Chapter 9 Vocabulary Human A & P

Prostaglandians

also known as local hormones, are made from highly active lipids released from nearly all cell membranes.

Thyroid Gland

is a hormone-producing gland that is familiar to most people primarily because many obese individuals blame their overweight condition on their "glands".

Hypothalamus

is a major endocrine organ because it produces several hormones.

Prolactin (PRL)

is a protein hormone structurally similar to growth hormone. its only known in humans is the breast.

Graves' Disease

is one form of hyperthyroidism.

Oxytocin

is released in significant amounts only during childbirth and in nursing women.

Adrenal Glands

it is structurally and functionally two endocrine organs in one.

Follicles

the thyroid gland is composed of hollow structures called follicles, which store a sticky colloidal material.

Tropic Hormones

thyrotropic hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone and the two gonadotropic hormones are all tropic hormones.

Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogen.

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

also called thyrotropic hormone (TH), influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland.

Amino Acid-Based Molecules

although many different hormones are produced, nearly all of them can be classified chemically as either amino acid-based molecules or steroids.

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

are the chief means of regulating blood levels of nearly all hormones.

Parathyroid glands

are tiny masses of glandular tissue most often found on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

Parafollicular Cells

calcitonin is made by this.

Hormones

chemical substances that are secreted by endocrine cells into the extracellular fluids and regulate the metabolic activity of other cells in the body.

Cretinism

cretinism results in dwarfism in which adult body proportions remain childlike.

Gigantism

hypersecretion during childhood results in gigantism.

Pituitary Dwarfism

hyposecretion of GH during childhood leads to pituitary dwarfism.

Myxedema

hypothyrodism occurs in adults results in this which is characterized by both physical and mental sluggishness.

Acromegaly

if hypersecretion occurs after long bone growth has ended, acromegaly results.

Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)

in women, the gonadotropin FSH stimulates follicle development in the ovaries.

Growth Hormone (GH)

is a general metabolic hormone. its major effects are directed to the growth of skeletal muscles and long bones of the body, and thus it plays an important role in determining final body size.

Thyroid Hormone

is two active iodine-containing hormones, thyroxine or T4, and triiodothyronine, or T3.

Endocrine System

it coordinates and directs the activity of the body's cells.

Pituitary Gland

it hangs by a stalk from the inferior surface of the hypothalamus of the brain, where it is snugly surrounded by the "Turk's saddle" of the sphenoid bone. it has two functional lobes, the anterior pituitary ( glandular tissue) and the posterior pituitary ( nervous tissue).

Antidiureitic Hormone (ADH)

it inhibits or prevents urine production.

Neurosecretory Cells

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone which is made by the hypothalamus is transported along the axons of the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells to the posterior pituitary for storage.

Adrenal Cortex

produces three major groups of hormones, which are collectively called corticostrioids- mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones.

Gonadotropic Hormones

regulate the hormonal activity of the gonads ( ovaries and testes).

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland.

Steroids

steroid hormones include the sex hormones made by the ovaries and testes and the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.

Ductless Glands

the endocrine glands are ductless glands that produce hormones that they release into the blood or lymph.

Calcitonin

the second important hormone product of the thyroid gland, decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited in the bones.

Vasopressin

when ADH increases blood pressure by causing constriction of the arterioles (small arteries).

Target Cells or Organs

when a given hormone affects only certain tissue cells or organs.

Second Messenger System

when protein and peptide hormones are unable to enter the target cells they bind to hormone receptors situated on the target cell's plasma membrane and utilize a second messenger system.

Tetany

when the neurons deliver impulses to the muscles rapidly that the muscles go into uncontrollable spasms which may be fatal.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) or Parathormone

where the parathyroids secrete these which is the most important regulator of calcium ion (Ca2+) homeostasis of the blood.

Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones

where the release of each of the anterioir pituitary's hormones is controlled by releasing and inhibting hormones produced by the hypothalamus.