Chapter 9 connect

Smooth muscle responds to action potentials by ______.

a slow contraction in response to a series of action potentials

Muscle fiber fatigue results from ______.

calcium ion imbalances as ATP levels drop

In comparison to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle contains ______ myosin and actin myofilaments.

fewer

Another name for a single skeletal muscle cell is a skeletal muscle

fiber

Another name for a skeletal muscle cell is a muscle ______.

fiber

Whole muscles respond to stimuli in a(n) _____ fashion

graded

Slow twitch or type I muscle fibers ______.

have the highest resistance to muscle fatigue have high aerobic capacity but low anaerobic capacity have well developed blood supplies

Identify the structures in which cardiac muscle is located.

heart

Increasing recruitment in a muscle, causes the strength of the contraction to _____ by ______.

increase, increasing the number of muscle fibers contracting

Smooth muscle regulation is _____ while the regulation of skeletal muscle is ______.

involuntary and voluntary

The voltage of a repolarizing neuron or muscle fiber is becoming more ______ with respect to the extracellular fluid around it.

negative

When a cell is in the repolarizing phase of an action potential, its intracellular environment is becoming more ______ when compared with the extracellular environment.

negative

The muscle plasma membrane in the area of the neuromuscular junction is the ______.

postsynaptic membrane motor end plate

The rapid skeletal muscle contractions that produce shaking in response to reduced body temperature is called ______.

shivering

When the body temperature drops below a certain level, the nervous system induces rapid skeletal muscle contractions called

shivering

Voluntary movements such as raising your hand are produced by the contraction of ________ muscle cells

skeletal

What type of muscle cell is responsible for voluntary contraction or movement?

skeletal muscle cells

List the types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Which of the following accurately describes the structure of a muscle?

-A skeletal muscle fiber is a single, long, cylindrical cell containing several peripherally located nuclei -A single skeletal muscle fiber can extend from one end of a muscle to the other

List the actions that occur during the process known as cross-bridge cycling.

-cross-bridge formation -cross-bridge release -recovery stroke -power stroke

The muscle plasma membrane in the area of the neuromuscular junction is the ______.

-motor end plate -postsynaptic membrane

Fast twitch or Type II muscle fibers ______.

-respond rapidly to nervous stimulation -have a fast form of myosin ATPase, which allows them to break down ATP more rapidly than other muscle fiber types

Smooth muscle responds in an all-or-nothing fashion to action potentials.

False

Describe myoglobin

A molecule that stores oxygen in muscles

The muscle tissue found in the heart is called______ muscle.

Cardiac

The reduction of muscle mass with age is known as myoplasia.

False

The size and capacity of muscle fibers cannot be increased by exercise and training.

False

Aerobic respiration does not require oxygen in order to produce ATP.

False

Does aerobic respiration need oxygen in order to produce ATP?

False

Human muscles contain both fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers in equal amounts.

False

Describe the composition of human muscles in regards to fast and slow-twitch muscle fibers

Most muscles have have both fast and slow-twitch muscle fibers but the numbers of each fiber type will vary dependent upon the muscle.

Which of the following is associated with the relaxation phase?

Myosin releases thin filaments. Muscle tension declines. Calcium levels in the cytoplasm fall.

Myoglobin would be most abundant in what type of muscle fiber?

Oxidative (slow) fibers

Which of the following occurs within muscle and the body immediately after a period of exercise has concluded? Select all that apply.

Respiration rate remains elevated for several minutes to several hours. Aerobic respiration continues to produce ATP. Creatine phosphate is produced.

Which of the following demonstrates the graded response of whole muscle?

The force generated to lift a feather is much less than the force required to lift a 25-pound weight.

Describe what occurs when recruitment increases.

The number of fibers contracting increases. The amount of force produced during contraction increases

Skeletal muscle is described as striated. What does that mean?

The tissue exhibits alternating dark and light bands.

A muscle fiber twitch does not last long enough or generate enough tension to perform any work.

True

Fast glycolytic, white fibers have fewer mitochondria, less myoglobin and fewer blood capillaries.

True

Muscle soreness following exercise can be a result of inflammation.

True

Smooth muscle tends to contract in response to being stretched.

True

There is a time lag between the onset of exercise and the change in respiration.

True

In smooth muscle tissue there are more _____ myofilaments than ______ myofilaments.

actin and myosin

Anaerobic respiration allows the cell to make a small amount of ______ in the absence of oxygen, but also produces ______.

adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lactic acid

The mechanism of ATP production that requires oxygen is _______ respiration

aerobic

Resting muscles or muscles involved in long-term exercise primarily use ______ for ATP production

aerobic respiration

What process is used during resting conditions to produce creatine phosphate?

aerobic respiration

The energy required to produce ATP comes from ______.

aerobic respiration creatine phosphate anaerobic respiration

Cells produce a small amount of ATP and lactic acid in the absence of oxygen through the process of ________ respiration

anaerobic

A sarcolemma is ______.

cell membrane

Which of the following is not a source of energy for the production of ATP in muscle?

creatine

During rest conditions, the energy from aerobic respiration is used to produce ______.

creatine phosphate

During a single contraction, each myosin molecule undergoes the cycle of cross-bridge formation, movement, release, and return to its original position many times. This process is called _______.

cross bridge cycling

Which of the following are characteristics of a skeletal muscle fiber?

cylindrical and multinucleate

At the onset of exercise when the small ATP reserve in muscle fibers is quickly depleted, _____ occurs next.

direct phosphorylation of ADP

Highly repetitive ______ muscle contractions produce pain more readily that ______ contractions do.

eccentric and concentric

The ability of a muscle cell to respond to stimuli is called

excitability

The fundamental properties of smooth muscle include ______.

exhibits a relatively constant tension exhibits autorhythmic contractions

Name the muscle fiber type that has fewer mitochondria, less myoglobin and fewer blood capillaries?

fast glycolytic fibers

A single muscle fiber twitch ______.

is very short in duration contains a contraction and relaxation phase

The concentration of sodium ions is _____________ in the cytosol of the cell at rest than it is in the surrounding extracellular fluid.

lower

Calcium ion imbalances that occur as ATP levels drop lead to ___ fatigue.

muscular

Muscle fibers develop from less mature, multinucleated cells called _____.

myoblasts

A chemical released at the distal end of an axon that either stimulates or inhibits an adjacent cell is called a(n) ______

neurotransmitter

Substances that are released from a presynaptic membrane and inhibit or stimulate the activity of an adjacent cell are called ______.

neurotransmitters

Sodium is more abundant in which fluid compartment?

outside the plasma membrane

With which phase are the following associated: myosin releases thin filaments, muscle tension declines, and cytoplasmic calcium levels fall?

relaxation

Muscle excitability is defined as the ability ______.

respond to stimulus

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called the

sarcolemma

The age-related loss of muscle tissue is known as ______.

sarcopenia

The ______ reticulum in a muscle fiber stores calcium in between contractions.

sarcoplasmic

What structure in a muscle fiber acts as a calcium reservoir or storage site?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which are types of muscle tissue?

smooth, skeletal, cardiac

Both fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers can increase in _____ as a result of exercise and training.

strength efficiency capacity size

When examined in a longitudinal section, skeletal muscle has alternating light and dark bands producing a(n) ______ appearance.

striated

Myoblast(s) are ______.

the precursors of muscle fibers

Visceral muscle is found in the ______ tract, reproductive tract, digestive tract and respiratory tract.

urinary

An example of visceral smooth can be found in which of the following systems?

urinary tract