Chapter Four Review Questions

Which of these statements about nervous tissue is NOT true? a. neurons have cytoplasmic extensions called axons b. electrical signals (action potentials) are conducted along axons c. bipolar neurons have two axons d. neurons are nourished and protected by the glia e. dendrites receive electrical signals and conduct them toward the cell body

C

Epithelial cells with microvilli are most likely found a. lining blood vessels b. lining the lungs c. lining the uterine tube d. lining the small intestine e. in the skin

D

In which of these locations is dense irregular elastic connective tissue found? a. ligaments b. nuchal ligament c. dermis of the skin d. large arteries e. adipose tissue

D

In parts of the body where considerable expansion occurs, such as the urinary bladder, which type of epithelium would you expect to find? a. cuboidal b. pseudostratified c. transitional d. squamous e. columnar

CC

Mesenchymal cells a. form embryonic connective tissue b. give rise to all adult connective tissues c. in adults produce new connective tissue cells in response to injury d. all of these are correct

D

Permanent cells a. divide and replace damaged cells in replacement tissue repair b. form granulation tissue c. are responsible for removing scar tissue d. are usually replaced by a different cell type if they are destroyed e. are replaced during regeneration tissue repair

D

Which of these characteristics do NOT describe nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium? a. many layers of cells b. flat surface cells c. living surface cells d. found in the skin e. outer layers covered by fluid

D

Which of these is not true about adipose tissue? a. it is the site of energy storage b. it is a type of connective tissue c. it acts as a protective cushion d. brown adipose is found only in older adults d. it functions as a heat insulator

D

A ___________ gland has a duct that branches repeatedly, and the ducts end in saclike structures a. simple tubular b. compound tubular c. simple coiled tubular d. simple acinar e. compound acinar

E

Fibrocartilage is found a. in the cartilage of the trachea b. in the rib cage c. in the external ear d. on the surface of bones in movable joints e. between vertebrae

E

Given these characteristics: (1) capable of contraction (2) covers free body surfaces (3) lacks blood vessels (4) composes various glands (5) anchored to connective tissue by a basement membrane Which of these are characteristics of epithelial tissue? a. 1,2,3 b. 2,3,5 c. 3,4,5 d. 1,2,3,4 e. 2,3,4,5

E

The linings of the digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive passages are composed of a. serous membranes b. mucous membranes c. mesothelium d. synovial membranes e. endothelium

B

Which of these types of cells is a labile? a. neuron b. skin c. liver d. pancreas

B

Chemical mediators a. cause blood vessels to constrict b. decrease the permeability of blood vessels c. initiate processes that lead to edema d. help prevent clotting e. decrease pain

C

Which of these characteristics apply to smooth muscle? a. striated, involuntary b. striated, voluntary c. unstriated, involuntary d. unstriated, voluntary

C

Which of these embryonic germ layers gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood vessels? a. ectoderm b. endoderm c. mesoderm

C

Extremely delicate fibers that make up the framework for organs such as the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes are a. elastic fibers b. reticular fibers c. microvilli d. cilia e. collagen fibers

B

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium can be found lining the a. digestive tract b. trachea c. thyroid gland d. kidney tubules e. urinary bladder

B

Stratified epithelium is usually found in areas of the body where the principal activity is a. filtration b. protection c. absorption d. diffusion e. secretion

B

The glands that lose their connection with epithelium during embryonic development and secrete their cellular products into the bloodstream are called _____________ glands. a. apocrine b. endocrine c. exocrine d. holocrine e. merocrine

B

A tissue that covers a surface, is one cell layer thick and is composed of flat cells is a. simple squamous epithelium b. simple cuboidal epithelium c. simple columnar epithelium d. stratified squamous epithelium e. transitional epithelium

A

A type of cell connection whose only function is to prevent cells from coming apart is a a. desmosome b. gap junction c. tight junction

A

The fibers in dense connective tissue are produced by a. fibroblasts b. adipocytes c. obsteoblasts d. osteoclasts e. macrophages

A

Which of these types of connective tissue has the smallest amount of extracellular matrix? a. adipose b. bone c. cartilage d. loose connective tissue e. blood

A

A tissue composed of cells located in the lacunae surrounded by a hard matrix of hydroxyapatite is a. hyaline cartilage b. bone c. nervous tissue d. dense regular collagenous connective tissue e. fibrocartilage

B

A tissue with a large number of collagen fibers organized parallel to each other would most likely be found in a. a muscle b. a tendon c. adipose tissue d. a bone e. cartilage

B

How can you distinguish between a gland that produces a merocrine secretion and a gland that produces a holocrine secretion? Assume that you have the ability to chemically analyze the composition of the secretions

Glands producing merocrine secretions do so with no loss of actual cellular material, whereas glands producing holocrine secretions shed entire cells. The cells rupture and die, and the entire cell becomes part of the secretion. You can chemically analyze the secretions for the types of molecules found in cellular organelles. For example, if phospholipids and proteins normally found in membranes are in the secretion, the secretion is a holocrine secretion. If the secretion is watery or contains products that are not found in membranes or organelles, it is a merocrine secretion.

Antihistamines block the effect of a chemical mediator called histamine, which is released during the inflammatory response. What effect does administering antihistamines have on the inflammatory response, and is the use of an antihistamine beneficial?

Histamine is one of the mediators of inflammation released in response to tissue damage. However, several other chemical mediators are also released. Antihistamines might reduce the inflammatory response somewhat, but they are not likely to have a major effect because of the other chemical mediators released at the same time. In certain types of inflammatory responses, such as allergic responses, histamines are released in large amounts. Under these conditions, antihistamines do reduce the inflammatory response.

A patient suffered from kidney failure a few days after being exposed to a toxic chemical. A biopsy of his kidney indicated that many of the thousands of epithelium-lined tubules making up the kidney had lost their simple cuboidal epithelial cells, although the basement page 140membranes appeared mostly intact. How likely is a full recovery for this person?

In general, epithelial cells undergo cell division (mitosis) in response to injury, and the newly produced cells replace the damaged cells. However, if the basement membrane is destroyed, nothing is present to provide scaffolding for the newly formed epithelial cells. Without the basement membrane, there is no effective way for the newly formed epithelial cells to repair a structure, such as a kidney tubule. Since the basement membranes appear mostly intact, the person is likely to survive, and the kidney will regain most of its ability to function.

Willie B. Coffin has smoked for years. In the past few months, mucus has accumulated in his lungs and he coughs often. A tissue sample (biopsy) taken from the lower portion of his trachea indicated that stratified squamous epithelium has replaced the normal pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the trachea. Willie's physician explained that he has bronchitis, inflammation of the respiratory airways, caused by smoking. As a result, some of the normal epithelium of the large respiratory passageways has been converted to stratified squamous epithelium. Explain why mucus has accumulated in Willie's lungs to a greater degree than normal.

Pseudostratified squamous epithelium has goblet cells that secrete mucus. The cilia move the mucus over the surface of the epithelium toward the upper portion of the trachea. Stratified squamous epithelium does not secrete abundant mucus, and it does not have cilia. Consequently, mucus secreted by the area of the trachea that is still lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium is not moved over the portion of the trachea lined by stratified squamous epithelium. The mucus accumulates below the area of the trachea lined by stratified squamous epithelium, causing Willie's frequent cough.

Name a tissue that has the following characteristics: abundant extracellular matrix consisting almost entirely of collagen fibers that are parallel to each other. Then state which of the following injuries results from damage to this kind of tissue: dislocated neck vertebrae, torn tendon, or ruptured intervertebral disk.

The tissue described is dense, regularly arranged, collagenic connective tissue. Injury to this type of tissue affects structures made up of this type of connective tissue, which includes tendons. Damage to neck vertebrae can be ruled out because they are connected by ligaments containing abundant dense, regularly arranged elastic connective tissue. A ruptured intervertebral disk is not indicated because it would consist of dense, irregularly arranged collagenic connective tissue.

Given the observation that a tissue has more than one layer of cells lining a free surface, (1) list the possible tissue types that exhibit those characteristics, and (2) explain what additional observations are needed to identify the tissue type.

The tissue is epithelial tissue because it is lining a free surface, and the epithelium is stratified because it consists of more than one layer. The types of stratified epithelium are stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, and transitional epithelium. The structure of the cells in the surface layers determines the tissue type. Flat cells in the surface layer indicate stratified squamous epithelium. Cuboidal cells in the surface layer indicate stratified cuboidal epithelium, and columnar cells in the surface layer point to stratified columnar epithelium. The surface cells of transitional epithelium are roughly cuboidal with cubelike or columnar cells beneath them. When transitional epithelium is stretched, the surface cells are still roughly cuboidal, but underlying layers can be somewhat flattened.