Chapters 1 and 2 Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods
Which correlational coefficient represents the strongest relationship? a) -.95 b) -.75 c) .75 d) 1.25
-.95
"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts." This statement reflects the basic principle behind _____. Psychoanalysis Functionalism Structuralism Gestalt psychology
Gestalt psychology
Psychology is best defined as ______. a) scientific study of behavior and mental processes b) the study of abnormal behavior c) the study of thoughts and emotions d) the study of mental illness
a) scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Early psychologists asked research participants to record their observations of their own thoughts, feelings and behaviors. This process is called ____. introversion introspection psychotherapy objectivism
introspection
The consistency of a measure, including test-retest, inter-rater, inter-method, and internal consistency, is called ____. a) significance b) reliability c) validity d) testability
reliability
A group of participants that is exposed to the independent variable is called a(n) ____. a) control group b) experimental group c) random group d) non-experimental group
experimental group
A measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables is called ____. a) statistical power b) its distribution c) standard deviation d) a correlation
a correlation
A correlation coefficient of -1.0 indicates ______. a) a strong negative correlation b) that the correlation calculation was incorrect c) a weak negative correlation d) that there is no correlation between the two variables
a strong negative correlation
The specialty area in psychology that determines how people tend to change over the lifespan is called _____. Clinical Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Developmental Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Known as the "third force" in psychology, this approach emphasized that humans are by nature good, and are motivated by become self actualized: Humanistic psychology Gestalt psychology Functionalism Psychoanalysis
Humanistic psychology
___________ allow you to draw conclusions, or inferences, about the characteristics of an entire group (population) based on a smaller number of observations (sample) drawn from that population. a) Descriptive statistics b) Case statistics c) Universal statistics d) Inferential statistics
Inferential statistics
The specialty area in psychology that explores individual differences in people's characteristic ways of thinking, feeling and behaving is called ____. Cognitive Psychology Personality Psychology Developmental Psychology Cognitive psychology
Personality Psychology
Who described the components of the mind such as the id, ego and superego, and is known for his focus on the unconscious mind, the analysis of dreams and the development of psychoanalysis? Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow B.F. Skinner Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud
_______ psychology explores how the social environment, including culture, affects behavior. That is, it describes how our behavior is affected by the presence of other people. Personality Developmental Social Cognitive
Social
Pavlov, Watson and Skinner believed that the focus of psychology should be on observable behaviors, rather than mental processes, which could not be directly observed. This perspective in psychology is known as _____. the cognitive approach functionalism behaviorism psychoanalysis
behaviorism
Which of the following refer to mental processes such as thinking, problem solving, memory, perceptions, and information processing? cognition introversion self actualization psychoanalysis
cognition
An experimental design in which data is obtained simultaneously from people of differing ages to assess age-related changes is called ________ design. longitudinal case study cross-sectional correlational
cross-sectional
An experimental study focuses on the effects that the amount of exercise has on the number of calories consumed per day. The number of calories that a participant consumes is represented by the ____. a) independent variable b) confounding variable c) continuous variable d) dependent variable
dependent variable
In an experimental study on the effects of sleep deprivation on depression, the number of hours that a participant stays awake is represented by the ____. random variable independent variable dependent variable control variable
independent variable
An experimental design for assessing age-related changes in which data are obtained from the same individuals at intervals over a long period is called a ____. a) cross-sectional study b) longitudinal study c) correlational study d) mixed longitudinal study
longitudinal study