Chapter 9: Joints

part of the shoulder joint that connects the acromion process to the clavicle

acromioclavicular ligament

movement of a bone toward the midline

adduction

Shoulder and hip joints are examples of which type of synovial joint?

ball and socket

triaxial synovial joint ex: between head of femur and acetabulum of hip; between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of the scapula

ball and socket joints

little sacs filled with fluid that alleviate friction around some joints

bursae

bursa around a joint becomes inflamed; usually caused by irritation from repeated, excessive exertion of a joint

bursitis

part of the shoulder joint that extends from the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus; helps hold the humerus in plate

coracohumeral ligament

What are the categories for structural classification of joints?

fibrous cartilaginous synovial

dense connective tissue connecting bones

fibrous joint

have a fibrous membrane of some extent; formed by a solid mass of dense irregular connective tissue between neighboring bones ex: suture

fibrous joints

medial movement of the ankle

inversion

part of the hip joint that extends from the ischial region of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur

ischiofemoral ligament

a point of contact where two bones come together and move or articulate together

joint

most complex and most vulnerable joint; formed by the femoral and tibial condyles and the patella

knee joint

more common form of arthritis; "wear and tear"; new bone develops and old bone is pushed out

osteoarthritis (OA)

part of the knee joint; extension of the quadriceps femoris muscle from the patella to the tibial tuberosity

patellar ligament

The radioulnar joint (head of radius and notch on ulna) is an example of which type of synovial joint?

pivot

rounded or pointed surface fits into ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligament; uniaxial synovial joint; only allows rotation around its own longitudinal axis ex: head of radius and radial notch of ulna supination and pronation; atlanto-axial joint

pivot joints

Tarsals and carpals are examples of which type of synovial joint?

planar

a ball and socket joint formed from the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula

shoulder joint

occur only at certain synovial joints; includes elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, eversion, inversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, pronation, and opposition

special movements

thin band that extends inferiorly and anteriorly from the spine of the sphenoid bone to the ramus of the mandible

sphenomandibular ligament

You _____ ligaments, you ______ muscles

sprain strain

Joint classification schemes used today are based up the ______ of the joint

structure

thickened band that extends from the styloid process of the temporal bone to the inferior and posterior border of of the ramus of the mandible

stylomandibular joint

movement of the forearm that turns palm anteriorly

supination

What are the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff?

supraspinous infraspinous teres minor subscapularis

immovable joint that holds two bones firmly together; only found between the bones of the skull, along with dense irregular connective tissue

sutures

3 types of fibrous joints:

sutures syndesmoses interosseous membranes

fluid collecting in the knee; could be inflamed; nothing is torn or broken, could be bruised; general damage to the tissue

swollen knee

extension beyond the anatomical position

hyperextension

part of the hip joint; extends from the anterior inferior ischial spine (AIIS) to the lesser trochanter

iliofemoral ligament

fibrous joints between the radius and ulna, and the tibia and fibula

interosseous membrane

ligaments located inside the articular capsule

intracapsular

Sutural ligaments of the skull and gomphosis are ______ ligaments

intrinsic

movement of the thumb across palm to touch fingertips on the same hand

opposition

6 factors affecting contact and range of motion at synovial joints:

-structure of the articulating surfaces -strength and tension of joint ligaments -arrangement and tension of muscles -contact of soft parts -hormones -disuse

How many bursae are in the shoulder?

4

What are the intracapsilar (intrinsic) ligaments of the knee?

ACL PCL

Where are the two ball and socket joints in the body?

At the hip joint, between the head of femur and acetabulum of hip; At the shoulder joint, between the head of humerus and glenoid cavity of the scapula

test to see if an injury is related to the ACL; putting the hands on the outside of the knee and push forward

Lochman's test

movement of a bone away from midline

abduction

part of the hip joint; fibrocartilage rim attached to the margin of the acetabulum that enhances the depth of the acetabulum; injuries here are rare

acetabular ligament

a slightly moveable joint; synonym for "synarthrotic"

amphiarthrosis

movement at synovial joints including flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction

angular movements

joint formed from the articulations among the lateral and medial malleoli and the talus

ankle joint

part of the knee joint; extends posteriorly and laterally from a point anterior to the intercondylar area of the tibia to the posterior part of the medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur; limits hyperextension of the knee and prevents the interior sliding of the tibia on the femur

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

part of the posterior of the knee joint that extends from the lateral condyle of the femur to the styloid process of the head of the fibula

arcuate popliteal ligament

the scientific study of joints

arthrology

joint replacement in the hip, knee, or shoulder

arthroplasty

minimally invasive procedure to fix torn cartilage; involves examination of the interior of a joint, usually the knee

arthroscopy

something manifested itself around a joint Ex: arthritis, joint disabilities, gaut

arthrosis

anatomical component of a shoulder joint; thin, loose sac that completely envelops the joint and has a good range of motion (ROM) but not a lot of stability

articular capsule

thin, fairly loose envelope that surrounds the circumference of a joint that is made up of an outer fibrous membrane and and inner synovial membrane

articular capsule

fibrocartilage disc that separates the synovial cavity into superior and inferior compartments each with a synovial membrane

articular disc (meniscus)

thicker accumulation of adipose tissue at a synovial joint; helps cushion

articular fat pad

something is moving together; two bones, bone and cartilage, or bone and teeth

articulation

some cartilage between adjacent bones

cartilaginous bone

use some type of cartilage as the connective tissue between the bones; the articulating bones are tight held together either by tough fibrocartilage or tough hyaline cartilage; synarthrotic ex: synchondroses, symphyses

cartilaginous joints

movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle; proximal end remains stable

circumduction

The intercarpal joint, and radius articulating with the lunate and scaphoid are examples of which type of synovial joint?

condyloid

oval-shaped projection fits into oval-shaped depression; biaxial synovial joint; flexion and extension, adduction and abduction can be seen here ex: between radius, scaphoid, and lunate bones in the wrist

condyloid joints

What does the structure of a joint include?

connecting tissues between the neighboring bones

part of the shoulder joint that connects the coracoid process and the acromion process

coracoacromial ligament

coronoid process of the scapula and clavicle (2 pieces); where you have the trapezoid and coracoid

coracoclavicular ligament

an inferior movement of a part of the body at a synovial joint ex: returning shrugged shoulders to the anatomical position

depression

classified according to joint surfaces; synovial joint

diarthrosis

freely movable joint; have two or three axes of rotation; ex: shoulder

diarthrosis

nothing is broken but ligaments have been stretched out of place; can throw off articulation; this is rare

dislocated knee

bending the foot upward

dorsiflexion

uniaxial joint (flexion and extension) formed from the humeral trochlea and capitulum and the trochlear notch of the ulna and the head of the radius

elbow joint

a superior movement of a part of the body at a synovial joint ex: closing the mouth at the TMJ

elevation

lateral movement of the ankle

eversion

increasing the angle between two articulating bones

extension

ligaments that lie outside the articular capsule

extracapsular

_____ ligaments stabilize joints while limiting their range of motion ex: ACL

extrinsic

decreasing the angle between two articulating bones

flexion

buildup of acid around a joint

gaut

part of the shoulder joint that extends from the glenoid cavity to the lesser tubercle and anatomical neck of the humerus

glenohumeral ligament

part of the shoulder joint; narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the edge of the glenoid cavity that slightly deepens and enlarges the glenoid cavity; extends out from the fossa of the clavicle

glenoid labrum

when flat bones slide over one another at a synovial joint

gliding

intrinsic peridontal ligament (membrane) holding teeth in; only examples in the human body are between the teeth and gums

gomphosis

more complex form of arthritis; sodium urate crystals are deposited in the soft tissues of the joints of the feet, especially in the base of the big toe; the crystals irritate and erode the cartilage causing inflammation, swelling, and acute, sudden and severe attacks of pain in the joints

gout

Interphalanges are examples of which type of synovial joint?

hinge

What type of joint is the elbow?

hinge

convex surface fits into concave surface; uniaxial synovial joint; allows opening-and-closing movement ex: between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna; interphalangeal joints

hinge joints

heaviest and most stable joint; ball and socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum

hip joint

found inside both the pectoral and pelvic girdle; prominent in the ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hip; extends from the edge of the joint socket; helps deepen the joint socket and increases the area of contact between the socket and the ball-like surface of the head of the humerus or the femur

labrum

Does the fibular collateral ligament give medial or lateral support?

lateral

movement of the trunk sideways to the right or left at the waist, decreasing the joint angle at a synovial joint

lateral flexion

two short bands on the lateral surface of the articular capsule that extend inferiorly and posteriorly from the inferior border and tubercle of the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone to the lateral and posterior aspect of the neck of the mandible; is covered by the parotid gland and helps strengthen the joint laterally and prevent displacement of the mandible

lateral ligament

serve as intrinsic binding structures within the joint itself

ligaments

Does the tibial collateral ligament give medial or lateral support?

medial

incomplete articular disc that partially divides the joint only one set in the body (in the knee)

menisci

cartilage cushion helping to fill the knee

meniscus

Two most important systems in dealing with homeostasis, which has a huge impact on the health of a synovial joint

nervous and endocrine

part of the posterior of the knee joint; extends from the intercondylar fossa to the head of the tibia

oblique popliteal

synovial joints that permit back-and-forth and side to side movements between flat surfaces of bone, may also rotate against one another (can be biaxial or triaxial) ex: between the navicular and second and third cuneiforms of tarsus (inter tarsal joint)

planar joint

bending the foot downward

plantar flexion

part of the knee joint extends anteriorly and medially from a depression on the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and lateral meniscus to the anterior part of the lateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur; prevents posterior sliding of the tibia and interior sliding of the femur when the knee is flexed

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

movement of the forearm that turn palm posteriorly

pronation

a movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane at a synovial joint ex: jutting the TMJ forward

protraction

symphyses joining two hip bones

pubic symphysis

part of the hip joint that extends from the pubic region of the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur

pubofemoral ligament

part of the elbow joint that holds the head of the radius into the radial notch of the ulna; holds the radius in place

radial annular ligament

part of the elbow joint that runs from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the annular ligament of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna

radial collateral ligament

a movement of a protracted part of the body back to the anatomical position at a synovial joint ex: bringing the TMJ back in

retraction

disease or term for various conditions characterized by inflammation and pain in muscles and fibrous tissues around joints

rheumatism

a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks its own tissues; causes swelling in the joints of hands and feet, specifically affects the lining of these joints, which can lead to deformity due to bone erosion

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

a long bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis at a synovial joint ex: turning the head from side to side at the atlanto-axial joint

rotation

The thumb is and example of which type of synovial joint?

saddle joint

biaxial synovial joint; allows opposition movement in thumb and circumlocution ex: between trapezium of wrist and metacarpal of thumb

saddle joints

Which carpal bones match up to the radius?

scaphoid and lunate

a cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but the bones are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage; immovable but there could be a little bit of movement ex: pubic symphysis

symphyses

immovable; solid mass of connective tissue between the two bones; fibrous joint or cartilaginous bone

synarthrosis

What are the categories for functional classification of joints?

synarthrosis amphiarthrosis diarthrosis

an immovable cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage ex: epiphyseal (growth) plate that connects the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone

synchondroses

a fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than a suture ex: tibiofibular joint between the proximal and distal ends of leg bones; gomphosis

syndesmoses

forms a thin film over the surfaces of the articular capsule; also plays a big role in keeping the joint healthy and functioning properly

synovial fluid

have cavities and bursa around the joint; lubricated with fluid; range from slightly moveable (ex: carpal bones) to extremely moveable (ex: glenohumeral) ex: knee, shin

synovial joint

only moveable joint in the skull

temporomandibular joint

reduce friction at joints

tendon sheaths

What are the extracapsilar (extrinsic) ligaments of the knee?

tibial collateral ligament fibular collateral ligament medial patellar retinaculum lateral patellar retinaculum patellar ligament oblique popliteal ligament arcuate popliteal ligament

tearing of the menisci in the knee, occurs often in athletes

torn cartilage

part of the shoulder joint; narrow sheet extending from the greater tubercle to the lesser tubercle of the humerus; maintains the function of the bicep

transverse humeral ligament

tendon sheaths that wrap around tendons experiencing friction on all sides as they pass through tunnels; protects all sides of the tendon from friction within the tunnel; similar in pain involved as bursa

tubular-shaped bursa

part of the elbow joint that extends from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna

ulnar collateral ligament

something is wrong with the ACL, PCL, and oblique popliteal; could be runner's knee

unhappy triad

circular fibers that go around the neck of the femur

zona orbicularis