Chapter Eight Test Bank

E

All of the nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system comprises the ________ nervous system. A) somatic B) autonomic C) sympathetic D) central E) peripheral

D

As a result of a severe concussion from a car accident, you have a terrible problem with both retaining new information and recalling old information. The injury affected the A) mammillary bodies. B) basal ganglia. C) inferior colliculi. D) hippocampus. E) superior colliculi.

B

Structure F is the A) hypothalamus. B) diencephalon. C) lateral ventricle. D) corpus callosum. E) pineal gland.

A

Structure R contains neurons that are involved with A) initiating voluntary motor impulses. B) abstract thinking. C) the control of autonomic functions. D) emotions. E) the interpretation of speech.

C

The ________ acts as a switching and relay center for integration of conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands. A) cerebellum B) midbrain C) diencephalon D) pons E) medulla

A

The ________ division of the nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system. A) afferent B) descending C) efferent D) motor E) spinal

B

The ________ establishes emotional states. A) basal nuclei B) limbic system C) cerebellum D) midbrain E) pons

A

The ________ is the layer of the meninges that is in direct contact with the surface of the brain. A) pia mater B) subarachnoid space C) dura mater D) epidural space E) arachnoid

B

The ________ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity. A) central B) autonomic C) somatic D) collateral E) ganglionic

C

The area anterior to the central sulcus is the A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) postcentral gyrus.

B

The cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) cerebellar lobe.

C.

The resting potential of a neuron is A) 0 mV. B) +10 mV. C) -70 mV. D) -10 mV. E) +70 mV

C

Think about the intricacies of ballet dancing and the coordination and balance that is required. The area of the brain most required for this activity is the A) cerebrum. B) thalamus. C) cerebellum. D) pons. E) medulla.

B

Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter A) acetylcholine. B) norepinephrine. C) dopamine. D) serotonin. E) GABA.

D

Axons that cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other are found in the A) anterior white columns. B) lateral gray horns. C) posterior gray horns. D) gray commissures. E) posterior white columns.

A

Interneurons A) are found only in the central nervous system. B) carry only sensory impulses. C) carry only motor impulses. D) only connect motor neurons to other motor neurons. E) are found between neurons and their effectors.

D

The ________ ventricle is associated with the pons and upper portion of the medulla oblongata. A) first B) second C) third D) fourth E) lateral

B

The all-or-none principle states that A) all stimuli will produce identical action potentials. B) all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials. C) the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the intensity of the action potential. D) only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials. E) only motor stimuli can activate action potentials.

C

The brain and spinal cord comprise the A) autonomic nervous system. B) peripheral nervous system. C) central nervous system. D) efferent nervous system. E) afferent nervous system.

D

The branching structures that, together with the cell body, are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulation are called A) axons. B) Nissl bodies. C) synapses. D) dendrites. E) neurofibrils.

C

The sensory region of the body monitored by each pair of spinal nerves is known as a A) somite. B) microtome. C) dermatome. D) sensory unit. E) motor unit.

A

The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the A) primary sensory cortex. B) primary motor cortex. C) visual cortex. D) olfactory cortex. E) auditory cortex.

D

The thalamus is the largest portion of which major brain region? A) mesencephalon B) pons C) midbrain D) diencephalon E) cerebellum

A

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the A) longitudinal fissure. B) central sulcus. C) lateral sulcus. D) frontal lobe. E) postcentral sulcus.

D

The visual cortex is located in the A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) cerebellum.

E

Which structure secretes melatonin? A) anterior pituitary gland B) superior colliculus C) posterior pituitary gland D) hypothalamus E) pineal gland

B

Which structures are related to Parkinson's disease? A) the reticular formation and limbic system B) the basal nuclei and the midbrain C) the hypothalamus and thalamus D) the thalamus and pineal gland E) the hippocampus and amygdala

A

You bowl with your right arm, but you write with your left hand. This is related to differences in the A) cerebral hemispheres. B) hypothalamus. C) thalamus. D) medulla oblongata. E) hippocampus.

A

A few spiders produce a venom that is a calcium-channel blocker. Where would this venom have on nerve impulse transmission? A) at the axon terminal B) at the axon hillock C) along the dendrite D) along the cell body membrane E) at the postsynaptic membrane

A

You have been diagnosed with the demyelinating disease called multiple sclerosis. The areas of damage seem to be centered within the spinal cord. The demyelinated areas are most probably within the A) ascending and/or descending tracts. B) dorsal or ventral horns. C) central canal. D) dorsal root ganglia. E) gray commissure.

D

________ refers to the loss of memory from disease or trauma. A) Hemiaplasia B) Aphasia C) Dyslexia D) Amnesia E) Apraxia

A

A major center concerned with autonomic function, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration is the A) medulla oblongata. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) diencephalon. E) cerebellum.

B

A stimulus that opens gated potassium ion channels, moving the membrane voltage value below the resting potential value, results in which of the following? A) repolarization B) hyperpolarization C) depolarization D) refraction E) summation

C

Branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called A) action potentials. B) synaptic knobs. C) collaterals. D) hillocks. E) synapse.

D

Bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin, destination, and function are called A) the cortex. B) centers. C) nuclei. D) tracts. E) ganglia

B

Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation are called A) threshold. B) graded potentials. C) refractories. D) hyperpolarizations. E) action potentials.

D

Clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes are known as A) neurofilaments. B) neurofibrils. C) synapses. D) Nissl bodies. E) microglia

E

Damage to the hypothalamus can result in A) taste and smell problems. B) increased attention. C) coma. D) decreased cerebral function. E) fluctuations in body temperature.

D

Diffusion across which structure(s) returns excess CSF to venous circulation? A) third ventricle B) dural sinuses C) cerebral aqueduct D) arachnoid granulations E) lateral ventricle

E

During an EEG, alpha waves A) are observed in children and frustrated adults. B) are observed in many pathological conditions. C) typically accompany intense concentration. D) occur in deep sleep. E) are characteristic of normal resting adults.

C

During continuous conduction, A) action potentials move in all directions along an axon. B) action potentials occur at successive nodes along the length of the stimulated axon. C) local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue along the membrane. D) the action potential starts at the beginning of the neuronal pathway and continues form neuron to neuron. E) local potentials produce a continuous outward flow of potassium ions.

C

Enlargements of the spinal cord occur A) near the posterior median sulcus. B) adjacent to the anterior median fissure. C) in the cervical and lumbar regions. D) in the thoracic region of the spinal cord. E) in the cervical and thoracic regions.

B

Head injuries that damage cerebral blood vessels are serious conditions because A) they could cause severe pain. B) the blood could compress and distort the relatively soft tissues of the brain. C) epicardial tissue will be affected. D) the venous sinus will not drain. E) pathways will be blocked.

B

Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization 2. Inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels 3. Depolarization to threshold 4. Closing of potassium channels A) 1, 3, 4, 2 B) 3, 1, 2, 4 C) 4, 3, 2, 1 D) 1, 3, 2, 4 E) 3, 1, 4, 2

B

If Broca's area is damaged, what might result? A) loss of sensation B) loss of the ability to speak C) loss of upper limb control D) loss of memory E) mental retardation

E

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed, A) motor control of skeletal muscles would be impaired. B) motor control of visceral organs would be impaired. C) the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level. D) the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord. E) incoming sensory information would be disrupted.

E

In adults, the spinal cord usually extends to which level? A) tenth thoracic vertebra B) first sacral vertebra C) seventh cervical vertebra D) fourth or fifth lumbar vertebra E) first or second lumbar vertebra

B

In general, the nervous system A) controls only conscious activities. B) is fast acting. C) is long lasting. D) responds to changes in the external environment only. E) is one of the simplest organ systems.

D

Most neurons in the brain are A) bipolar. B) unipolar. C) anaxonic. D) multipolar. E) tripolar.

B

Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains A) why neurons grow such long axons. B) why such neurons cannot divide through mitosis. C) the conducting ability of neurons. D) the ability of neurons to communicate with each other. E) the longevity of neurons.

D

Multiple areas of the brain can regulate breathing at the same time by stimulating the diaphragm for contraction. This activity is best explained by A) saltatory conduction. B) divergent neuronal pools. C) linear neuronal pools. D) convergent neuronal pools. E) the all-or-none principle.

C

Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite with the cell body between them are called A) polypolar. B) unipolar. C) bipolar. D) tripolar. E) multipolar.

E

Neurons that have two or more dendrites and a single axon extending away from the cell body are called A) polypolar. B) unipolar. C) bipolar. D) tripolar. E) multipolar.

A

Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in A) depolarization. B) repolarization. C) hyperpolarization. D) increased negative charge inside the membrane. E) myelination.

C

Regions of the brain that are involved in interpreting data or coordinating motor responses are A) commissural areas. B) sensory areas. C) association areas. D) motor areas. E) processing areas.

C

Saltatory conduction A) occurs only if the myelin sheath is continuous. B) occurs only if nodes of Ranvier are lacking. C) is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon. D) produces a stronger action potential. E) occurs at the synapse.

D

Small phagocytic glial cells, which are derived from white blood cells, are called A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.

D

Structure A is the A) lateral sulcus. B) transverse fissure. C) longitudinal fissure. D) central sulcus. E) central gyrus.

E

Structure B is the A) lateral sulcus. B) precentral gyrus. C) cerebral aqueduct. D) central sulcus. E) postcentral gyrus.

B

Structure C is the A) hypothalamus. B) thalamus. C) lateral ventricle. D) corpus callosum. E) pineal gland.

A

Structure D is the A) hypothalamus. B) thalamus. C) lateral ventricle. D) optic chiasm. E) pineal gland.

E

Structure E is the A) hypothalamus. B) thalamus. C) midbrain. D) pituitary gland. E) pineal gland.

E

Structure G divides the ________ and ________ cerebral lobes. A) frontal; occipital B) parietal; frontal C) temporal; occipital D) temporal; parietal E) parietal; occipital

C

Structure H is the A) midbrain. B) medulla oblongata. C) cerebellum. D) basal ganglia. E) pons.

B

Structure I is the A) midbrain. B) medulla oblongata. C) cerebellum. D) basal ganglia. E) pons.

E

Structure J is the A) midbrain. B) medulla oblongata. C) cerebellum. D) basal ganglia. E) pons.

A

Structure K is part of the A) midbrain. B) diencephalon. C) cerebrum. D) brainstem. E) limbic system

E

Structure L is the A) midbrain. B) forebrain. C) cerebellum. D) basal ganglia. E) brainstem.

A

Structure M is part of the ________ lobe. A) temporal B) occipital C) insula D) frontal E) parietal

C

Structure O is the A) pituitary gland. B) pineal gland. C) optic chiasm. D) ocular nerve. E) hypothalamus.

E

Structure Q is the A) fornix. B) forebrain. C) precentral gyrus. D) basal ganglia. E) corpus callosum.

D

The entire spinal cord is divided into ________ segments. A) 5 B) 12 C) 25 D) 31 E) 35

A

The glial cells responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) microglia. D) ependymal cells. E) satellite cells.

D

The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by A) tracts. B) columns. C) meninges. D) cell bodies of neurons and glial cells. E) blood vessels.

A

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.

D

The lobe at P is associated with A) vision. B) regulating of sleep. C) autonomic functions. D) determining the materials required for preparing and cooking a meal. E) biological rhythms.

B

The lobe containing the general interpretive area is labeled A) P. B) B. C) M. D) H. E) C.

A

The midbrain has a slender CSF-filled canal known as the A) cerebral aqueduct. B) lateral ventricle. C) medulla oblongata. D) fourth ventricle. E) third ventricle.

C

The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.

B

The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is the outer layer of A) astrocytes. B) Schwann cells. C) oligodendrocytes. D) microglia. E) ependymal cells.

B

The part of the CNS that adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities on the basis of sensory information and stored memory of previous movements is the A) medulla oblongata. B) cerebellum. C) midbrain. D) diencephalon. E) thalamus

B

The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is the A) motor division. B) afferent division. C) efferent division. D) autonomic division. E) somatic division.

A

The premotor cortex of the cerebrum, involved in the planning and sequencing of muscle movements, is located in the A) frontal lobe. B) postcentral gyrus. C) hippocampus. D) parietal lobe. E) thalamus.

E

The primary connection between cerebral hemispheres is the A) cerebellum. B) precentral gyrus. C) postcentral gyrus. D) midbrain. E) corpus callosum.

B

The primary motor cortex of the cerebrum is located in the A) cerebellum. B) precentral gyrus. C) pons. D) lateral sulcus. E) postcentral gyrus.

B

The projections of gray matter extending through the white matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord are called A) wings. B) horns. C) pyramids. D) fibers. E) tracts.

E

The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the A) medulla. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) cerebellum. E) cerebrum.

E

The sensory nuclei of cranial nerves V-VIII are found within which of the following? A) midbrain B) medulla oblongata C) cerebellum D) basal ganglia E) pons

E

There are ________ pairs of spinal nerves. A) 6 B) 8 C) 10 D) 12 E) 31

D

When a cerebrospinal fluid specimen is needed for testing, the specimen is removed by needle from the L3-L4 interspace area of the vertebral column. Why? A) There are no spaces between the other areas of the vertebral column. B) There is a higher pressure within the subarachnoid space at that point, so it is easier to obtain a specimen. C) There are no spinal nerves located in that area. D) There would be no possible damage to the spinal cord itself when the needle is inserted into the space. E) The space where the needle is inserted is larger than anywhere else along the vertebral column.

C

Which neuroglial cells produce CSF in some regions of the brain? A) microglia B) Schwann cells C) ependymal cells D) oligodendrocytes E) astrocytes

D

Which of the following contains a delicate network of collagen and elastin fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates? A) epidural space B) dural sinus C) arachnoid villi D) subarachnoid space E) pia mater

D

Which of the following is a function of the efferent division of the nervous system? A) providing sensation of the internal and external environments B) integrating sensory information C) coordinating voluntary and involuntary activities D) sending signals to muscles E) regulating or controlling peripheral structures and systems

E

Which of the following is the correct order of events that occur at a cholinergic synapse? 1. Extracellular calcium enters the axon terminal, triggering the exocytosis of acetylcholine. 2. Acetylcholine is removed by acetylcholinesterase. 3. Acetylcholine binds to receptors and depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane. 4. Axon terminal depolarizes. A) 2, 3, 1, 4 B) 1, 4, 3, 2 C) 4, 1, 2, 3 D) 3, 4, 1, 2 E) 4, 1, 3, 2

D

Which of the following neurotransmitters usually depolarizes postsynaptic neurons? A) serotonin B) dopamine C) GABA D) acetylcholine E) monoamine oxidase

E

Which of the following performs such abstract intellectual function as predicting the future consequences of events or actions? A) pons B) basal ganglia C) hippocampus D) thalamus E) prefrontal cortex

C

Which spinal cord structure(s) contains the axons of CNS motor neurons that control muscles and glands? A) anterior gray commissure B) white column C) ventral roots D) dorsal roots E) ventral horns

A

Which statement is true regarding action potential propagation? A) In salutatory conduction, the myelin is composed of fat, which insulates the axon membrane against sodium ion flow across the membrane. B) Continuous propagation results in one graded potential producing multiple action potentials. C) The action potential will die out along the axon if another graded potential does not occur. D) All voltage-gated channels along the axon open at the same time, allowing sodium to flow in simultaneously. E) The active transport of sodium and potassium through sodium-potassium ion pumps causes depolarization of the axon membrane.

E

Which structure contains cardiovascular and respiratory rhythmicity centers? A) inferior colliculus B) superior colliculus C) pons D) cerebellum E) medulla oblongata

D

Which structure secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin? A) epithalamus B) cerebellum C) pons D) hypothalamus E) medulla oblongata