Chapter One: Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning

classical conditioning is also known as P_________ conditioning or _________ conditioning. In the latter case, the elicited behaviors are referred to as __________

Pavlovian' respondent; respondents

in a conditioned suppression ratio, a score of _____ indicates total suppression of the behavior, while a score of around _____ indicates no suppression

0; .05

unconditioned response (UR)

The response that is naturally (without prior learning) elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

habituation

a decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus

startle response

a defensive reaction to a sudden , unexpected stimulus, which involves the automatic tightening of the skeletal muscles and various hormonal and visceral changes

fixed action pattern

a fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus

temporal conditioning

a form of classical conditioning in which the CS is the passage of the time

reflex arc

a neural structure that underlies many simple reflexes and consists of a sensory neuron, an interneuron and a motor neuron

classical conditioning

a process whereby a stimulus comes to elicit a response because it has been paired with (or associated with) another stimulus. Also known as Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning

refex

a relatively simple, involuntary response to a stimulus

pseudoconditioning

a situation in which an elicited response that appears to be a CR is actually the result of sensitization rather than conditioning

sign stimulus (or releaser)

a specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern

unconditioned stimulus (US)

a stimulus that naturally (without prior learning ) elicits a response

opponent process theory

a theory proposing that an emotional event elicits two competing processes: (1) an a-process (or primary process) that is directly elicited by the event, and (2) b-process (opponent process) that is elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the a-process

sensitization

an increase in the strength of an elicited response following repeated presentation of the eliciting stimulus

conditioned stimulus (CS)

any stimulus that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with (paired with) an unconditioned stimulus

how does one calculate a suppression ratio?

assuming CS and pre-CS periods of equal length (e.g., 30 seconds each), divide the number of CS responses by the number of CS responses plus pre-CS responses

when you opened the broken refrigerator one evening, the putrid smell of rotten eggs made you nauseous. your later response of nausea to the sight of the refrigerator is an example of (aversive/appetitive) conditioning as well as (excitratory/inhibitory) conditioning.

aversive; excitatory

elicited behavior

behavior that is drawn out (elicited) by a preceding stimulus. Also known as respondent behavior

brett is allergic to bee stings. he eats and drinks heartily when he is inside the restaurant, but not when he is seated on the outdoor patio surrounded by flowers. this circumstance is similar to the ______ paradigm, which is also known as the __________ (CER) procedure

conditioned suppression; conditioned emotional response

imagine an eyeblink conditioning procedure in which the sound of a click is paired with a puff of air to the eye. after conditioning, the click becomes a(n) ______-- stimulus (abbreviated _________) because it now elicits an eyeblink. the eyeblink elicited by the click is called the ______ response (abbreviated _________)

conditioned; CS; conditioned; CR

WHEN YOU 0PENED THE BROKEN REFRIGERATOR YESTERDAY, THE PUTRID SMELL OF ROTTEN EGGS MADE YOU NAUSEOUS. TODAY, WHEN YOU ARE ABOUT TO OPEN THE REFRIGERATOR, YOU AGAIN FIND YOURSELF BECOMING NAUSEOUS, EVEN THOUGH THE REFRIGERATOR HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY CLEANED. IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING TERMS, THE REFRIGERATOR HAS BECOME A(N) _______ STIMULUS THAT NOW ELICITS A*N) __________ RESPONSE OF NAUSEA. IN THIS CASE, THE NAUSEA PRODUCED BY THE SIGHT OF THE REFRIGERATOR IS LIKELY TO (LESS/MORE) SEVER THAN THE NAUSEA PRODUCED BY THE SMELL OF ROTTEN EGGS.

conditioned; conditioned; less

inhibitor conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the absence or removal of a US

excitatory conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the presentation of a US

appetitive conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the US is an appetitve even (one that an organism approaches or seeks out)

aversive conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the US is an aversive event (one that an organism avoids)

trace conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the onset and offset of the NS precede the onset of the US

simultaneous conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS and the onset of the US are simultaneous

backward conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS follows the onset of the US

delayed conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS precedes the onset of the US, and the two stimuli overlap

imagine an eyeblink conditioning procedure, you clinked not only in response to the sound of the click but also when someone tapped you on the shoulder. your response to the tap on the shoulder may be indicative of _____ conditioning, which means that the elicited eyeblink may be the result of ______ rather than classical conditioning.

conditioning trial

seeing a wasp land on your arm and then watching it as it stings you is an example of a(n) _________ conditioning procedure; noticing the wasp at the same moment that you feel the sting is an example of a(n) ___________ conditioning procedure

delayed; simultaneous

you finally habituate to the faint sound of a jackhammer half a block away, such that you cease to notice it. the lights in your house then go out, at which point you again notice the sound of the jackhammer. this is an example of the process of _____

dishabituation

behaviors that are automatically drawn out by the stimuli that precede the are referred to as _______ behaviors (or __________ behaviors)

elicited; respondent

when a subordinate dog submits to a threatening display from a dominant dog, it will often roll over on its back and display its belly. This type of action sequence is call a(n) __________ and the threatening display from the dominant dog is called the _______ stimulus or _________ for these actions

fixed action pattern; sign' releaser

inadvertently touching a hot object is likely to elicit a(n) _______ response, which is controlled through a simple sequence of neurons known as a ______

flexion, reflex arc

in a restaurant, the parents of a noisy child hardly notice the commotion. this is an example of ______. however, the customers at the neighboring tables are becoming increasingly annoyed by the child. this is an example of _______

habituation (or long-term habituation); sensitization

The faint sound of a jackhammer several blocks away will likely result in _______ but the extremely loud sound of a jackhammer right outside window may result in _______. The moderately loud sound of a jackhammer half a block away may result in a period of _______ followed by ___________

habituation; sensitization; sensitization; habituatioin

with repeated presentations of the emotional event, the b-process (increases/decreases) in both ________ and __________

increases; strength; duration

dana always feels relaxed when she takes her large dog for a walk, even though the neighborhood is relatively dangerous this appears to be an example of ______, with the dog functioning as a(n) _______ CS (which can be abbreviated ___________)

inhibitory conditioning; inhibitory; CS-

in general, aversive conditioning occurs (more/less) readily than appetitive conditioning

more

imagine an eyeblink conditioning procedure in which the sound of a click is paired with a puff of air to the eye. before conditioning, the sound of the click does not elicit an eyeblink; it is therefore considered a(n) ______ stimulus

neutral

a conditioning procedure is likely to be more effective if the conditioning trials are spaced (one min/one hour) apart. this is in keeping with what is known as the _____ effect, in which learning occurs more readily when practice sessions are spaced (close together/far apart)

one hour; spacing; far apart

In the opening scenario to this chapter, Uma witnessed her boyfriend flirting with another woman. First, she experienced intense anger. later, however, when apologized for his actions and was very attentive to her, she experience unusually strong feelings of attraction toward him. an explanation for this pattern of emotional changes is provided by the _______ theory of emotion. in this case, Uma's feelings of anger are example of the _______ process and her feeling of affection following his apology are an example of the _________ process

opponent process; primary (or a-); opponent (or b-)

the reflexive action of a dog pricking up its ears in response to a sound is an example of a(n) ______________ response, which consists of movements designed to facilitate _______________

orienting; attending to a stimulus

during an eyeblink conditioning procedure, you blinked not only in response to the sound of the click but also when someone tapped you on the shoulder. your response to the tap on the shoulder may be indicative of _____ conditioning, which means that the elicited eyeblink may be the result of _____ rather than classical conditioning.

pseudo; sensitization

THE REFLEXIVE ACTION OF PULLING YOUR HAND AWAY FROM A HOT PLATE IS ACTIVATED THROUGH A(N) _______; a neural structure underlying simple reflexes that consists of a(n) (in correct order) _________

reflex arc; sensory neuron; interneuron; motor neuron

according to the opponent process theory of emotion, b-processes are (slow/quick) to increase and (slow/quick) to decrease

slow; slow

fixed action patterns are sometimes called _____ behaviors because they are often unique to a certain species

species=specific

a sudden loud noise is likely to elicit a(n) _________ response, which is a reflexive defensive response to a sudden, unexpected stimulus

startle

jared's parents always start arguing at around midnight each night. as a result, he wakes up feeling anxious each night just before midnight this seems to be an example of _____ conditioning.

temporal

orienting response

the automatic positioning of oneself to facilitate attending to a stimulus

flexion response

the automatic response of jerking one's hand or foot away from a hot or sharp object

dishabituation

the reappearance of a habituated response to a stimulus following the presentation of another, seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus

conditioned response (CR)

the response, often similar to the unconditioned response, that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.

imagine an eyeblink conditioning procedure in which the sound of a click is paired with a puff or air to the eye. the puff of air is called the _____ stimulus (abbreviated _______) , and the the eyblink that is elicits is called the _____ response (abbreviated ________)

unconditioned; US; unconditioned; UR

when you opened the broken refrigerator one evening, the putrid smell of rotten eggs made you nauseous. in classical conditioning terms, the putrid smell is a(n) _______ stimulus that elicits a(n) ______ response of nausea

unconditioned; unconditioned

in general long term habituation is most likely to occur when the stimulus is presented at (narrowly/widely) spaced intervals; in this case, the ability to respond tends to recover (slowly/quickly) when the stimulus is no longer presented

widely; slowly