Chapters 1 and 2 Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Which correlational coefficient represents the strongest relationship? a) -.95 b) -.75 c) .75 d) 1.25

-.95

"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts." This statement reflects the basic principle behind _____. Psychoanalysis Functionalism Structuralism Gestalt psychology

Gestalt psychology

Psychology is best defined as ______. a) scientific study of behavior and mental processes b) the study of abnormal behavior c) the study of thoughts and emotions d) the study of mental illness

a) scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Early psychologists asked research participants to record their observations of their own thoughts, feelings and behaviors. This process is called ____. introversion introspection psychotherapy objectivism

introspection

The consistency of a measure, including test-retest, inter-rater, inter-method, and internal consistency, is called ____. a) significance b) reliability c) validity d) testability

reliability

A group of participants that is exposed to the independent variable is called a(n) ____. a) control group b) experimental group c) random group d) non-experimental group

experimental group

A measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables is called ____. a) statistical power b) its distribution c) standard deviation d) a correlation

a correlation

A correlation coefficient of -1.0 indicates ______. a) a strong negative correlation b) that the correlation calculation was incorrect c) a weak negative correlation d) that there is no correlation between the two variables

a strong negative correlation

The specialty area in psychology that determines how people tend to change over the lifespan is called _____. Clinical Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Developmental Psychology

Developmental Psychology

Known as the "third force" in psychology, this approach emphasized that humans are by nature good, and are motivated by become self actualized: Humanistic psychology Gestalt psychology Functionalism Psychoanalysis

Humanistic psychology

___________ allow you to draw conclusions, or inferences, about the characteristics of an entire group (population) based on a smaller number of observations (sample) drawn from that population. a) Descriptive statistics b) Case statistics c) Universal statistics d) Inferential statistics

Inferential statistics

The specialty area in psychology that explores individual differences in people's characteristic ways of thinking, feeling and behaving is called ____. Cognitive Psychology Personality Psychology Developmental Psychology Cognitive psychology

Personality Psychology

Who described the components of the mind such as the id, ego and superego, and is known for his focus on the unconscious mind, the analysis of dreams and the development of psychoanalysis? Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow B.F. Skinner Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

_______ psychology explores how the social environment, including culture, affects behavior. That is, it describes how our behavior is affected by the presence of other people. Personality Developmental Social Cognitive

Social

Pavlov, Watson and Skinner believed that the focus of psychology should be on observable behaviors, rather than mental processes, which could not be directly observed. This perspective in psychology is known as _____. the cognitive approach functionalism behaviorism psychoanalysis

behaviorism

Which of the following refer to mental processes such as thinking, problem solving, memory, perceptions, and information processing? cognition introversion self actualization psychoanalysis

cognition

An experimental design in which data is obtained simultaneously from people of differing ages to assess age-related changes is called ________ design. longitudinal case study cross-sectional correlational

cross-sectional

An experimental study focuses on the effects that the amount of exercise has on the number of calories consumed per day. The number of calories that a participant consumes is represented by the ____. a) independent variable b) confounding variable c) continuous variable d) dependent variable

dependent variable

In an experimental study on the effects of sleep deprivation on depression, the number of hours that a participant stays awake is represented by the ____. random variable independent variable dependent variable control variable

independent variable

An experimental design for assessing age-related changes in which data are obtained from the same individuals at intervals over a long period is called a ____. a) cross-sectional study b) longitudinal study c) correlational study d) mixed longitudinal study

longitudinal study