Chapter 9

HIV is classified as a retrovirus because it makes?

A DNA copy of its RNA once inside the host cell.

Know the diseases cause by viruses.

AIDS, hepatitis, encephalitis, rabies, colds, warts, and chicken pox.

Any substance that produces an inappropriate response of the immune system is referred to as?

An allergy.

Vaccines contain?

Antigens of the pathogen.

What antiviral drug is used to cure HIV/AIDS?

Antiretroviral drugs.

Antibodies are generated by?

B cells.

What type of cell is responsible for producing and releasing antibodies is?

B cells.

Why do some physicians advice patients with a bladder infection to drink a lot of cranberry juice?

Cranberry juice is acidic and will kill the bacteria.

What leukocytes are most likely to be directly involved in the destruction of flukes?

Eosinophils

What chemical is released by cytotoxic T cell is used to treat hepatitis C?

Gamma interferon.

Viruses and bacteria both contain what?

Genetic material.

What T cell is critical component of the immune system because it stimulates and enhances the activity of other components of the immune system?

Helper T cells.

What antibody would most likely be involved with the immune response against a microorganism entering the digestive or reproductive tract?

IgA.

What is the most common type of immunoglobin?

IgG.

Passive immunity differs from active immunity that is passive immunity?

Involves the administration of preformed antibodies.

Lupus erythematous is an autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks?

It's own connective tissue.

Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by?

It's structure, it constantly being replaces, and it's acidic Ph

What is located in the tonsils that filter out many of the microorganisms that enter the throat?

Lymphocytes.

What leukocyte kills its target cells by releasing chemicals that break down the target cell membrane?

Macrophages.

The release of chemicals from injured cells trigger histamine release from?

Mast cells.

What antibody activates the inflammatory response by causing the release of histamine?

Mast cells.

During cytotoxic T cell attack of a target cell, what is released to pierce the cell membrane of the foreign cell, which ultimately kills the target cell?

Perforin.

Physical and chemical barriers that form the body's first line of defense against pathogens include?

Phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammatory response, complement system, interferons, and fever.

The bubonic plague epidemic was induced by?

Rats with fleas.

Once a prion enters a nerve cell, it essentially becomes?

Self-propagating.

Once a macrophage engulfs a bacterium, what is the fate of the foreign cell?

The bacterium is killed by digestive enzymes released from lysosomes.

Bacteria are helpful to humans in what ways?

They are used to produce antibiotic drugs, hormones, vaccines, and foods.

What is the function of the lymph nodes?

They remove microorganisms, cellular debris, and abnormal cells from the lymph.

Know the steps involved in the process of phagocytosis?

1. They first capture a bacterium with its cytoplasmic extensions. 2. Draws the bacterium in, engulfing it and enclosing it in a membrane-bound vesicle. 3. The vesicle fuses with lysosomes, and then the lysosomes dissolve the bacterial membranes. 4. Once digestion is complete, the phagocyte jettisons the bacterial wastes by exocytosis.

What best describes phase 1 of HIV infection?

Flulike symptoms,

What body fluid does not transmit HIV from human to human?

Urine, feces, saliva, perspiration, tears, or nasal secretion.