Chapters 11-15 quiz study guide

What are some effective types of speech introductions?

1. Tell a story 2. Refer to the occasion 3. Pose a provocative question

Chronological organization:

Follows the natural sequential order of the main points. An example of a topic that would work well with this pattern is a speech describing the development of the world wide web.

Sign posting:

Indicate to signal your next point

Indicate your sources:

Instructors may ask for a "Works Cited" bibliography- (a list of sources), in which you list sources alphabetically; the sample outline below includes such a bibliography.

Phrase outline:

Uses partial construction of the sentence form of each point.

Sample working outline:

"For bibliography: ABC of mountain biking"). The speech is organized topically or according to natural subdivisions of a topic.

What are five main purposes of introductions?

1. Arouse your audience's attention and willingness to listen 2. Introduce the topic and purpose 3. Establish your credibility to speak on the topic 4. Preview the main points 5. Motivate the audience to accept your speech goals

What are some tips to start a speech?

1. Establish what your topic is 2. Preview your main points 3. Establish your credibility 4. Open with a quotation

Name some examples of effective conclusion methods:

1. Reiterate the topic and speech purpose 2. Use quotations 3. Pose a rhetorical question

What are some tips to end a conclusion?

1. Restate what your main point and topic was 2. Revisit your story to end it 3. Plan out introduction/conclusion

What are the main purposes of a solid conclusion?

1. Signal to the audience that the speech is coming to an end and provide closure 2. Summarize the key points 3. Reiterate the thesis or central idea of the speech 4. Remind the audience of how your ideas will benefit them

30-70% ratio:

30% new information 70% supporting material

Restrict the number of main points:

A phenomenon termed the primary effect, and at the end of a speech (the recency effect) than of those made in between (unless the ideas made in between are far more striking than the others).

Narration:

A very effective way to start your speech. Consider cultural differences when planning your speech pattern.

Use transitions between speech points:

Another full-sentence transition is the rhetorical question. Rather than inviting actual responses, rhetorical question. Rather than inviting actual responses, rhetorical questions make the audience think Could there really be a way to use radiation without side effects, and to treat more types of cancer with it?

Indicate delivery cues:

Delivery cues: Will be part of the speech. to ensure visibility, capitalize the cues, place them in parentheses, an/or highlight them.

Sentence outline:

Each main and supporting point is stated in sentence form as a declarative sentence (e.g., one that makes an assertion about something).

Hard evidence:

Hard facts, data ,etc.

Outlining your speech:

In an outline you separate the main and supporting points- the major speech claims and the evidence to support them-into larger and smaller divisions and subdivisions.

Internal previews:

Introduce and outline ideas that will be developed as speech progresses.

Basic structure of a speech:

Introduction: Establishes the purpose of the speech and shows its relevance to the audience. Body: The speech presents main points that are intended to fulfill the speech purpose. Conclusion: Brings closure to the speech by restating the purpose, summarizing main points, and reiterating the speech thesis and its relevance to the audience.

Use main points to make your major claims:

Main points: Express the key ideas or arguments of the speech. Their function is to elaborate on the main ideas (in an informative speech) or claims (in a persuasive speech) being made in support of the speech thesis.

Soft evidence:

Opinions, references, etc.

Working outline:

Organize and firm up main points, and using the research you've gathered, develop supporting points to substantiate them.

Problem-solution organization:

Organizes main points both to demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem and to provide justification for a proposed solution. An example of a topic that would work well with this pattern is cyber- bullying.

Pay close attention to coordination and subordination:

Outlines reflect the principles of coordination and subordination- the logical placement of ideas relative to their importance to one another. Ideas that are coordinate are given equal weight; coordinate points are indicated by their parallel alignment. An idea that is subordinate to another is given relatively less weight; subordinate points are indicated by their indentation below the more important points.

Complexity:

Ranges from simple to complex, then arrange your ideas in that progressive form.

Coordination:

Refers to assigning points of equal significance or weight the same level of numbering (e.g., 1, 11, 111, A, B, C,1 2,3, and so on).

Recency:

Save your most powerful example last.

Cause and effect organization:

Some speech topics represent cause-effect relationships. An example of one is events leading to higher interest rates. In speeches on a topic like this, the speaker relates something known to be a "cause" to its "effects". An example of a topic that would work well with this pattern is reasons students drop out of college.

Use supporting points to substantiate your claims:

Supporting points: Organize the evidence you have gathered to explain (in an informative speech) or justify (in a persuasive speech) the main points. In an outline, supporting points appear in a subordinate position to main points. This is indicated by indentation. The most common format is the roman numeral outline. Main points are enumerated with uppercase roman numerals (1,11,111,...), supporting points are enumerated with capital letters (A,B,C,...), third-level points are enumerated with Arabic numerals (1,2,3...), and fourth-level points are enumerated with lowercase letters (a,b,c,...).

Subordination:

The arrangement of points in order of their significance to one another, descending from general to specific or abstract to concrete.

Use previews and summaries as transitions:

The preview statement briefly mentions the main points and thesis of the speech. Internal preview: Draws the audience in with a glimpse of what he or she will discuss next. Internal summary: Draws together ideas to reinforce them before the speaker proceeds to another speech point.

Use transitions to give direction to the speech:

Transitions: Words, phrases, or sentences that tie the speech ideas together and enable the listener to follow the speaker as he or she moves from one point to the next. Transitions (also called connectives) are a truly critical component of speeches because listeners cannot go back and reread what they might have missed.

Key-word outline:

Uses the smallest possible units of understanding to outline the main and supporting points.

Cultural differences:

When a speaker uses a chronological arrangement of the typical linear fashion, audience members from cultures with different time orientations may have difficulty making the connections among the main points. For these audiences, an alternative arrangement, such as the narrative, may be a more appropriate form in which to express speech ideas.

Spatial organization:

When describing the physical arrangement of a place, a scene, or an object, the main points have to be arranged in order of their physical proximity or direction relative to each other. An example of a topic that would work well with this pattern is a speech that provides the audience with a "tour" of a particular place. Example: EL Morro National Monument in New Mexico.

Topical speech pattern:

When each of the main points is a subtopic or category of the speech topic. Topical arrangements give you the greatest freedom to structure main points according to the way you wish to present your topic.

Narrative speech pattern:

You might organize the main points of the story in an effect-cause design, in which you first reveal why something happened (such as the collapse of a company) and then describe the events that led up to the event ( the causes).

Speaking outline:

You will use when you are practicing and actually presenting the speech.