Chapter 9 Astronomy
Einstein's famous equation is what?
E=mc squared
What is the main fuel in the fusion process?
hydrogen
How much of the Sun's mass has been lost since its creation?
0.1 percent
How many tons of material is the Sun losing each second?
1 million
The Sun has an atmosphere that starts just above the Photosphere called the?
Chromosphere
By reading the sound waves that travel through the sun we can tell what it is like internally. This is called?
Helioseismology
Who tried to use deuteron for a nuclear weapon?
Hitler
This force holds the nucleus in an atom together?
Strong Nuclear Force
These are storms on the surface of the Sun?
Sunspots
The highest number of sunspots is given a name, ____________ ____________
Sunspots Maximums
Spicules tend to gather around these upwellings of energy in the Sun?
Supergranules
A star is nothing more than a what?
a glowing ball of gas
What holds a star together?
its own gravity
How hot can this area of the upper atmosphere get?
1,000,000 - 10,000,000 degrees celsius
How hot does the center of the Sun get?
10,000,000 degrees celsius
The Sun creates a huge amount of energy. In one second how many 1 megaton nuclear bombs can this energy amount to?
100 billion
How many Earth's would it take to go from one side of the Sun to the other?
109 or more than 100
Sunspots tend to reach maximum numbers every ___________ years.
11
How fast is the speed of light?
186,000 Miles/Second or 299,792.458 Km/Sec.
How long is a Solar Cycle?
22 years
The mass of the Sun is how many times that of the Earth?
300,000
How fast is the Solar Wind?
500 Km/Sec.
Areas of explosions that fling material high into the Corona are called? ______________________
Active Regions
How long is it going to take our Sun to change?
Billions of years or 5 billion years
This process carries the Photon's energy to the Surface?
Convection
Below the surface of the Sun is an area that is in constant motion called the?
Convection Zone
This is the central portion of the Sun where the energy is produced?
Core
These are bubbles of ionized magnetic gas that can sometimes reach the Earth?
Coronal Mass Ejections
what do the letters in Einstein's equation mean?
E=total amount of energy, M=mass, c=constant of the speed of light squared
What is the process that splits atoms to create energy?
Fission
This type of energy is produced at every step in the fusion process?
Gamma Radiation
Convection causes differences in temperatures on the Suns surface, this makes the surface mottled. These differences in temperature and color are called?
Granules
The two most common elements on any star are?
Hydrogen, Helium
The inward pull of gravity is being canceled out by the outward push of the nuclear furnace. This is called?
Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Sunspots may have caused a drop in the Earth's temperature several hundred years ago called the _________ ____________ ______________.
Little Ice Age
If you take the answer from number 18 and multiply it by the surface area of the Sun you get this?
Luminosity
The total amount of energy emitted by the Sun in one second is called?
Luminosity
The part of the Sun that emits the light that we see here on Earth is called the?
Photosphere
What is the opposite of an electron?
Positron
The interior of the Sun is transparent to?
Radiation
This layer of the inner Sun is where the energy produced is radiated outward?
Radiation Zone or Conduction Zone
The upper atmosphere of the Sun is called the?
Solar Corona
These are the areas of magnetic instability that shoot material out into space not to return to the Sun?
Solar Flares
These are active regions of looping gas that are found in the active regions of the Sun?
Solar Prominences
This part of the Sun permeates the entire solar system and is responsible for creating the tails of comets?
Solar Wind
Scientists combine all available measurements with theories of how the Sun operates to come up with this?
Standard Solar Model
Most of these structures in number 11 are this size?
Texas
What law states that the sum of the mass and energy must always remain constant in any physical process?
The law of the Conservation of Matter
Each chemical element gives off its own signature of lines when it is used or created?
True
Magnetic fields can switch on planets, just like the Sun.
True
Sunspots can come and go in cycles.
True
The Sun is slowly evaporating.
True
The Sun shows differential rotation?
True
The Sun vibrates like a bell.
True
Sunspots have dark and light regions around them called the __________ and the ____________.
Umbra Penumbra
The light from Proxima Centuri, our nearest neighboring star, takes how long to reach us?
about 4.3 years
How long does it take the light from the sun to reach us?
about 8 minutes
Scientists look at these kinds of lines in order to learn more about the Sun?
absorption or spectral lines
We know that the Earth has had reversals in its magnetic field because of this structure found in rocks?
banding of rocks or iron
Sunspots can also affect the Earth in that they can change the __________________.
cell phone communications
Sunspots can cause problems on Earth. Name one of them?
communications can be severely interrupted
What is the mass needed to push the nuclei of atoms together to start fusion?
critical mass
When is the only time that we can see the Chromosphere?
during an eclipse
When a gas is ionized it loses these?
electrons
What is the only known energy generation mechanism that can account for the Sun's enormous energy output?
fusion
What is the average surface temperature of the Sun?
greater than 6,000 degrees celsius
Another name for a deuteron?
heavy water
In fusion four hydrogen's come together to make 1 atom of this element and two new protons to continue the reaction?
helium
In nuclear fusion the mass of the product is less than the mass of the reactant where did the mass go?
it turned into energy
Photons are allowed to escape the Sun's gravity. We know this because we see?
light or sunlight
Two _______ elements combine to create one _____________ element plus energy in nuclear fusion?
light, heavy
Sunspots are in reality storms that are made out of?
magnetic charges
The temperature of upper area of the Sun's atmosphere is much hotter than the surface, why?
magnetic disturbances in the Photosphere
Scientists also use this line to tell us three other things about a star, name them?
movement of the star towards or away from us, temperature, age
This is a charge-less particle with almost no mass?
neutrino
What process drives the sun, that is, what process produces the energy that we see and use?
nuclear fusion
The only way we have duplicated fusion on Earth is through what?
nuclear weapons
Every few moments the Chromosphere erupts in small storms that emit jets of gas called?
spicules
But there are bigger ones called _______________ and they can get this big? ____________
super granules, 30,000 kilometers
This effortless movement of energy is almost like these materials produce here on Earth?
superconductors
What substance could be used to fuel cars if we could harness the energy produced by fusion?
water