Chapter 9- Joints

functions of articular cartilage

- sreduce the amount of stress at any contact point between the bones - allows movement of the articulating bones at a joint with minimal friction and wear

synostosis

-fused bones, immovable -metopic suture of skull -epiphyseal lines of long bones

gomphosis

A type of cone shaped peg that fits into a socket, such as a tooth into the dental alveolus

autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI)

Alternative to partial or total knee replacement when there is damage to articular cartilage due to trauma and not arthritis. cartilage cells are implanted into damaged area and the dead cartilage is removed from site and replaced.

joint capsule function

Encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

Epiphysis

End of a long bone

interosseous membrane

Fibrous joint; sheet-like membrane between bones. sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds long bones and permits slight movement (amphiarthrosis)

dense irregular connective tissue

Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength Location: fibrous capsules of organs and joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract

areolar connective tissue

Function: wraps and cushions organs Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

vascular connective tissue

Refers to blood. Blood is a liquid connective tissue.

extension

Straightening of a joint

3 types of cartilaginous joints

Synchondroses, symphyses, and epiphyseal cartilages

Periosteum

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

articular fat pads

accumulations of adipose tissue example: infrapatellar fat pad in the knee

bursae

alleviate pain in joints, such as shoulder and knee joints

cartilaginous joints

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage. no synovial cavity

symphysis is movable or immovable?

amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)

how do synovial joints get oxygen and nutrients to perform?

arteries in the vicinity sent out branches that penetrate the ligaments and articular capsule to devliver oxygen and nutrients.

synovial joints are vascular or avascular?

avascular.

flexion

bending a joint

principal interosseous membrane joint locations

between radius and ulna in the forearm, and between the fibula and fibula in the leg

bursae can be located

between the skin and boens, tendons and bones, muscles and bones, or ligaments and bones. they cushion the movements of body parts against one another.

synostosis

bony joint. a complete fusion of two seperate bones into one. synarthrosis classification because its immovable

labrum

cartilage that forms a rim around the socket of the hip joint

Synchondrosis

cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage, and amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) to immovable (synarthrosis)

symphysis is a

cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulation bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones

difference between cartilaginous joint and fibrous joints

cartilaginous joints are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

outer fibrous membrane

collagen fibers )dense irregular tissue) that attached to periosteum of articulating bones

articular capsule of synovial joint

connects bones and encloses synovial cavity consists of fibrous membrane and synovial membrane

fibrous joints

consists of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together. no synovial cavity

synovial joints unique characteristics

contain a synovial cavity, which is a joint cavity between articulating bones

articular cartilage (hyaline)

covers ends of bones

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints, they are smooth, slippery, surface that does not bind bones together.

synovial joints

created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions

synovial joints are classified as

diarthroses, freely movable

what is the function classification of synovial joints?

diarthrosis joints, movement

example of epiphyseal cartilage

epiphyseal plate that connects the epiphysis and diaphysis of grwoing bone

frontal or suture

example: the frontal bone grows in halves that join together, and are completely fused by age 6. if the suture persists beyond age 6, it is called a frontal or suture.

Hyperextension

extension beyond anatomical position

ligaments

fiber bundles arranged as parallel dense regular connective tissue that resists strains

syndesmosis

fibrous joint in which there is more fibrous connective tissue than in a suture. allows for limited movement.

joints are classified structurally as

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint

movements of synovial joints

gliding, angular movements, rotation, special movements

symphysis meaning root

growing together

similarity beyween fibrous and cartilaginous joints

have no synovial cavity, and allow little to no movement

ligaments function

hold bones together in a synovial joint

epiphyseal cartilages

hyaline cartilage growth center during endochondral bone formation

Synarthrosis

immovable joint

symphyses occur where?

in the midline of the body, ex: junction of the manubrium and body of sternum, at intervertebral joints between the vertebrae discs that are composed of fibrocartilage

angular movements of synovial joints

increase/decrease in angles of articulating bones

periodontal disease

inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone

arthrosis

joint, a point of contact between two bones

synovial fluid

joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

connective tissues hold bones together at points of contact called

joints

synovial membrane

lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

Abduction

movement away from the midline

do fibrous joints have a synovial cavity?

no, they are held together by irregular connective tissue. fibrous joints have little to no movement.

fibrous membrane

outer dense fibrous connective tissue layer of the articular capsule. forms ligaments when fibrous bundles are parallel

composition of articular capsule includes:

outer fibrous membrane, inner synovial membrane

function of articular cartilage

reduces friction and absorbs shock

inner synovial membrane

secretes synovial fluid

function of articular disc?

separate synovial cavities, allows for separate movement to occur in each space

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

Ampiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

synovial cavity

space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane

arthrology

study of joints

kinesiology

study of movement

articular capsule

surrounds a synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity, and unites the articulating bones

Which fibrous joints are synarthroses?

sutures and gomphoses

types of fibrous joints

sutures, syndesmoses, interosseous membranes

what cartilaginous joints are amphiarthosis?

symphyses

functional classification of joints

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

Which cartilaginous joints are synarthroses?

synchondroses

which fibrous joints are amphiarthroses?

syndesmoses, interosseous membranes,

when bone elongation ceases in epiphyseal cartilages, bone replaces the hyaline cartilage, and becomes a

synostosis, a bony joint

inner layer of articular capsule

synovial membrane- composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers

dense connective tissue

tendons and ligaments

parietal layer of tendon sheath is attached to the what of tendons?

the bone

example of synchondrosis

the joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum

what do veins do for synovial joints?

they removie carbon dioxide and waste from joints

sutures

thin layer of dense connective tissue. occur between bones of the skull *joints that form as the bones of the skull come in contact during development

what are the bones at a synovial joint covered by?

thin layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage

the dense irregular connective itssue between a tooth and its socket is the

thin periodontal ligament

tendon sheaths

tubelike bursae, wrap around tendons that experience friction.

inner later of tendon sheath

visceral layer. attached to bone

where are tendon sheaths found?

wrist and ankle, where tendons come together in a confined space. fingers and toes, biceps brachii muscle at the shoulder joint