FADH2 2. 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 3. 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 4. 4 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 5. 3 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

2

Which end product of respiration is of the greatest benefit to organism?

ATP molecules

Where do the final steps of aerobic cellular respiration occur?

inside the mitochondria

The amino acid sequence of human cy- tochrome c is most similar to that of 1. fish. 2. chimpanzees. 3. turtles. 4. yeast. 5. chickens.

2

Which of the following is not the product of muscle cells under anaerobic conditions? 1. ATP 2. acetyl CoA 3. lactate 4. pyruvate 5. NADH

2

Sore muscles undergo which of the following to regenerate NAD+? 1. alcohol fermentation 2. electron transport chain 3. lactic acid fermentation 4. Krebs cycle 5. NAD

3

Water forms during 1. the Krebs cycle. 2. glycolysis. 3. electron transfer phosphorylation. 4. alcoholic fermentation. 5. gluconeogenesis.

3

What is the primary role of oxygen in respiration? 1. catalyze the glycolysis reaction 2. yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain 3. act as an acceptor for electrons and hy- drogen, forming water 4. combine with carbon, forming CO2 5. combine with lactic acid to form pyruvic acid

3

Where in the amoeba is glycolysis carried out? 1. in the lysosomes 2. in the endoplasmic reticulum 3. in the cytoplasm 4. in the mitochondria 5. in the nucleus

3

Which of the following does not apply to NAD+'s functions? 1. In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis cannot function. 2. NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. 3. NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. 4. NAD+ can receive electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. 5. NAD+ is reduced by the action of dehy- drogenases.

3

Which of the following donates to the electron transport chain directly at the lowest energy level during aerobic respiration? 1. NAD+ 2. NADH 3. FADH2 4. ADP + Pi 5. ATP

3

What pathway supplies ATP for prolonged, moderate exercise? 1. glycolysis alone 2. dephosphorylation of creatine phosphate 3. aerobic respiration

3

Which statement accurately reflects the pro- cess of glycolysis? 1. Glycolysis is most likely one of the ear- liest of all biochemical reaction to evolve. It uses molecular oxygen and occurs in the mi- tochondria. 2. Glycolysis is most likely one of the earli- est of all biochemical reactions to evolve. It uses molecular oxygen; however, it occurs in anaerobic environments. 3. Glycolysis is most likely one of the earliest of all biochemical reaction to evolve. It does not use molecular oxygen, and all its reactions occur free in the cytoplasm. 4. Glycolysis is most likely one of the ear- liest of all biochemical reaction to evolve. It uses molecular oxygen; however, it occurs in aerobic environments. 5. Glycolysis is most likely one of the ear- liest of all biochemical reaction to evolve. It uses molecular oxygen and occurs in the cytoplasm.

3

A single glucose molecule can drive the Krebs cycle 1. three turns. 2. one turn. 3. six turns. 4. two turns. 5. four turns.

4

Cellular respiration occurs in which type of organism? 1. decomposers only 2. heterotrophs only 3. autotrophs only 4. all organisms

4

During cellular respiration carbon skeletons are broken down and converted to other forms: I) lipids; II) polysaccharides; III) proteins. Which of these are sources of carbon skeleton? 1. I and II only 2. II only 3. III only 4. I, II, and III

4

How does the reduction of pyruvate to lactic acid during fermentation allow glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen? 1. This reaction is coupled to the formation of ATP. 2. This reaction is a Kinase reaction. 3. Water is formed during this reaction. 4. This reaction is coupled to the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ 5. This reaction is coupled to the reduction of FAD to FADH2

4

In eukaryotes, where do the glycolytic reac- tions take place? 1. endoplasmic reticulium of each cell 2. mitochondria of the cell 3. Golgi bodies of the cell 4. cytoplasm of the cell 5. ribosomes of the cell

4

In the final stage of aerobic respiration, en- ergy associated with the flow of which of the following through an ATP synthase drives the formation of ATP? 1. NADH 2. pyruvate 3. water 4. hydrogen ions 5. electrons

4

In the last stage of aerobic respiration, what is the final acceptor of electrons that originally resided in glucose? 1. hydrogen 2. ATP 3. water 4. oxygen 5. NADH

4

Which of the following describes the fate of oxygen utilized directly during cellular respi- ration? 1. glycolysis 2. the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 3. the citric acid cycle 4. accepting electrons at the end of the elec- tron transport chain 5. the phosphorylation of ADP

4

During the Krebs cycle and oxidative phos- phorylation of cellular respiration, I) there is a net gain of two ATP per glu- cose. II) the electron transport chain uses the en- ergy in NADH and FADH2 to produce up to 34 ATP. III) A proton gradient is established. 1. I and III only 2. III only 3. I only 4. I, II, and III 5. II and III only 6. I and II only 7. II only

5

How many ATP molecules must be invested to break one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate? 1. zero ATP molecules 2. four ATP molecules 3. three ATP molecules 4. one ATP molecule 5. two ATP molecules

5

In addition to ATP, two other end products result from glycolysis. What are these products? 1. CO2 and ethyl alcohol 2. CO2 and NADH 3. CO2 and H2O 4. H2O and ethyl alcohol 5. NADH and pyruvate

5

In the final stage of aerobic respiration, which of the following deliver hydrogen ions and electrons to the electron transport system? 1. NADPH and ATP 2. NADH and ATP 3. NADPH and FADH2 4. NADH and NADPH 5. NADH and FADH2

5

Name the intermediary metabolite that par- ticipates in the Krebs cycle following the re- moval of CO2 from a molecule of pyruvate. 1. lactate 2. citric acid 3. glyceraldehyde phosphate 4. oxaloacetic acid 5. acetyl CoA

5

The coenzyme electron carriers produced in the Krebs cycle are 1. pyruvate and acetyl CoA. 2. NAD and NADH. 3. NADH and ATP. 4. ATP and ADP. 5. FADH2 and NADH.

5

The outputs of oxidative phosphorylation in- clude ATP, , and . 1. carbon dioxide, NAD+ and FAD 2. water, NADH and FADH2 3. free electrons and protons 4. O2, ADP, Pi 5. water, NAD+ and FAD

5

What electron carrier is used to harvest energy from glucose molecules in a series of gradual steps in the cytoplasm? 1. NADH 2. cyclic AMP 3. pyruvate 4. ATP 5. NAD+

5

What molecule is formed by the combination of oxaloacetate with acetyl CoA in the first step of the Krebs cycle? 1. glucose-6-phosphate 2. succinate 3. PGAL 4. pyruvate 5. citrate

5

Which of the following does not support the notion that glycolysis is one of the earliest metabolic processes that evolved in living or- ganisms? 1. Glycolysis is found in all eukaryotic cells. 2. The enzymes of glycolysis are found in the cytosol rather than in a membrane-enclosed organelle. 3. Bacteria, the most primitive of cells, make extensive use of glycolysis. 4. Glycolysis neither uses nor needs O2. 5. If run in reverse, glycolysis will build glucose molecules.

5

Which of the following is an oxidizing agent? 1. ATP 2. Water 3. Sodium 4. Vitamin A 5. NAD+

5

Which process is common to all living organ- isms, both aerobic and anaerobic? 1. the Krebs cycle 2. fermentation 3. electron transport chain reaction 4. pyruvate oxidation 5. glycolysis

5

Where in a plant cell would you find the electron transport systems that are involved in the final stage of aerobic respiration? 1. in the nucleus 2. in the endoplasmic reticulum 3. in the central vacuole 4. in the chloroplasts 5. in the Golgi body 6. in the mitochondria

6

Which statement best describes cellular respiration?

It converts energy in food into a more usable form.

What is the fate of an extra 15 lbs of fat, recently lost by a person after switching over on to a rigorous diet?

It was released as CO2 and H2O.