Chapter 9

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

avoidant

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.

cumulative process

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

preoperational

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

psychosocial

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

schemata

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

stranger anxiety

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.

Moro reflex

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.

abused

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

assimilation

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?

four

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs. confusion

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

initiative vs. guilt

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.

teratogen

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.

universal