Chapters 27-29
Why are seeds reproductively superior to spores?
Seeds contain a young plant and also are protected by a seed coat
plants that have a distinct haploid stage and diploid stage exhibit
alternation of generations
Consuming even a single mushroom of the genus _______________ can be fatal.
amanita
which fungal group forms on the surface of gills in mushrooms?
basidomycota
yeasts reproduce asexually by
budding
what carbohydrate makes up fungi cell walls?
chitin
how are vascular bundles arranged within a eudicot?
circle
fungi that lack septa are called:
coenocytic
which plants generally have leaves called needles that are long, narrow, tough, and leathery?
conifers
which of the gymnosperms are dioecious
cycads
which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding fungal infections of plants?
damage is always systemic and spread throughout the plant
cycads may be characterized as being:
dioecious and having motile sperm
which of the following phyla is unusual because it is composed of a single species?
ginkgophyta
which fungal group is coenocytic and reproduce asexually via blastospores?
glomeromycetes
which of the following correctly describe basidiomycetes?
hyphae of a primary mycelium consists of monokaryotic cells
seed plants produce ovules, each of which is a megasporangium surrounded by ______
integuments
which process takes place within the young basidia on the gills of the mushroom?
karyogamy
which of the following is NOT true of lichens?
lichens can all be seen with an unaided eye
each cone scale bears two ovules, or ________, on its upper surface
megasporangia
what do the large female cones of a pine tree contain
megasporangia
________ occurs in the capsule and produces haploid spores
meiosis
when a moss spore lands in a suitable spot, it germinates and grows into a filament of cells called a
protonema
each individual gametophyte plant has tiny, hair like absorptive structures known as
rhizoids
what do ferns lack?
seeds
meiosis occurs forming spores within which of the following
sporangium
which statement about mycorrhizae is FALSE?
Arbuscular mycorrhizae are extracellular.
chytrids produce which of the following cells at some point during their life cycle, which is an indicator of fungal evolution?
flagellate
what do chytrids, but no other fungi, possess?
flagellate cells
what is a lichen's typical process for reproduction?
fragmentation
what formation of fungi is often seen as mold growing on bread?
mycelium
what does moss form, during its life cycle, when a haploid spore germinates?
protonema
within a flowering plant's phloem, what do the efficient sugar-conducting cells compose?
sieve tube elements
modern botanists think that all plants evolved from a common ancestor, an ancient green algae. what is the best explanation for this hypothesis?
they share many biochemical and metabolic traits
unlike bryophytes, what do conifers not need as a transport medium for reproduction to occur?
water
where do fungi obtain their energy or food from?
other organisms
which is the most economically important bryophyte?
sphagnum
how is the pollen of pine trees primarily disseminated
wind
the genus pinus, by far the largest genus in the conifers, consists of about how many species?
100
how do mosses help prevent soil erosion?
Mosses are packed in dense colonies, holding soil together.
how do mycorrhizae benefit plants?
Mycorrhizae increase a plant's absorptive surface area of roots.
which genus is used to produce beer and wine?
Saccharomyces
allomyces has an unusual life cycle in that it spends part of its like as a multicellular haploid thallus and part as a multicellular diploid thallus. This life cycle is known as which of the following?
alternation of generations
the most diverse, successful, and familiar group of plants today are the
angiosperms
which group of plants were the most recent to evolve?
angiosperms
the haploid gametophytes produce male gametangia known as
antheridi
what is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants
antheridium
gametophytes also produce female gametangia known as
archegonia
the sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called:
asci
which group of fungi includes truffles and blue-green, pink, and brown molds?
ascomycetes
ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming:
ascospores
in what structure does karyogamy occur in the life cycle of ascomycetes?
ascus
saccharomyces cerevisiae are useful for which of the following?
baking
the club fungi typically reproduce by producing
basidia
Mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as:
basidiocarps
why are bees important to the reproductive success of flowering plants?
bees carry pollen to other plants
which is an example of a member of phylum zygomycota?
black bread mold
which statement about gymnosperms and angiosperms is false
both groups have free-living gametophytes
________ are divided into three distinct phyla: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
bryophytes
__________ are the only living nonvascular plants
bryophytes
how are the sperm of moss transported to the archegonia?
by both insects and water
thrush, a painful yeast infection of the mouth, throat and vagina, is caused by a member of the genus:
candida
spores are produced in which part of a moss sporophyte?
capsule
which of the following is a characteristic shared between green algae and plants?
chlorophylls a and b in plastids
recent studies of gene function as it relates to reproductive development suggest that angiosperms evolved most directly from
conifers
which phylum's very few surviving species are tropical and subtropical plants with stout, trunk-like stems, and compound leaves that resemble those of palms or tree ferns?
cycadophyta
Hyphae that contain two genetically distinct, sexually compatible nuclei within each cell are described as:
dikaryotic
What unique reproductive process of a flowering plant accounts for its evolutionary success?
double fertilization
which of the following is mismatched?
dutch elm disease-glomeromycetes
in most developing eudicot seeds, the primary source of nutritive material is in the
endosperm
________ include oaks, roses, mustards, cacti, blueberries, and sunflowers; these are either herbaceous or woody.
eudicots
cycads and ginkgo are similar in that they produce nonmotile sperm
false
in the process of double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg and the other sperm fuses with a spore
false
most conifers are dioecious
false
the pollen grains of pine each consists of three cells
false
which of the following is a vascular plant?
fern
the oldest known mega fossils of ______, discovered in New York, are dated at 380 million years old. These trees, which were about 8 m tall, had vascular tissues but no leaves and minimal root system.
fernlike trees
One ancestral characteristic remaining in representatives of the Chytridiomycota is:
flagellated cells
lichens reproduce mainly by asexual means, usually by which of the following?
fragmentation
the sori of most ferns are found on which part of the plant?
fronds
as a seed develops from an ovule, the ovule wall enlarges and develops into a
fruit
in which part of an angiosperm are seeds produced?
fruit
how are fungi different from plants?
fungi cell walls do not contain cellulose
what is the dominant stage of a bryophyte's life cycle?
gametophyte
which generation is significantly reduced in size and entirely dependent on the sporophyte generation?
gametophyte
the haploid portion of the life cycle is called the _________ because it gives rise to haploid gametes by mitosis
gametophyte generation
Lichens are most typically formed by the symbiotic association of an alga or cyanobacterium and a(n):
glomeromycete
Many seedless plants produce spores of one morphological type, which is referred to as:
homospory
which plant has a jointed hollow stem with reduces megaphylls?
horsetail
which two plants of the carboniferous period contributed to the formation of today's coal deposits?
horsetails and club mosses
a flower that has sepals, petals, and stamens, but lacks carpels, is know as:
incomplete and imperfect
of the following, which would be predicted to grow at the slowest rate?
lichens
a key step in the evolution of vascular plants was the ability to produce ______, a strengthening polymer in the walls of cells that provide support and conduction
lignin
a plant with parallel veins and floral parts in threes or multiples of three would be classified as a
monocot
Most conifers have separate male and female reproductive parts on the same tree. This condition is referred to as:
monoecious
how does mycorrhizae fungi help a plant absorb more water and mineral nutrients from the soil?
mycorrhizae increase the surface area of plant roots
what type of leaf venation do eudicots possess
netted
the hypha, a filament that makes up the vegetative body of most fungi, serves which of the following functions?
nutrient absorption
which of the following plant would demonstrate secondary growth
oak
what is an example of a monocot?
onions
which part of a flowering plant eventually becomes the seed?
ovule
what commercially important bryophyte is used as a soil conditioner, packing material, and fuel source?
peat
what conducts dissolved sugar within a seed plant?
phloem
which process marks the start of the dikaryotic stage (n+n) in the fungal reproductive cycle?
plasmogamy
which part of a flowering plant is the immature male gametophyte?
pollen grain
what most grow from a pollen grain once attached to a female cone?
pollen tube
the oldest known megafossils of early vascular plants may be characterized as
possessing dichotomously branched stems without leaves or roots
ascomycetes are NOT used for which of the following applications?
prepare vinegar
the gametophyte generation of ferns is the
prothallus
what is the dominate form of a fern during the haploid gametophyte generation?
prothallus
after fertilization in angiosperms, what does the ovule develop into?
seed
heterospory is believed to have led to the evolution of
seeds
in most fungi, hyphae are divided by cross walls, termed which of the following?
septa
seedless vascular plants have which of the following important plants (although this feature is absent in algae and bryophytes)?
specialized vascular tissues called xylem and phloem
When bread gets moldy with visible black or blue spots, you are looking at masses of the colored:
spores
what does each male cone's leaflike scales that bear sporangia on the underside consist of?
sporophylls
when two gametes fuse, the diploid portion of the life cycle is called ______
sporophyte generation
what is the male component of the flower that produces gametes?
stamen
what are the pores on a leaf that allows for gas exchange between a plant and the atmosphere?
stomata
the name conifer comes from the reproductive parts of conifers as they have separate male and female reproductive parts in different locations on the same plant. What is the technical name for the structures bearing these reproductive parts?
strobili
once a pollen grain lands on a pistil of a flower, where does the pollen tube grow?
style
what type of root system is prevalent of eudicots
taproot
which is an important structural difference between all plants and algae?
the presence of a waxy cuticle
what characteristics of land plants distinguishes them from green algae
they develop from embryos enclosed in maternal tissue
why are mosses and liverworts limited in size?
they lack vascular tissues
what is the function of the sepal of a flowering plant?
to protect the flower bud
what is the function of the phloem in plants?
to transport dissolved sugars
the endosperm of an angiosperm seed is typically
triploid (3n)
the wood of conifers consists mostly of tracheids
true
which of the following is NOT an example of an animal disease caused by an ascomycete?
tuberculosis
each sporophyll of a pollen cone bears how many microsporangia on its underside?
two
what makes up most of the mass of an individual mushroom
underground mycelium
which of the following do bryophytes not possess (which sets them apart from other plants)?
vascular tissue
what is an example of a plant disease caused by a basiodiomycete?
wheat rust
which vascular tissue in both gymnosperms and flowering plants is for conducting water and dissolved minerals?
xylem
which vascular tissue is responsible for conducting water and dissolved minerals in plants?
xylem
which unicellular fungus is probably in most kitchens?
yeast