Chapter 9. Water and Minerals
Biological factors that influence bone status
-Age -Frame size -Ethnicity
Why is higher bone mineral density at age 25 predictive of better bone health at age 65?
-Beginning adulthood with high bone mineral density lessens the impact of inevitable age-related bone loss -Minerals provide strength and structure to withstand fractures
Functions of manganese
-Bone formation -Energy metabolism -Free-radical metabolism
Ultratrace minerals
-Boron -Arsenic -Vanadium
Secondary functions of iron within the human body
-Brain function -Part of many enzymes -Immune function
Minerals that may help to lower blood pressure
-Calcium -Potassium -Magnesium
Major minerals
-Calcium -Sodium -Potassium
Functions of zinc in the human body
-Cell membrane structure and function -DNA synthesis and function -Protein metabolism and wound healing -Cofactor for hundreds of enzymes
Which of the following contribute to the environmental impact of widespread use of bottled water?
-Energy use associated with storage of bottled water -Disposal of plastic packaging -Use of fuel to transport bottled water
Functions of selenium
-Glutathione peroxidase activity -Thyroid hormone metabolism
Which of the following statements about metabolic water are true?
-It is a by-product of chemical reactions in the body -It contributes to fluid balance
Which are items that can influence the color of urine?
-Medications -Food -Supplements
Population groups that should be monitored closely for dehydration:
-Older adults -Endurance athletes -Sick children
Foods and beverages rich sources of sodium
-Pepperoni pizza (2 slices) -Sliced ham (1 ounce) -Canned chicken noodle soup (1 cup)
Good food sources of potassium
-Plain yogurt (1 cup) -Baked potato with skin (1 medium) -Acorn squash (1 cup)
Two main sources of sodium in typical American diets?
-Preparation of foods in restaurants -Processed foods
Functions of chloride in the human body
-Stomach acid production -Immune response -Nerve impulse conduction
Fluoride content of foods is limited, so in areas where fluoridation of the water supply is not feasible, this mineral can be supplied by
-Topical fluoride treatments -Toothpaste -Fluoride tablets
Absorption of calcium is increased during
-infancy -pregnancy
Good food sources of manganese are
-leafy vegetables -nuts -rice
The bioavailability of calcium is limited by the presence of
-phytic acid -tannins -oxalates
For a person who cannot consume cow's milk due to an allergy or intolerance, alternative sources of calcium include
-tofu -fortified soy milk -fortified orange juice -fortified breakfast cereals -salmon with bones
Lifestyles factors contribution to risk for hypertension.
1) Obesity 2) Inactivity 3) Alcohol abuse 4) Excessive salt intake
Food sources for magnesium content:
1) Spinach (1 cup) 2) Plain yogurt (1 cup) 3) Banana (1 medium) 4) Whole-wheat bread (1 slice)
Proportion of body fluid found in extracellular fluid
1/3
Adipose water content
10-20%
Hypertension
140/90 or higher
The Adequate Intake for total water intake is _____ cups per day for adult men and ____ cups per day for adult women.
15, 11
Proportion of body fluid found in intracellular fluid
2/3
Bone water content
20%
The Upper Level (UL) for sodium for adults is _____ mg/day
2300
Muscle water content
73%
_____ ions are a component of the acid produced in the stomach and are also used during immune responses as white blood cells attack foreign cells
Chloride
If a person's diet is low in sodium and then they develop persistent vomiting or diarrhea, what may happen to this individual?
Become depleted of sodium
Where is most of the magnesium in the body stored?
Bone
For a normal blood calcium value to be maintained despite an inadequate calcium intake, what "pays the price"?
Bones
Mineral that is mainly stored in bones and teeth
Calcium
ACE Inhibitors
Cause relaxation of the small muscles lining the blood vessels
Diuretics
Decrease blood volume by increasing fluid output in urine
Beta Blockers
Decrease heart rate as well as workload blood output
Agency responsible for tap water safety
EPA
Agency responsible for bottled water safety
FDA
Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral?
Iron
Considering what you know about minerals so far, which of the following represents safe advice for use of iron supplements?
Iron supplements should be taken to correct iron-deficiency anemia
Water aids in the removal of waste products fro the body
through the production of urine
Mineral that participates in bone formation, antioxidant reactions, and metabolism of glucose and amino acids
Manganese
Trace minerals
Manganese
Through what process does the body use water to regulate body temperature?
Perspiration
What is the term used for decreased bone mass related to the effects of aging, genetic background. and poor diet in both gender, and hormonal changes at menopause in women?
Osteoporosis
Experts recommend limiting _____ intake to reduce the risk of hypertension
Sodium
Calcium supplements can be used by people who do not like milk or who cannot incorporate enough calcium-containing foods into their diets
True
People should avoid taking individual mineral supplements unless a dietary deficiency or medical condition specifically warrants it because an excess of one mineral may decrease the absorption and metabolism of other minerals.
True
Sodium is an electrolyte
True
The foods that contribute most of the sodium in the adult diet are not necessarily the foods with the highest sodium content
True
Glucose intolerance may be a sign of _____ deficiency
chromium
During the first stage of iron deficiency, _____. a) Body stores are depleted b) Red blood cells are small and low in number c) Circulating iron in the blood is depleted d) Physical symptoms of iron deficiency are apparent
a) Body stores are depleted
Molybdenum participates in
amino acid metabolism
The fluid that surrounds and protects the fetus during development is called _____ fluid
amniotic
Substituting carbonated soft drinks for dairy products in the diet is a bad idea because the resulting high _____ intake combined with inadequate _____ intake. a) Sodium; phosphorous b) Phosphorous; calcium c) Magnesium; sodium d) Carbon dioxide; calcium
b) Phosphorous; calcium
Pre-hypertension
between 120/80 and 139/89
Magnesium is related to vitamin D in that: a) Magnesium is required for synthesis of vitamin D in the skin b) Magnesium increases intestinal absorption of vitamin D c) Magnesium is required for activation of vitamin D in the liver D) Magnesium is required for activation of vitamin D in the kidney
c) Magnesium is required for activation of vitamin D in the liver
Excess dietary _____ may increase blood pressure
chloride
Stunted physical growth and impaired intellectual development in babies born to iodine-deficient mothers is called
congenital hypothyroidism
An enzyme that contains the mineral _____ aids in the release of iron from storage in the body.
copper
Ceruloplasmin is a _____-containing protein in the blood that functions in the transport of iron
copper
The mineral _____ is a component of ceruloplasmin, a blood protein that functions in iron metabolism.
copper
In a situation where there is an insufficient intake of dietary iodide, the thyroid-stimulating hormone promotes enlargement of the thyroid gland. This is called: a) Grave's disease b) Hyperparathyroidism c) Congenital hypothyroidism d) Goiter
d) Goiter
Phosphorous functions in all of the following ways EXCEPT: a) It activates a variety of enzymes b) It is important for blood glucose regulation c) It is a component of cell membranes d) It is a component of DNA
d) It is important for blood glucose
Medications commonly prescribed to lower blood pressure by increasing urine output are called _____
diuretics
When perspiration leads to weight loss in excess of 2% of body weight, fluid replacement should be accompanied by
electrolytes
With an AI of 3.1 to 3.8 mg/day, _____ is a trace mineral that contributes to bone health.
fluoride
The enlargement of the thyroid gland due to an insufficient iodide intake is called _____
goiter
Like trace minerals, ultratrace minerals are present in the diet and in the human body in small amounts. However, unlike the 9 trace minerals, ultratrace minerals
have not been shown to be essential for human health
The fluid contained within a cell is also called _____.
intracellular fluid
The thyroid gland uses _____ to synthesize thyroid hormones
iodine
The nutrient most likely to be deficient in the diets of people worldwide is _____
iron
Water is an ideal medium for chemical reactions because
it is the universal solvent
A dowager's hump caused by a curvature in the upper spine is termed _____
kyphosis
Normal blood pressure
less than 120/80
Of all lifestyle modification, _____ has the greatest potential to lower blood pressure
loss of excess body weight
Older adults who overuse laxatives or antacids may develop diarrhea from _____ toxicity
magnesium
Calcium, sodium and potassium are examples of _____ minerals
major
Sports drinks contain electrolytes to
prevent hyponatremia
When the body's blood sodium levels are too low, the kidneys
reabsorb sodium from urine into the blood
Hip fracture is associated with ____ mortality
significant
Water is lost from the body through breathing, urinating, and _____
sweating
Exercise is beneficial for bone health because
the additional stress on bone increases bone mineral density
Taking mineral supplements exceeding current standards for mineral needs may accumulate in the body to the extent that signs and symptoms of ____ occur.
toxicity
For most people, the largest proportion of daily fluid loss is due to
urine production
Excessive supplementation with the mineral _____ can impair copper absorption
zinc