Chapter 9- Joints
functions of articular cartilage
- sreduce the amount of stress at any contact point between the bones - allows movement of the articulating bones at a joint with minimal friction and wear
synostosis
-fused bones, immovable -metopic suture of skull -epiphyseal lines of long bones
gomphosis
A type of cone shaped peg that fits into a socket, such as a tooth into the dental alveolus
autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI)
Alternative to partial or total knee replacement when there is damage to articular cartilage due to trauma and not arthritis. cartilage cells are implanted into damaged area and the dead cartilage is removed from site and replaced.
joint capsule function
Encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid
Epiphysis
End of a long bone
interosseous membrane
Fibrous joint; sheet-like membrane between bones. sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds long bones and permits slight movement (amphiarthrosis)
dense irregular connective tissue
Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength Location: fibrous capsules of organs and joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract
areolar connective tissue
Function: wraps and cushions organs Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
vascular connective tissue
Refers to blood. Blood is a liquid connective tissue.
extension
Straightening of a joint
3 types of cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses, symphyses, and epiphyseal cartilages
Periosteum
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
articular fat pads
accumulations of adipose tissue example: infrapatellar fat pad in the knee
bursae
alleviate pain in joints, such as shoulder and knee joints
cartilaginous joints
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage. no synovial cavity
symphysis is movable or immovable?
amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
how do synovial joints get oxygen and nutrients to perform?
arteries in the vicinity sent out branches that penetrate the ligaments and articular capsule to devliver oxygen and nutrients.
synovial joints are vascular or avascular?
avascular.
flexion
bending a joint
principal interosseous membrane joint locations
between radius and ulna in the forearm, and between the fibula and fibula in the leg
bursae can be located
between the skin and boens, tendons and bones, muscles and bones, or ligaments and bones. they cushion the movements of body parts against one another.
synostosis
bony joint. a complete fusion of two seperate bones into one. synarthrosis classification because its immovable
labrum
cartilage that forms a rim around the socket of the hip joint
Synchondrosis
cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage, and amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) to immovable (synarthrosis)
symphysis is a
cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulation bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
difference between cartilaginous joint and fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
outer fibrous membrane
collagen fibers )dense irregular tissue) that attached to periosteum of articulating bones
articular capsule of synovial joint
connects bones and encloses synovial cavity consists of fibrous membrane and synovial membrane
fibrous joints
consists of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together. no synovial cavity
synovial joints unique characteristics
contain a synovial cavity, which is a joint cavity between articulating bones
articular cartilage (hyaline)
covers ends of bones
articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints, they are smooth, slippery, surface that does not bind bones together.
synovial joints
created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
synovial joints are classified as
diarthroses, freely movable
what is the function classification of synovial joints?
diarthrosis joints, movement
example of epiphyseal cartilage
epiphyseal plate that connects the epiphysis and diaphysis of grwoing bone
frontal or suture
example: the frontal bone grows in halves that join together, and are completely fused by age 6. if the suture persists beyond age 6, it is called a frontal or suture.
Hyperextension
extension beyond anatomical position
ligaments
fiber bundles arranged as parallel dense regular connective tissue that resists strains
syndesmosis
fibrous joint in which there is more fibrous connective tissue than in a suture. allows for limited movement.
joints are classified structurally as
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Diarthrosis
freely movable joint
movements of synovial joints
gliding, angular movements, rotation, special movements
symphysis meaning root
growing together
similarity beyween fibrous and cartilaginous joints
have no synovial cavity, and allow little to no movement
ligaments function
hold bones together in a synovial joint
epiphyseal cartilages
hyaline cartilage growth center during endochondral bone formation
Synarthrosis
immovable joint
symphyses occur where?
in the midline of the body, ex: junction of the manubrium and body of sternum, at intervertebral joints between the vertebrae discs that are composed of fibrocartilage
angular movements of synovial joints
increase/decrease in angles of articulating bones
periodontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
arthrosis
joint, a point of contact between two bones
synovial fluid
joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
connective tissues hold bones together at points of contact called
joints
synovial membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
Abduction
movement away from the midline
do fibrous joints have a synovial cavity?
no, they are held together by irregular connective tissue. fibrous joints have little to no movement.
fibrous membrane
outer dense fibrous connective tissue layer of the articular capsule. forms ligaments when fibrous bundles are parallel
composition of articular capsule includes:
outer fibrous membrane, inner synovial membrane
function of articular cartilage
reduces friction and absorbs shock
inner synovial membrane
secretes synovial fluid
function of articular disc?
separate synovial cavities, allows for separate movement to occur in each space
Diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
Ampiarthrosis
slightly movable joint
amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joint
synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane
arthrology
study of joints
kinesiology
study of movement
articular capsule
surrounds a synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity, and unites the articulating bones
Which fibrous joints are synarthroses?
sutures and gomphoses
types of fibrous joints
sutures, syndesmoses, interosseous membranes
what cartilaginous joints are amphiarthosis?
symphyses
functional classification of joints
synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses
Which cartilaginous joints are synarthroses?
synchondroses
which fibrous joints are amphiarthroses?
syndesmoses, interosseous membranes,
when bone elongation ceases in epiphyseal cartilages, bone replaces the hyaline cartilage, and becomes a
synostosis, a bony joint
inner layer of articular capsule
synovial membrane- composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers
dense connective tissue
tendons and ligaments
parietal layer of tendon sheath is attached to the what of tendons?
the bone
example of synchondrosis
the joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum
what do veins do for synovial joints?
they removie carbon dioxide and waste from joints
sutures
thin layer of dense connective tissue. occur between bones of the skull *joints that form as the bones of the skull come in contact during development
what are the bones at a synovial joint covered by?
thin layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
the dense irregular connective itssue between a tooth and its socket is the
thin periodontal ligament
tendon sheaths
tubelike bursae, wrap around tendons that experience friction.
inner later of tendon sheath
visceral layer. attached to bone
where are tendon sheaths found?
wrist and ankle, where tendons come together in a confined space. fingers and toes, biceps brachii muscle at the shoulder joint