Chapter 9. Water and Minerals

Biological factors that influence bone status

-Age -Frame size -Ethnicity

Why is higher bone mineral density at age 25 predictive of better bone health at age 65?

-Beginning adulthood with high bone mineral density lessens the impact of inevitable age-related bone loss -Minerals provide strength and structure to withstand fractures

Functions of manganese

-Bone formation -Energy metabolism -Free-radical metabolism

Ultratrace minerals

-Boron -Arsenic -Vanadium

Secondary functions of iron within the human body

-Brain function -Part of many enzymes -Immune function

Minerals that may help to lower blood pressure

-Calcium -Potassium -Magnesium

Major minerals

-Calcium -Sodium -Potassium

Functions of zinc in the human body

-Cell membrane structure and function -DNA synthesis and function -Protein metabolism and wound healing -Cofactor for hundreds of enzymes

Which of the following contribute to the environmental impact of widespread use of bottled water?

-Energy use associated with storage of bottled water -Disposal of plastic packaging -Use of fuel to transport bottled water

Functions of selenium

-Glutathione peroxidase activity -Thyroid hormone metabolism

Which of the following statements about metabolic water are true?

-It is a by-product of chemical reactions in the body -It contributes to fluid balance

Which are items that can influence the color of urine?

-Medications -Food -Supplements

Population groups that should be monitored closely for dehydration:

-Older adults -Endurance athletes -Sick children

Foods and beverages rich sources of sodium

-Pepperoni pizza (2 slices) -Sliced ham (1 ounce) -Canned chicken noodle soup (1 cup)

Good food sources of potassium

-Plain yogurt (1 cup) -Baked potato with skin (1 medium) -Acorn squash (1 cup)

Two main sources of sodium in typical American diets?

-Preparation of foods in restaurants -Processed foods

Functions of chloride in the human body

-Stomach acid production -Immune response -Nerve impulse conduction

Fluoride content of foods is limited, so in areas where fluoridation of the water supply is not feasible, this mineral can be supplied by

-Topical fluoride treatments -Toothpaste -Fluoride tablets

Absorption of calcium is increased during

-infancy -pregnancy

Good food sources of manganese are

-leafy vegetables -nuts -rice

The bioavailability of calcium is limited by the presence of

-phytic acid -tannins -oxalates

For a person who cannot consume cow's milk due to an allergy or intolerance, alternative sources of calcium include

-tofu -fortified soy milk -fortified orange juice -fortified breakfast cereals -salmon with bones

Lifestyles factors contribution to risk for hypertension.

1) Obesity 2) Inactivity 3) Alcohol abuse 4) Excessive salt intake

Food sources for magnesium content:

1) Spinach (1 cup) 2) Plain yogurt (1 cup) 3) Banana (1 medium) 4) Whole-wheat bread (1 slice)

Proportion of body fluid found in extracellular fluid

1/3

Adipose water content

10-20%

Hypertension

140/90 or higher

The Adequate Intake for total water intake is _____ cups per day for adult men and ____ cups per day for adult women.

15, 11

Proportion of body fluid found in intracellular fluid

2/3

Bone water content

20%

The Upper Level (UL) for sodium for adults is _____ mg/day

2300

Muscle water content

73%

_____ ions are a component of the acid produced in the stomach and are also used during immune responses as white blood cells attack foreign cells

Chloride

If a person's diet is low in sodium and then they develop persistent vomiting or diarrhea, what may happen to this individual?

Become depleted of sodium

Where is most of the magnesium in the body stored?

Bone

For a normal blood calcium value to be maintained despite an inadequate calcium intake, what "pays the price"?

Bones

Mineral that is mainly stored in bones and teeth

Calcium

ACE Inhibitors

Cause relaxation of the small muscles lining the blood vessels

Diuretics

Decrease blood volume by increasing fluid output in urine

Beta Blockers

Decrease heart rate as well as workload blood output

Agency responsible for tap water safety

EPA

Agency responsible for bottled water safety

FDA

Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral?

Iron

Considering what you know about minerals so far, which of the following represents safe advice for use of iron supplements?

Iron supplements should be taken to correct iron-deficiency anemia

Water aids in the removal of waste products fro the body

through the production of urine

Mineral that participates in bone formation, antioxidant reactions, and metabolism of glucose and amino acids

Manganese

Trace minerals

Manganese

Through what process does the body use water to regulate body temperature?

Perspiration

What is the term used for decreased bone mass related to the effects of aging, genetic background. and poor diet in both gender, and hormonal changes at menopause in women?

Osteoporosis

Experts recommend limiting _____ intake to reduce the risk of hypertension

Sodium

Calcium supplements can be used by people who do not like milk or who cannot incorporate enough calcium-containing foods into their diets

True

People should avoid taking individual mineral supplements unless a dietary deficiency or medical condition specifically warrants it because an excess of one mineral may decrease the absorption and metabolism of other minerals.

True

Sodium is an electrolyte

True

The foods that contribute most of the sodium in the adult diet are not necessarily the foods with the highest sodium content

True

Glucose intolerance may be a sign of _____ deficiency

chromium

During the first stage of iron deficiency, _____. a) Body stores are depleted b) Red blood cells are small and low in number c) Circulating iron in the blood is depleted d) Physical symptoms of iron deficiency are apparent

a) Body stores are depleted

Molybdenum participates in

amino acid metabolism

The fluid that surrounds and protects the fetus during development is called _____ fluid

amniotic

Substituting carbonated soft drinks for dairy products in the diet is a bad idea because the resulting high _____ intake combined with inadequate _____ intake. a) Sodium; phosphorous b) Phosphorous; calcium c) Magnesium; sodium d) Carbon dioxide; calcium

b) Phosphorous; calcium

Pre-hypertension

between 120/80 and 139/89

Magnesium is related to vitamin D in that: a) Magnesium is required for synthesis of vitamin D in the skin b) Magnesium increases intestinal absorption of vitamin D c) Magnesium is required for activation of vitamin D in the liver D) Magnesium is required for activation of vitamin D in the kidney

c) Magnesium is required for activation of vitamin D in the liver

Excess dietary _____ may increase blood pressure

chloride

Stunted physical growth and impaired intellectual development in babies born to iodine-deficient mothers is called

congenital hypothyroidism

An enzyme that contains the mineral _____ aids in the release of iron from storage in the body.

copper

Ceruloplasmin is a _____-containing protein in the blood that functions in the transport of iron

copper

The mineral _____ is a component of ceruloplasmin, a blood protein that functions in iron metabolism.

copper

In a situation where there is an insufficient intake of dietary iodide, the thyroid-stimulating hormone promotes enlargement of the thyroid gland. This is called: a) Grave's disease b) Hyperparathyroidism c) Congenital hypothyroidism d) Goiter

d) Goiter

Phosphorous functions in all of the following ways EXCEPT: a) It activates a variety of enzymes b) It is important for blood glucose regulation c) It is a component of cell membranes d) It is a component of DNA

d) It is important for blood glucose

Medications commonly prescribed to lower blood pressure by increasing urine output are called _____

diuretics

When perspiration leads to weight loss in excess of 2% of body weight, fluid replacement should be accompanied by

electrolytes

With an AI of 3.1 to 3.8 mg/day, _____ is a trace mineral that contributes to bone health.

fluoride

The enlargement of the thyroid gland due to an insufficient iodide intake is called _____

goiter

Like trace minerals, ultratrace minerals are present in the diet and in the human body in small amounts. However, unlike the 9 trace minerals, ultratrace minerals

have not been shown to be essential for human health

The fluid contained within a cell is also called _____.

intracellular fluid

The thyroid gland uses _____ to synthesize thyroid hormones

iodine

The nutrient most likely to be deficient in the diets of people worldwide is _____

iron

Water is an ideal medium for chemical reactions because

it is the universal solvent

A dowager's hump caused by a curvature in the upper spine is termed _____

kyphosis

Normal blood pressure

less than 120/80

Of all lifestyle modification, _____ has the greatest potential to lower blood pressure

loss of excess body weight

Older adults who overuse laxatives or antacids may develop diarrhea from _____ toxicity

magnesium

Calcium, sodium and potassium are examples of _____ minerals

major

Sports drinks contain electrolytes to

prevent hyponatremia

When the body's blood sodium levels are too low, the kidneys

reabsorb sodium from urine into the blood

Hip fracture is associated with ____ mortality

significant

Water is lost from the body through breathing, urinating, and _____

sweating

Exercise is beneficial for bone health because

the additional stress on bone increases bone mineral density

Taking mineral supplements exceeding current standards for mineral needs may accumulate in the body to the extent that signs and symptoms of ____ occur.

toxicity

For most people, the largest proportion of daily fluid loss is due to

urine production

Excessive supplementation with the mineral _____ can impair copper absorption

zinc