Chapter 9: Psych

Identify a true statement about an individual's phenotype...

Phenotype represents his or her observable and measurable characteristics

Which psychologist articulated the steps of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood?

Piaget

As the preconventional level of Kohlberg's stages, individuals decide right and wrong based on...

Punishments and rewards

Which of the following statements is true of pubertal changes in human beings?

Androgen is associated in boys with the development of genitals, an increase in height and voice change

In_______attatchment an infant responds with intense distress and rage when her mother returns to see the infant again...

Anxious

Identify a true statement about cellular-clock theory...

As people age, cells become less capable of dividing

Whenever Jane has a backache, she uses a different mattress to relieve the pain. Her backache usually goes away after the change. Today Jane has serious pain in her knee. She believes that by using the mattress she uses for her backache, she will be able to alleviate her knee pain. In the context of Piaget's theory, Jane is using the ________ process in developing her schemas?

Assimilation

Which of the following developments occurred during the germinal period of prenatal development?

Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

Parents following the ___________ parenting styler impose strict rules on their children with little verbal exchange...

Authoritarian

Which of the following is the preferred parenting style for most adolescents?

Authoritative

Jerome, an infant uses his mother as a base to explore his surrounding but hardly notices his mother when she leaves him alone. He also never reacts with rage when his mother returns. In this case, Jerome is displaying the ______ style of attachment?

Avoidant

Which of the following statements is true of the development of motor and perceptual skills in humans?

Babies are continually coordinating their movements with information perceived through their senses

Which of the following is a symptom of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

Below average intelligence

Who among the following is most likely to be at the postconventional stage of their moral development?

Evelyn, who believes that a desire to act in good faith outweighs the method used to achieve it

Jamie wants to be an actor. He believes that by becoming an actor, he will develop into a mature person. He travels around different parts of the city to find the best drama school. He evaluates all his options and also sets out to look for mentors. According to Marcia's theory on identity status, jamie is focusing on the ________ dimension of identity...

Exploration

Which of the following statements is true about fetuses and birth defects?

Exposure of fetuses to sexually transmitted disease enhances the risk of stillbirth

Which of the following is a criticism of the attachment theory?

Fails to take into account the temperament of infants

Devon is the captain of his football team. Whenever he is under pressure to take an important decision he interacts with his team members and ensures his decision is indicative of the decision of the team. His team member ROnald reasons that Devon is a good person because he gives all his team members an equal chance to voice their concerns. Which of the principles of moral foundation does Ronald use in his judgment of Devon's behaviors?

Fairness

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, preschoolers who do not develop a sense of taking responsibility...

Feel guilty

According to Jeffery Arnett, an emerging adult who considers himself neither an adolescent nor a full fledged adult is associated with the _____ feature of emerging adulthood...

Feeling "in between"

An adolescent who hypothesizes and speaks in terms of possibilities is most likely present in the ________stage?

Formal operational

Raj is 12 years old and recently developed a theory on his own about the weather patterns in NYC. He uses statistical analysis and certain scientific principles tp [predict the course of weather in NYC. In the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Raj is most likely in the ______stage of development?

Formal operational

_________ states that people age because unstable oxygen molecules are produced inside their cells which damage the DNA and other cellular structures...

Free-radical theory

Which is NOT a stage in Erikson's psychosocial theory of development?

Growth vs regression

Mathew is a 35 year old basketball player. He is worried after a few years he might not be able to play like he does now due to the physical changes his body will undergo. Which of the following would be the best way for Mathew to deal with these changes caused by aging?

He should become a basketball coach; this way he will enjoy his passion in a different way

A child develops initiative when...

He wants to help his mother dust the furniture

Which of the following is a criticism leveled against Erikson's theory of socioemotional development?

His theory did not concentrate on other important developmental tasks

Which of the following is an indication of menopause?

Hot flashes

According to Piaget, which of the following questions can a 14 year old child answer better compared to when he was 7 years old?

How might we survive if our oil supply runs out?

Jeanette is a teenager who is very different from her parents. She follows her own styles and mannerisms that emphasizes her uniqueness. According to Erikson, Jeaneete is attempting to establish...

Identity

If 20 year old Peter is unsure of what he should do with his life and where he fits in, Erikson would most likely agree that Peter did not complete the stage of...

Identity vs identity confusion

Who among the following is most likely an authoritative parent?

Inder, who collaborates with his son to resolve his issues

Sammy is in third grade when he won the spelling bee. He felt proud of his accomplishment, however, when he could not complete his arithmetic assignment on time he felt incompentent. Which of the following Erikson's stages does this scenario reflect?

Industry versus inferiority

As young Javier gets of his school bus, he runs to his mother and proudly shows her the book he read at school today. Which of the following Erikson's childhood stages is Javier demonstrating?

Industry vs inferiority

Rita, an infant, refrains from interacting with caregivers whom she has never seen before. She either withdraws herself or agitates when she is among strangers. In the case, which dimension of Rita's temperament is exhibited?

Inhibition

Early adulthood is a period during which a person either builds a network of social relationships or becomes socially lonely. This developmental dilemma as described by Erikson is known as...

Intimacy versus isolation

Which of the following statements is true of Carol Gilligan's care perspective?

It views people in terms of their connectedness with others

Infant attachment is defined as the close emotional bond between infant and...

Its caregivers

Vincent observes the eating behavior of five year olds in a school. He then analyzes the eating behavior of the same group when they are 12 years old. He continues to analyze the changes in their eating behavior when they are in their early 20s. Which of the following types of research design is Vincent using?

Longitudinal

A __________ can find out not only whether age groups differ but also whether the same individuals change with respect to a particular characteristics as they age...

Longitudinal study

Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be...

More collaborative

Rafael's parents are unaware of his ambitions and goals, never pay attention to his academic inclinations and constantly fulfil their own personal needs. Rafael's parents are most likely...

Neglectful

Children whose parents follow ________ tend to be less competent socially, to handle independence poorly and to show poor self control...

Neglectful parenting

Millie tried to play peek a boo with her 6 month old infant but whenever she hid her face he cried. When she tried again 3 months later he laughed and enjoyed the game trying to uncover her face with his hands. This scenario exemplifies the development of ______

Object permanence

______ is Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they can not directly be seen, heard or touched...

Object permanence

Jill's parents set very few limits or boundaries for her. They use a _____ parenting style?

Permissive

Richie's parents place no demands on him and they place no rules or restrictions on his behavior. They encourage him to do what he wants. They are exhibiting a ________ parenting style?

Permissive

Adolescents are required to take algebra because cognitive development theory indicated that they are ready to learn the subject. Some of Piaget's critics would respond to this statement by pointing out that...

Piget overestimated the cognitive abilities of adolescents

The _____ technique is studying infant perception involves searching for a reliable preference for one stimulus over another...

Preferential looking

Which of the following regions of the brain is concerned with reasoning and decision making?

Prefrontal cortex

A teacher shows a first grade student a map and tells her "You live here, in Atlanta, Georgia." The child emphatically disagrees declaring "No I live in Atlanta. I can't live in Georgia too cause I can't live in two places at the same time." This child is likely in Piaget's _________stage...

Preoperational

Erikson's theory is based on the assumption that...

Socioemotional development is a lifelong process

Which of the following theories was developed to address the narrowing of social contacts and the increase in positive emotion that occur with age?

Socioemotional selectivity theory

__________refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding...

Temperament

Which of the following most accurately describes Ainsworth's strange situation test used to measure children's attachment?

The caregiver leaves the infant with a stranger and returns later

An infant cries often and faces difficulties in adapting to new situations. According to Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas which of the following gtempermants would best describe the infant?

The difficult child

According to Piaget children's thought in the preoperational stage is egocentric. This statement refers to...

The difficulty in perceiving things from another person's point of view

Caleb an infant can be taken just about anywhere and seems to adapt quickly to new surroundings. According to Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, which of the following temperaments best describes him?

The easy child

Which of the following statements is true of teratogens?

The effects of chemical teratogens depends on the timing of exposure

Which of the following statements is true of prenatal development in humans?

The heart begins to beat during the embryonic period

Which of the following statements is true of Piaget's preoperational stage?

The symbolic thinking of children in this stage is limited

Identify a true statement about longitudinal studies...

They analyze changes in the same participants over a long period of time

Identify a true statement about executive functions...

They predict the development of social cognitive abilities in preschoolers

In the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following is true of individuals whose uses the assimilation process in developing their schemas?

They use their existing schemas in a new way

Which of the following symptoms is a person entering middle age likely to experience?

Thinner hair

Identify a true statement about preterm infants...

Typically born prior to 37 weeks after conception

Maria has a daughter who is 13 years old. Maria doesn't intervene with the career choices her daughter makes. She gives her daughter enough freedom to socialize with her friends and relatives. She also regularly checks on her to see if her daughters activities are not threatening her daughter's life. This parenting approach by Maria is an example of...

Vigilant care

Which of the following statements is true in the context of the information processing theory?

Working memory is linked to many aspects of children's development

An individual's ability to adjust his or her schemas to new information is called...

Accommodation

The main class of male sex horomone is...

Androgens

Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is. He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine the correct answer. According to Puaget, Bob has reached the ________ stage...

Formal operational

According to Piaget's _______is a type of problem solving method where individuals in formal operational stage of development think more as scientists, devise plans to solve problems and systematically test solutions...

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

In the context of prenatal development, which of the following is true of the germinal period?

It begins with conception

Which of the following best defines teratogen?

It is any agent that causes a birth defect

Larry and Carol are tested twice on moral reasoning. When Kohlberg's measures are used, Carol gets a lower score than Larry. When Gilligan's approach is used both individuals score at the same level. Which of the following is likely to be a reason for this discrepancy?

Kohlberg's theory is a justice perspective, while Gilligan''s theory is a care perspective

According to Marcia's conceptualization identity development, identity________ describes an individual who has explored alternative paths but has not yet made a commitment...

Moratorium

Which of the following is a difference between older and younger adults?

Older adults tend to not do so well as younger adults in most aspects of memory

In the context of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, __________ are mental representations that are reversible

Operations

As other children in his school lineu up for lunch, Ben demands to be at the beginning of the line. He is most likely receiving ______ parenting...

Permissive

Which of the following statements is true of children in the preoperational stage?

Thoughts are more symbolic than sensorimotor thoughts

In the context of cognitive development in adulthood, _____ refers to the expert knowledge an individual has about the practical aspects of life...

Wisdom

Recent research on prosocial behavior in children has found that...

A supportive parenting style is related to increase in prosocial behavior among children

Juliet refuses to go to a dance because she has a pimple on her chin. She fears that everyone will talk about it behind her back. Her behavior illustrates...

Adolescent egocentrism

Which of the following statements is true of parent and peer influences on adolescent development?

Adolescent peer influences can be positive or negative

Which of the following regions of the brain is concerned with emotions?

Amygdala

According to the developmental psychologists, nurture refers to...

An individual's environmental and social experiences

Which of the following statements would a life-span developmentalist most likely state?

Childhood experiences are not necessarily more influential than later experiences

Which of the following statements is true in the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory?

Children enter a level of cognitive sophistication by learning important aspects of their culture

The ability to multiply two numbers together falls under ______ development...

Cognitive

Megan is a 17 year old girl who is interested in music. She wants to become a pop star and therefore has joined piano and vocal training classes. According to Marcia's theory on identity status, which of the following dimensions of identity is being focused by Megan?

Commitment

Peter is 10 years old. He liked to play a game called "name place, things, animals" along with his friends, because he often wins and is very good at it. In this game, children are given a list of random nouns and they are to write the nouns in the correct column. For example, if the noun is dogs they are supposed to write dog under the animal column. According to this scenario, Peter is most likely in Piaget's stage of development

Concrete operational

Between ages 7 and 11, children gain the ability to classify things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelations. Pigate calls this state...

Concrete operational stage

The work of Harry Harlow established that...

Contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process

Veronica caught her neighbor stealing her purse. The neighbor confessed that she didn't have enough money to pay her rent and bills. Even though Veronica sympathized with her neighbor, she filed a complaint against her because she wanted to follow the law. According to Kohlberg's stages of moral development, she is most likely in the ________stage of moral development...

Conventional

Tanya, a 14 year old thinks she is unique and assumes that others at school notice everything about her. She is very confident and takes extra care of her looks. In this scenario, Tanya is exhibiting adolescent...

Egocentrism

The fetus is in its third week since conception and the spinal cord is about to be formed. Which of the following periods in prenatal development?

Embryonic period

Which of the following is true of the empiricist approach in cognitive and perceptual development?

Emphasizes the role of experience in cognitive development

Which of the following is true of an individual's genotype?

Environmental precautions can change the phenotype associated with a genotype

Dan arranges two rows of pennies so they are equal in length. A child views the rows and states that they have the same amount of pennies. He spreads them out on the bottom row so that it is longer than the top one. The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies. The child is in Piaget's ______ stage of development...

Preoperational

Which of the following Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought in children?

Preoperational

While giving a cookie to Joe, Mathew drops it on the table and the cookie breaks into pieces. Joe starts to cry when he is offered the pieces of the cookie instead of the whole cookie. According to Joe, since the sizes of the pieces are smaller than the whole cookie he is being offered smaller quantity. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Joe is most likely in the ________stage of development?

Preoperational

The period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that takes place at the beginning of adolescence is called?

Puberty

Anit is a nurse. Anita always helps the poor and contributes to charity. She always helps other people without the intention to receive any rewards from others. Her friend Jose reasons that she is a nice person because of her nobel deeds and not because of her profession. Which of the following principles of moral foundation does Jose use in his judgement of Anita's behaviors?

Purity

In the context of prenatal development, which of the following is true of the embryonic period?

Rate of cell differentiation intensifies

If children cannot grasped the concept of conservation, they are unable to...

Recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite the changes in its shape

If a child is in Piaget's preoperational stage, which of the following tasks is the child most likely to perform?

Represent their world with words and images

________ is a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times

Resilience

Emily is a 6 year old who uses her grandmother as a base to explore her environment. Whenever her grandmother leavers her to do her daily chores she shows visible signs of distress. When her grandmother returns Emily expresses her joy and feels happy to see her again. This is an example of _________ attachment...

Secure

Manuela is 70 years old. She wants to jog 5 miles everyday but knows that her body cannot cope with the stress of a long distance run. She wants to stay fit but knows that her bones are nimble. She instead contents herself by walking slowly on a treadmill everyday. She also does yoga to keep herself healthy. Manuela's changes in goal are best explained by the process of ...

Selective optimization with compensation

A 5 month old baby wants to reach out to a toy that is placed on a table. The baby is gazing and looking around for the toy. In this case, the baby's ability to spot the toy is primarily because of the baby's...

Sensory capacities

According to Erikson, a toddler who learns to walk will develop a positive sense of independence. However, another child of the same age cannot walk yet will develop...

Shame

According to Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a child who expresses low activity level, is somewhat negative and is inflexible is an _______ child?

Slow-to-warm-up