chapter 9 study questions

Reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables, tends to decrease intake of all of the following fat-soluble vitamins EXCEPT vitamin _____. a. A b. D c. E d. K

b. D

In the liver, vitamin E is incorporated into _______ and from there delivered to cells. a. LDLs b. VLDLs c. chylomicrons d. HDLs

b. VLDLs

Vitamin D acts primarily in the: a. skin and liver. b. stomach and pancreas. c. intestine, kidney and bone. d. heart and lungs.

c. intestine, kidney, and bone

As the intake of polyunsaturated fats increases, the need for vitamin E: a. increases. b. decreases. c. changes in complex ways determined according to intake of antioxidant nutrients. d. there is no known relationship.

a. increases

how does vitamin A affect gene expression? a. it can change the amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) that is made by the gene. b. it binds to the protein formed from the messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cytoplasm c. it deactivates the protein receptor in the nucleus of the cell. d. it blocks the formation of the retinoid acid-protein receptor complex

a. it can change the amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) that is made by the gene

What is true about provitamin A? a. it is bound to fatty acids b. it is a carrier of proteins c. it functions as a metabolic enzyme d. it is available in both plant and animal products.

a. it is bound to fatty acids

Which is true regarding vitamin E in the diet? a. Natural alpha-tocopherol is about twice as active as the synthetic type. b. Vitamin E in supplements is identical to the naturally occurring vitamin in foods. c. Most nutrition facts panels underestimate the amount of functional vitamin E. d. Several naturally occurring forms of vitamin E in foods can be converted with similar efficiencies to the active form of the vitamin.

a. natural alpha-tocopherol is about twice as active as the synthetic type

vitamin K is needed for the product of what blood-clotting protein? a. prothrombin b. thrombin c. fibrinogen d. fibrin

a. prothrombin

what is the name of the visual pigment that light strikes? a. rhodopsin b. retinal c. opsin d. vitamin A

a. rhodopsin

A vitamin D-deficiency syndrome characterized by bone deformities in children is called: a. rickets. b. xerophthalmia. c. scurvy. d. osteomalacia

a. rickets

which of the following are good dietary sources of vitamin E? a. safflower oil, almonds b. yogurt, sunflower seeds c. olive oil, eggs d. salmon, soy beans

a. safflower oil, almonds

The primary function of vitamin E is: a. to act as an antioxidant. b. to increase absorption of calcium in the small intestine. c. to regulate acid-base balance. d. to regulate glucose levels.

a. to act as an antioxidant

What is the purpose of retinol activity equivalents? a. To provide a factor for converting a quantity of carotenoids to an equivalent amount of vitamin A. b. To determine the amount of vitamin A lost in processing. c. To quantify the decrease in vitamin A function due to exercise or activity. d. To estimate the bioavailability of vitamin A from different food sources.

a. to provide a factor for converting a quantity of carotenoids to an equivalent amount of vitamin A.

in infants, a vitamin E deficiency may lead to hemolytic anemia a. true b. false

a. true

vitamin A deficiency early in life can cause abnormal bone growth. a. true b. false

a. true

vitamin K deficiency is a risk associated with long-term use of antibiotics. a. true b. false

a. true

Why would vitamin A deficiency cause eye infections and blindness? a. Vitamin A maintains epithelial cells b. the mucus secreting cells damage the surface of the eye. c. Keratin-producing cells decrease immune function. d. the hard, dry surface protects normal epithelium

a. vitamin A maintains epithelial cells

why would vitamin A deficiency cause eye infection and blindness? a. vitamin A maintains epithelial tissues b. the mucus secreting cells damage the surface of the eye. c. keratin-producing cells decrease immune function d. the hard, dry surface protects normal epithelium

a. vitamin A maintains epithelial tissues

What is a function of Vitamin E? a. viamtin E neutralized reactive oxygen compounds to prevent cell damage. b. Vitamin E blocks the absorption of free radicals in the small intestine. c. Vitamin E works with biotin to destroy harmful intestinal bacteria d. Vitamin E liberates the bound reactive oxygen compounds into the bloodstream

a. vitamin E neutralized reactive oxygen compounds to prevent cell damage

Which statement is true about the need for dietary supplements? a. women of child-bearing age need extra folate. b. supplement use increases overall health in all populations c. Vitamin a should be given in high doses to the elderly d. vegans usually need supplements of Vitamin A.

a. women of child bearing age need extra folate

which of the following disease conditions is related to vitamin A's role in maintaining epithelial tissue? a. xerophthalmia b. night blindness c. conjunctivitis d. macular degeneration

a. xerophthalmia

Which transports preformed vitamin A from liver stores to tissues? a. Carotenoid circulating factor b. Chylomicrons c. Opsin d. Retinol binding protein

d. retinol binding protein

The best way to increase antioxidant intake is to: a. eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. b. eat more meat. c. consume more dairy foods. d. take an antioxidant-containing supplement.

a. eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

Which group of people is most at risk for vitamin D deficiency? a. Elderly b. Light skinned children c. Pregnant women d. Teenagers

a. elderly

Vitamin E is essential for: a. fertility b. the prevention of rashes c. the healing of scars d. bone formation

a. fertility

Children in developing nations are most likely to develop deficiency symptoms associated with which vitamin? a. A b. D c. E d. K

a. A

Which vitamin has the best known role in cell differentiation? a. A b. D c. E d. K

a. A

Each of these vitamins is fat-soluble and is stored in the body. a. A,D,E,K b. A,C,D,K c. D, B12, E,C d. E,C,B12,K

a. A,D,E,K

Which food contains the highest amount of vitamin E? a. Almonds b. Cheese c. Oatmeal d. Beef liver

a. almonds

which of the following conditions does NOT influence vitamin D absorption? a. altitude b. climate c. pollution d. latitude

a. altitude

The carotenoid with the most vitamin A activity is ____________. a. beta-carotene b. alpha-carotene c. beta-cryptoxanthin d. lycopene

a. beta-carotene

Vitamin D regulates ________ and _________ balance in the body. a. calcium; phosphorus b. energy; fat c. sodium; potassium d. estrogen; progesterone

a. calcium; phosphorous

Which form(s) of vitamin A has antioxidant properties? a. Carotenoids b. Preformed vitamin A c. Retinal d. Retinoic acid

a. carotenoids

The action of sunlight on 7-dehydrocholesterol forms: a. cholecalciferol. b. retinol. c. parathyroid hormone. d. 25-hydroxy vitamin D.

a. cholecalciferol

Fat soluble vitamins are transported from the intestine within ______________. a. chylomicrons b. VLDLs c. LDLs d. HDLs

a. chylomicrons

Vitamin K is required to produce prothrombin, which is needed for: a. antioxidant functions. b. blood clotting. c. bone calcification. d. night vision.

b. blood clotting

retinoids are natural pigments synthesized by plants that give color to yellow and red-orange fruits and vegetables. a. true b. false

b. false

the RDA for vitamin D requires a set amount of sunlight exposure each day in order to meet requirements a. true b. false

b. false

the body, creating a reserve, stores large quantities of vitamin K. a. true b. false

b. false

vitamin E supplements have been proven to reduce the risk of heart disease. a. true b. false

b. false

When consumption of __________is insufficient, vitamin A absorption is decreased. a. protein b. fat c. carbohydrate d. water

b. fat

Cystic fibrosis increases the risk of vitamin E deficiency because: a. vitamin E use increases in the body. b. fat absorption is reduced. c. vitamin E excretion increases. d. vitamin E-containing foods taste bitter to affected individuals

b. fat absorption is reduced

Which statement about fat soluble vitamins is FALSE? a. They can function in the control of gene expression. b. Fat soluble vitamins are only found in plant-based foods. c. Intake can vary without risking deficiency as long as the average intake is adequate. d. After absorption, they are transported in the lymphatic system.

b. fat soluble vitamins are only found in plant-based foods

examples of foods that are the highest in preformed vitamin A compounds include: a. carrots and pumpkins b. fish and dairy products c. mangoes and tangerines d. tomatoes and red peppers

b. fish and dairy products

all of the following are true of carotenoid toxicity except: a. it is not toxic to the body b. it is dangerous because of the rapid conversion to retinoids c. it may lead to hypercarotenemia d. it may increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers

b. it is dangerous because of the rapid conversion to retinoids

all of the following are true of osteomalacia except: a. it occurs in adults. b. it is not caused by decreased mineral content of bone c. it often leads to fractures of weight-bearing bones d. it causes bone pain, muscle aches and weakness

b. it is not caused by decreased mineral content of bone

Vitamin A is stable EXCEPT when exposed to: a. heat. b. light and oxygen. c. cold temperatures such as in a refrigerator. d. fat.

b. light and oxygen

Vitamin K deficiency can be caused by: a. reduced exposure to sunlight b. long term use of antibiotics c. use of formula instead of breastmilk d. kidney disease

b. long term use of antibiotics

when vitamin A is deficient, what situation can occur? a. liver damage b. night blindness c. birth defects d. blurred vision

b. night blindness

Vitamin E deficiency in the U.S. is most likely to be a problem in: a. older adults. b. premature infants. c. teenagers. d. pregnant women.

b. premature infants

which of the following changes the amount of protein that is produced during gene expression? a. vitamin A b. protein receptor c. mRNA d. DNA

b. protein receptor

The primary function of vitamin D in the body is to: a. prevent anemia. b. regulate calcium and phosphorus levels. c. modulate iron levels. d. support night vision.

b. regulate calcium and phosphorous levels

which visual pigment is formed by the combination of retinal vitamin A and opsin that allows for perception of light? a. retinol-bindingprotein b. rhodopsin c. retinoic acid d. keratin

b. rhodopsin

All of the following statements provide reasons why fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies occur except: a. the rising reliance on fast food b. the increase of fat in our diet c. use of sunscreen while outdoors d. intake of medications that limit fat absorption

b. the increase of fat in our diet

what is true about night vision? a. looking into the bright headlights of an approaching car at night is permanently blinding. b. the regeneration of rhodopsin is delayed when vitamin A is deficient. c. night blindness is an irreversible symptom of vitamin A deficiency d. the visual cycle begins when light passes into he eye and strikes the optic nerve.

b. the regeneration of rhodopsin is delayed when vitamin A is deficient

What is true about the function of vitamin D? a. Vitamin D inactivates cancerous cells. b. vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium retention by the kidneys. c. Vitamin D decreases the production of intestinal calcium transport proteins. d. Vitamin D binds to protein in the cytoplasm of most cells.

b. vitamin D works parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium retention by kidneys

Deficiencies of vitamins _____ and _____ are most common in developing countries. a. A & E b. D & K c. A & D d. E & K

c. A & D

which of the following is not a role of vitamin A? a. epithelial tissue maintenance b. reproduction c. bone maintenance d. immune cell prodcution

c. bone maintainance

A condition in which carotenoids accumulate in adipose tissue causing skin discoloration is: a. related to acute toxicity. b. caused by eating egg yolks. c. called hypercarotenemia. d. related to jaundice, when the whites of the eyes turn yellow.

c. called hypercarotenemia

When vitamin A is deficient, all of the following occur EXCEPT: a. new epithelial cells do not differentiate properly. b. epithelial cells produce a hard protein found in hair and fingernails. c. epithelial cells produce too much mucus. d. the likelihood of infection is increased.

c. epithelial cells produce too much mucus.

which of the following factors can explain why vitamin D deficiency is on the rise? a. incorporation of fortified food sources in the diet b. stable amount of vitamin synthesis based on skin exposure c. increased use of sunscreen products d. same AI requirements for infants, children, and adults

c. increased use of sunscreen products

Why is vitamin D known as the "sunshine vitamin"? a. it functions as a vitamin only during the daylight hours b. it is available to the body only upon regular exposure to sunlight. c. it can be produced in the skin by exposure to ultraviolet light. d. it is activated immediately in the muscles upon exposure to sunlight.

c. it can be produced in the skin by exposure to ultraviolet light

which of the following is not true about vitamin A deficiency? a. it is a major cause of blindness worldwide. b. it may be caused by insufficient intake of vitamin A, fat, protein, or zinc. c. it is not a world health problem. d. it is not common in developed countries

c. it is not a world health problem

Why is vitamin D deficiency on the rise? a. people spend time outdoors without the benefit of sunscreens. b. larger bones mass requires additional vitamin D. c. low consumption of milk fortified with vitamin d. d. the kidneys fail to promote vitamin D retention among the elderly.

c. low consumption of milk fortified with vitamin D

one reason that fat-soluble vitamins are grouped together is because they: a. provide similar functions in the body b. don't require transport carriers for absorption c. require bile and dietary fat for absorption d. are not associated with clinical deficiencies

c. require bile and dietary fat for absorption

Which form of vitamin A is involved in vision? a. Beta-carotene b. Lycopene c. Retinal d. Retinoic acid

c. retinal

Which of the following is a fat soluble vitamin? a. niacin b. riboflavin c. vitamin A d. vitamin B12

c. vitamin A

Excessive intake of vitamin A from supplements could cause all of the following EXCEPT: a. liver damage. b. birth defects. c. increased incidence of bone fracture. d. acne.

d. acne

Vitamin A is essential for ____________. a. reproduction b. growth c. immune function d. all of these

d. all of these

vitamin D increase blood calcium by: a increasing intestinal absorption of calcium b. increasing the amount of calcium released from bone if other sources are unavailable. c. increasing the amount of calcium retained by the kidneys. d. all of these choices

d. all of these choices

in the body, vitamin E: a. is incorporated into chylomicrons. b. functions as a fat-soluble antioxidant c. is used to neutralize free radicals d. all of these statements are true

d. all of these statements are true

in the body, vitamin E: a. is incorporated into chylomicrons b. functions as a fat-soluble antioxidant c. is used to neutralized free radicals d. all of these statements are true

d. all of these statements are true

Fat soluble vitamins require _______ and _______ for absorption into intestinal cells. a. bile and lymph b. lymph and dietary fat c. lymph and chylomicrons d. bile and dietary fat

d. bile and dietary fat

which of the following disease conditions is related to vitamin A's role in maintaining epithelial tissue? a. xerophthalmia b. night blindness c. keratomalacia d. both Xerophthalmia and keratomalacia

d. both xerophthalmia and keratomalacia

when taking strong, long-term antibiotics, a person might run the risk of developing a: a. alpha-tocopherol b. beta-carotene c. phylloquinone d. cholecalciferol

d. cholecalciferol

the process whereby cell changes occur in structure and function leading to specialization is known as cell: a. transcription b. maintainance c. expression d. differentiation

d. differentiation

Which statement about the stability of vitamin E is FALSE? a. It can be destroyed when oil is repeatedly heated to high temperatures. b. It is destroyed by exposure to oxygen. c. It is sensitive to light. d. It is often completely destroyed in the normal cooking process.

d. it is often completely destroyed in the normal cooking process

The recommended intake of vitamin E is expressed in: a. REs. b. µgs. c. alpha-tocopherol equivalents. d. mgs of alpha-tocopherol.

d. mgs of alpha-tocopherol

Vitamin A toxicity occurs most frequently when large amounts of _________ is (are) ingested. a. carrot juice b. egg yolks c. polar bear liver d. preformed vitamin A supplements

d. preformed vitamin A supplements

Retin A and Acutane, derived from vitamin A, can do all of the following EXCEPT: a. reduce skin wrinkles. b. treat acne. c. increase epithelial cell turnover. d. prevent one from getting the flu.

d. prevent one from getting the flu

Why are fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies occurring in the developed world? a. the body's ability to store the fat-soluble vitamins has declined. b. the intake of fats has increased in developed countries c. composition of foods may influence how much fat soluble vitamin is absorbed d. rising reliance on fast food has reduced our intake of fruits and vegetables.

d. rising reliance on fast food has reduced our intake of fruits and vegetables.

which of the following is a good source of Vitamin E? a. Calf's liver b. skim milk c. raw tomatoes d. vegetable oil

d. vegetable oil

Which fat soluble vitamin can be synthesized by intestinal bacteria? a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin D c. Vitamin E d. Vitamin K

d. vitamin K

which of the following has the least involvement in bone health and maintenance? a. vitamin A b. vitamin D c. vitamin E d. Vitamin K

d. vitamin K

The food that contains the most vitamin D is: a. whole-wheat bread. b. cranberry juice. c. peanut oil. d. whole milk.

d. whole milk