Chapter 9: Joints
part of the shoulder joint that connects the acromion process to the clavicle
acromioclavicular ligament
movement of a bone toward the midline
adduction
Shoulder and hip joints are examples of which type of synovial joint?
ball and socket
triaxial synovial joint ex: between head of femur and acetabulum of hip; between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of the scapula
ball and socket joints
little sacs filled with fluid that alleviate friction around some joints
bursae
bursa around a joint becomes inflamed; usually caused by irritation from repeated, excessive exertion of a joint
bursitis
part of the shoulder joint that extends from the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus; helps hold the humerus in plate
coracohumeral ligament
What are the categories for structural classification of joints?
fibrous cartilaginous synovial
dense connective tissue connecting bones
fibrous joint
have a fibrous membrane of some extent; formed by a solid mass of dense irregular connective tissue between neighboring bones ex: suture
fibrous joints
medial movement of the ankle
inversion
part of the hip joint that extends from the ischial region of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur
ischiofemoral ligament
a point of contact where two bones come together and move or articulate together
joint
most complex and most vulnerable joint; formed by the femoral and tibial condyles and the patella
knee joint
more common form of arthritis; "wear and tear"; new bone develops and old bone is pushed out
osteoarthritis (OA)
part of the knee joint; extension of the quadriceps femoris muscle from the patella to the tibial tuberosity
patellar ligament
The radioulnar joint (head of radius and notch on ulna) is an example of which type of synovial joint?
pivot
rounded or pointed surface fits into ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligament; uniaxial synovial joint; only allows rotation around its own longitudinal axis ex: head of radius and radial notch of ulna supination and pronation; atlanto-axial joint
pivot joints
Tarsals and carpals are examples of which type of synovial joint?
planar
a ball and socket joint formed from the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
shoulder joint
occur only at certain synovial joints; includes elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, eversion, inversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, pronation, and opposition
special movements
thin band that extends inferiorly and anteriorly from the spine of the sphenoid bone to the ramus of the mandible
sphenomandibular ligament
You _____ ligaments, you ______ muscles
sprain strain
Joint classification schemes used today are based up the ______ of the joint
structure
thickened band that extends from the styloid process of the temporal bone to the inferior and posterior border of of the ramus of the mandible
stylomandibular joint
movement of the forearm that turns palm anteriorly
supination
What are the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff?
supraspinous infraspinous teres minor subscapularis
immovable joint that holds two bones firmly together; only found between the bones of the skull, along with dense irregular connective tissue
sutures
3 types of fibrous joints:
sutures syndesmoses interosseous membranes
fluid collecting in the knee; could be inflamed; nothing is torn or broken, could be bruised; general damage to the tissue
swollen knee
extension beyond the anatomical position
hyperextension
part of the hip joint; extends from the anterior inferior ischial spine (AIIS) to the lesser trochanter
iliofemoral ligament
fibrous joints between the radius and ulna, and the tibia and fibula
interosseous membrane
ligaments located inside the articular capsule
intracapsular
Sutural ligaments of the skull and gomphosis are ______ ligaments
intrinsic
movement of the thumb across palm to touch fingertips on the same hand
opposition
6 factors affecting contact and range of motion at synovial joints:
-structure of the articulating surfaces -strength and tension of joint ligaments -arrangement and tension of muscles -contact of soft parts -hormones -disuse
How many bursae are in the shoulder?
4
What are the intracapsilar (intrinsic) ligaments of the knee?
ACL PCL
Where are the two ball and socket joints in the body?
At the hip joint, between the head of femur and acetabulum of hip; At the shoulder joint, between the head of humerus and glenoid cavity of the scapula
test to see if an injury is related to the ACL; putting the hands on the outside of the knee and push forward
Lochman's test
movement of a bone away from midline
abduction
part of the hip joint; fibrocartilage rim attached to the margin of the acetabulum that enhances the depth of the acetabulum; injuries here are rare
acetabular ligament
a slightly moveable joint; synonym for "synarthrotic"
amphiarthrosis
movement at synovial joints including flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
angular movements
joint formed from the articulations among the lateral and medial malleoli and the talus
ankle joint
part of the knee joint; extends posteriorly and laterally from a point anterior to the intercondylar area of the tibia to the posterior part of the medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur; limits hyperextension of the knee and prevents the interior sliding of the tibia on the femur
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
part of the posterior of the knee joint that extends from the lateral condyle of the femur to the styloid process of the head of the fibula
arcuate popliteal ligament
the scientific study of joints
arthrology
joint replacement in the hip, knee, or shoulder
arthroplasty
minimally invasive procedure to fix torn cartilage; involves examination of the interior of a joint, usually the knee
arthroscopy
something manifested itself around a joint Ex: arthritis, joint disabilities, gaut
arthrosis
anatomical component of a shoulder joint; thin, loose sac that completely envelops the joint and has a good range of motion (ROM) but not a lot of stability
articular capsule
thin, fairly loose envelope that surrounds the circumference of a joint that is made up of an outer fibrous membrane and and inner synovial membrane
articular capsule
fibrocartilage disc that separates the synovial cavity into superior and inferior compartments each with a synovial membrane
articular disc (meniscus)
thicker accumulation of adipose tissue at a synovial joint; helps cushion
articular fat pad
something is moving together; two bones, bone and cartilage, or bone and teeth
articulation
some cartilage between adjacent bones
cartilaginous bone
use some type of cartilage as the connective tissue between the bones; the articulating bones are tight held together either by tough fibrocartilage or tough hyaline cartilage; synarthrotic ex: synchondroses, symphyses
cartilaginous joints
movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle; proximal end remains stable
circumduction
The intercarpal joint, and radius articulating with the lunate and scaphoid are examples of which type of synovial joint?
condyloid
oval-shaped projection fits into oval-shaped depression; biaxial synovial joint; flexion and extension, adduction and abduction can be seen here ex: between radius, scaphoid, and lunate bones in the wrist
condyloid joints
What does the structure of a joint include?
connecting tissues between the neighboring bones
part of the shoulder joint that connects the coracoid process and the acromion process
coracoacromial ligament
coronoid process of the scapula and clavicle (2 pieces); where you have the trapezoid and coracoid
coracoclavicular ligament
an inferior movement of a part of the body at a synovial joint ex: returning shrugged shoulders to the anatomical position
depression
classified according to joint surfaces; synovial joint
diarthrosis
freely movable joint; have two or three axes of rotation; ex: shoulder
diarthrosis
nothing is broken but ligaments have been stretched out of place; can throw off articulation; this is rare
dislocated knee
bending the foot upward
dorsiflexion
uniaxial joint (flexion and extension) formed from the humeral trochlea and capitulum and the trochlear notch of the ulna and the head of the radius
elbow joint
a superior movement of a part of the body at a synovial joint ex: closing the mouth at the TMJ
elevation
lateral movement of the ankle
eversion
increasing the angle between two articulating bones
extension
ligaments that lie outside the articular capsule
extracapsular
_____ ligaments stabilize joints while limiting their range of motion ex: ACL
extrinsic
decreasing the angle between two articulating bones
flexion
buildup of acid around a joint
gaut
part of the shoulder joint that extends from the glenoid cavity to the lesser tubercle and anatomical neck of the humerus
glenohumeral ligament
part of the shoulder joint; narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the edge of the glenoid cavity that slightly deepens and enlarges the glenoid cavity; extends out from the fossa of the clavicle
glenoid labrum
when flat bones slide over one another at a synovial joint
gliding
intrinsic peridontal ligament (membrane) holding teeth in; only examples in the human body are between the teeth and gums
gomphosis
more complex form of arthritis; sodium urate crystals are deposited in the soft tissues of the joints of the feet, especially in the base of the big toe; the crystals irritate and erode the cartilage causing inflammation, swelling, and acute, sudden and severe attacks of pain in the joints
gout
Interphalanges are examples of which type of synovial joint?
hinge
What type of joint is the elbow?
hinge
convex surface fits into concave surface; uniaxial synovial joint; allows opening-and-closing movement ex: between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna; interphalangeal joints
hinge joints
heaviest and most stable joint; ball and socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum
hip joint
found inside both the pectoral and pelvic girdle; prominent in the ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hip; extends from the edge of the joint socket; helps deepen the joint socket and increases the area of contact between the socket and the ball-like surface of the head of the humerus or the femur
labrum
Does the fibular collateral ligament give medial or lateral support?
lateral
movement of the trunk sideways to the right or left at the waist, decreasing the joint angle at a synovial joint
lateral flexion
two short bands on the lateral surface of the articular capsule that extend inferiorly and posteriorly from the inferior border and tubercle of the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone to the lateral and posterior aspect of the neck of the mandible; is covered by the parotid gland and helps strengthen the joint laterally and prevent displacement of the mandible
lateral ligament
serve as intrinsic binding structures within the joint itself
ligaments
Does the tibial collateral ligament give medial or lateral support?
medial
incomplete articular disc that partially divides the joint only one set in the body (in the knee)
menisci
cartilage cushion helping to fill the knee
meniscus
Two most important systems in dealing with homeostasis, which has a huge impact on the health of a synovial joint
nervous and endocrine
part of the posterior of the knee joint; extends from the intercondylar fossa to the head of the tibia
oblique popliteal
synovial joints that permit back-and-forth and side to side movements between flat surfaces of bone, may also rotate against one another (can be biaxial or triaxial) ex: between the navicular and second and third cuneiforms of tarsus (inter tarsal joint)
planar joint
bending the foot downward
plantar flexion
part of the knee joint extends anteriorly and medially from a depression on the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and lateral meniscus to the anterior part of the lateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur; prevents posterior sliding of the tibia and interior sliding of the femur when the knee is flexed
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
movement of the forearm that turn palm posteriorly
pronation
a movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane at a synovial joint ex: jutting the TMJ forward
protraction
symphyses joining two hip bones
pubic symphysis
part of the hip joint that extends from the pubic region of the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur
pubofemoral ligament
part of the elbow joint that holds the head of the radius into the radial notch of the ulna; holds the radius in place
radial annular ligament
part of the elbow joint that runs from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the annular ligament of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna
radial collateral ligament
a movement of a protracted part of the body back to the anatomical position at a synovial joint ex: bringing the TMJ back in
retraction
disease or term for various conditions characterized by inflammation and pain in muscles and fibrous tissues around joints
rheumatism
a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks its own tissues; causes swelling in the joints of hands and feet, specifically affects the lining of these joints, which can lead to deformity due to bone erosion
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
a long bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis at a synovial joint ex: turning the head from side to side at the atlanto-axial joint
rotation
The thumb is and example of which type of synovial joint?
saddle joint
biaxial synovial joint; allows opposition movement in thumb and circumlocution ex: between trapezium of wrist and metacarpal of thumb
saddle joints
Which carpal bones match up to the radius?
scaphoid and lunate
a cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but the bones are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage; immovable but there could be a little bit of movement ex: pubic symphysis
symphyses
immovable; solid mass of connective tissue between the two bones; fibrous joint or cartilaginous bone
synarthrosis
What are the categories for functional classification of joints?
synarthrosis amphiarthrosis diarthrosis
an immovable cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage ex: epiphyseal (growth) plate that connects the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone
synchondroses
a fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than a suture ex: tibiofibular joint between the proximal and distal ends of leg bones; gomphosis
syndesmoses
forms a thin film over the surfaces of the articular capsule; also plays a big role in keeping the joint healthy and functioning properly
synovial fluid
have cavities and bursa around the joint; lubricated with fluid; range from slightly moveable (ex: carpal bones) to extremely moveable (ex: glenohumeral) ex: knee, shin
synovial joint
only moveable joint in the skull
temporomandibular joint
reduce friction at joints
tendon sheaths
What are the extracapsilar (extrinsic) ligaments of the knee?
tibial collateral ligament fibular collateral ligament medial patellar retinaculum lateral patellar retinaculum patellar ligament oblique popliteal ligament arcuate popliteal ligament
tearing of the menisci in the knee, occurs often in athletes
torn cartilage
part of the shoulder joint; narrow sheet extending from the greater tubercle to the lesser tubercle of the humerus; maintains the function of the bicep
transverse humeral ligament
tendon sheaths that wrap around tendons experiencing friction on all sides as they pass through tunnels; protects all sides of the tendon from friction within the tunnel; similar in pain involved as bursa
tubular-shaped bursa
part of the elbow joint that extends from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna
ulnar collateral ligament
something is wrong with the ACL, PCL, and oblique popliteal; could be runner's knee
unhappy triad
circular fibers that go around the neck of the femur
zona orbicularis