Chapter 9

Which of the following pairs would have similar activation patterns when presented in an experiment that simulates error signals and changing connection weights?

"tuna" and "shark"

Which of the following would likely represent a basic category?

a table

Latrell is participating in a replication of Hoffman and Ralph's research on the multiple-factor approach. Which of the following stimulus words would Latrell likely rate highest for color?

apple

Suppose a young child sees a canary and says, "That's a robin," to which the child's mother responds, "No, that's a canary...Robins have red breasts." In this example, the mother's information specifically functions like ___.

back propagation

Without actively thinking about it, Janelle just knows that every type of cat has whiskers—instead of thinking that lions and leopards and tabby cats each have whiskers. Janelle's experience can best be described as ________.

cognitive economy

What is the effect of spreading activation?

concepts are primed

If you were about to do a lexical decision task, you'd probably be ___.

distinguishing words from nonwords

Wallington and Shallice would say that our neural approach for representing concepts is based on ________.

sensing and performing

Marjorie has been diagnosed with semantic dementia. Which of the following can she recognize?

neither a car nor a cat

In a parallel distributed processing model, connection weights are related to which of the following?

network activity

In a connectionist network model, units are to ________ as connections are to ________.

neurons; axons

What is the relationship between prototypicality and reaction time?

reaction time tends to be faster for objects rated higher in prototypicality

Rather than requiring strict adherence to categorical definitions, Wittgenstein favored the concept of ________.

resemblance

What is the dependent variable in the scientific verification technique used by Edward Smith?

time

For which of the following categories would a definition probably be the MOST appropriate?

triangles

The Collin and Quillian semantic networks model has been criticized because it does not account for ________.

typicality

The children's program Sesame Street has run a longtime segment showing children a set of objects and singing, "One of these things is not like the others." Children must decide which object does not fit in the group. Which concept is reflected in this children's educational game?

typicality

Which of the following would most people use to distinguish a hammer and a saw?

use

How do experts versus nonexperts differ in terms of how they create categories, if at all?

Experts tend to use more specific categories. whereas nonexperts use more basic categories.

Many people think that Michelangelo's sculpture of David serves as an icon of male physical beauty. Which of the following best describes the sculpture in the context of cognitive psychology?

It is at a higher level than a prototype

Which of the following statements accurately describes an actual consequence of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to an individual?

TMS would temporarily disrupt the functioning of a particular area of the brain

In a semantic network, ___ should appear higher than ___.

fish; salmon

Which of the following concepts offers the medical community insights into rehabilitative services for people with brain damage?

graceful degradation

Sandeep is conducting research on the embodied approach to conceptual representation. His primary focus is on how subjects ________ a stimulus.

interact with

Tanak and Taylor built upon Rosch's research to demonstrate how ________ can affect our levels for categorizing concepts.

knowledge

In Rosch's approach, subordinate is to _____ as superordinate is to ________.

specific; global

Which of the following orders lists the different levels of categories from most to least specific?

subordinate; basic; superordinate

What is considered the central component of the hub and spoke model?

the anterior temporal lobe

When you use a hammer, sensory areas are activated in response to the various contours of the hammer. This example specifically illustrates ___.

the embodied approach

What is the relationship between the embodied approach and mirror neurons?

thinking