Chapter One

Responsiveness

All organisms sense and respond to changes in their internal and external environment

Tissues

Are precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions.

Organ level

Different tissue types combine to form an organ Example: small intestines, brain, lungs, stomach, or heart

Microscopic anatomy

Examines structures that cannot be viewed by the unaided eye.

What language does it derive from?

Greek. It means "to cut apart".

Developmental anatomy

Investigates the changes in structure within an individual from conception through maturity.

What must organisms exchange with their environment to carry on metabolism?

Nutrients, gas, and waste.

Respiratory system

Responsible for exchange of gases (Oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs.

Cytology (cellular anatomy)

The study of single body cells and their internal structures.

Anatomy

The study of structure.

Lymphatic system

Transports and filters lymph and initiates an immune response when necessary.

Nervous system

A regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli, and helps control all other systems of the body. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory.

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

A special relationship exists between anatomy and physiology because structure and function cannot be completely separated.

Reproduction

All organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair. In addition, an organism produces sex cells that, under the right conditions, have the ability to develop into a new living organism.

Who studies anatomy?

Anatomists

What are the levels of organization in the human body?

Chemical level (atom and molecule) Cellular level (cells) Tissue level (epithelial) Organ level (small intestine) Organ system level Organismal level

What are the seven types of gross anatomy?

Comparative, Developmental, Embryology, Regional, Surface, and Systemic.

Endocrine system

Consists of glands and cell clusters the secrete hormones, some of which regulate body and cellular growth, chemical levels in the body, and reproductive functions.

Organ system level

Consists of related organs that work together to coordinate activities, and achieve a common function

Cardiovascular system

Consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels; the heart moves blood through blood vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, and gases, and pick up waste products.

Organs

Contain two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions.

Growth and development

During their lifetime, organisms assimilate materials from their environment and exhibit increased size and increased specialization as related to form and function. As the human body grows in size, structures such as the brain become more complex and sophisticated.

What are the four types of tissues?

Epithelial Connective muscle nervous

Pathologic anatomy

Examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease.

Surface anatomy

Examines both superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them. Health-care providers use surface features to identify and locate specific bony processes at joints as well as to obtain a pulse of a blood sample from a patient.

Comparative anatomy

Examines the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.

Urinary system

Filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body.

Tissue level

Groups of cells with a common function

Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

Investigates the structure and relationships of large body parts that are visible to the unaided eye. Examples: intestines, stomach, brain, heart, and kidneys.

Embryology

Is concerned specifically with developmental changes occurring prior to birth

Digestive system

Mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products.

Muscular system

Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract.

Female reproductive system

Produces female sex cells and female hormones, receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus

Male reproductive system

Produces male sex cells and male hormones, transfers sperm to the female.

Integumentary system

Provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, and prevents water loss

Systemic anatomy.

Studies the cross anatomy of each system in the body. Example: Studying the urinary system would involve examining the kidneys, where urine is formed, along with the organs of urine transport and storage.

Radiographic anatomy

Studies the relationship among internal structures that may be visualized by specific medical imaging procedures, such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or x-ray.

Physiology

The study of the function of body structures.

Histology

The study of tissues. It takes a wider approach to microscopic by examining how groups of specialized cells and their products function for a common purpose.

What do anatomists study?

They examine the relationship among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs.