Chapters 27-29

Why are seeds reproductively superior to spores?

Seeds contain a young plant and also are protected by a seed coat

plants that have a distinct haploid stage and diploid stage exhibit

alternation of generations

Consuming even a single mushroom of the genus _______________ can be fatal.

amanita

which fungal group forms on the surface of gills in mushrooms?

basidomycota

yeasts reproduce asexually by

budding

what carbohydrate makes up fungi cell walls?

chitin

how are vascular bundles arranged within a eudicot?

circle

fungi that lack septa are called:

coenocytic

which plants generally have leaves called needles that are long, narrow, tough, and leathery?

conifers

which of the gymnosperms are dioecious

cycads

which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding fungal infections of plants?

damage is always systemic and spread throughout the plant

cycads may be characterized as being:

dioecious and having motile sperm

which of the following phyla is unusual because it is composed of a single species?

ginkgophyta

which fungal group is coenocytic and reproduce asexually via blastospores?

glomeromycetes

which of the following correctly describe basidiomycetes?

hyphae of a primary mycelium consists of monokaryotic cells

seed plants produce ovules, each of which is a megasporangium surrounded by ______

integuments

which process takes place within the young basidia on the gills of the mushroom?

karyogamy

which of the following is NOT true of lichens?

lichens can all be seen with an unaided eye

each cone scale bears two ovules, or ________, on its upper surface

megasporangia

what do the large female cones of a pine tree contain

megasporangia

________ occurs in the capsule and produces haploid spores

meiosis

when a moss spore lands in a suitable spot, it germinates and grows into a filament of cells called a

protonema

each individual gametophyte plant has tiny, hair like absorptive structures known as

rhizoids

what do ferns lack?

seeds

meiosis occurs forming spores within which of the following

sporangium

which statement about mycorrhizae is FALSE?

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are extracellular.

chytrids produce which of the following cells at some point during their life cycle, which is an indicator of fungal evolution?

flagellate

what do chytrids, but no other fungi, possess?

flagellate cells

what is a lichen's typical process for reproduction?

fragmentation

what formation of fungi is often seen as mold growing on bread?

mycelium

what does moss form, during its life cycle, when a haploid spore germinates?

protonema

within a flowering plant's phloem, what do the efficient sugar-conducting cells compose?

sieve tube elements

modern botanists think that all plants evolved from a common ancestor, an ancient green algae. what is the best explanation for this hypothesis?

they share many biochemical and metabolic traits

unlike bryophytes, what do conifers not need as a transport medium for reproduction to occur?

water

where do fungi obtain their energy or food from?

other organisms

which is the most economically important bryophyte?

sphagnum

how is the pollen of pine trees primarily disseminated

wind

the genus pinus, by far the largest genus in the conifers, consists of about how many species?

100

how do mosses help prevent soil erosion?

Mosses are packed in dense colonies, holding soil together.

how do mycorrhizae benefit plants?

Mycorrhizae increase a plant's absorptive surface area of roots.

which genus is used to produce beer and wine?

Saccharomyces

allomyces has an unusual life cycle in that it spends part of its like as a multicellular haploid thallus and part as a multicellular diploid thallus. This life cycle is known as which of the following?

alternation of generations

the most diverse, successful, and familiar group of plants today are the

angiosperms

which group of plants were the most recent to evolve?

angiosperms

the haploid gametophytes produce male gametangia known as

antheridi

what is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants

antheridium

gametophytes also produce female gametangia known as

archegonia

the sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called:

asci

which group of fungi includes truffles and blue-green, pink, and brown molds?

ascomycetes

ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming:

ascospores

in what structure does karyogamy occur in the life cycle of ascomycetes?

ascus

saccharomyces cerevisiae are useful for which of the following?

baking

the club fungi typically reproduce by producing

basidia

Mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as:

basidiocarps

why are bees important to the reproductive success of flowering plants?

bees carry pollen to other plants

which is an example of a member of phylum zygomycota?

black bread mold

which statement about gymnosperms and angiosperms is false

both groups have free-living gametophytes

________ are divided into three distinct phyla: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

bryophytes

__________ are the only living nonvascular plants

bryophytes

how are the sperm of moss transported to the archegonia?

by both insects and water

thrush, a painful yeast infection of the mouth, throat and vagina, is caused by a member of the genus:

candida

spores are produced in which part of a moss sporophyte?

capsule

which of the following is a characteristic shared between green algae and plants?

chlorophylls a and b in plastids

recent studies of gene function as it relates to reproductive development suggest that angiosperms evolved most directly from

conifers

which phylum's very few surviving species are tropical and subtropical plants with stout, trunk-like stems, and compound leaves that resemble those of palms or tree ferns?

cycadophyta

Hyphae that contain two genetically distinct, sexually compatible nuclei within each cell are described as:

dikaryotic

What unique reproductive process of a flowering plant accounts for its evolutionary success?

double fertilization

which of the following is mismatched?

dutch elm disease-glomeromycetes

in most developing eudicot seeds, the primary source of nutritive material is in the

endosperm

________ include oaks, roses, mustards, cacti, blueberries, and sunflowers; these are either herbaceous or woody.

eudicots

cycads and ginkgo are similar in that they produce nonmotile sperm

false

in the process of double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg and the other sperm fuses with a spore

false

most conifers are dioecious

false

the pollen grains of pine each consists of three cells

false

which of the following is a vascular plant?

fern

the oldest known mega fossils of ______, discovered in New York, are dated at 380 million years old. These trees, which were about 8 m tall, had vascular tissues but no leaves and minimal root system.

fernlike trees

One ancestral characteristic remaining in representatives of the Chytridiomycota is:

flagellated cells

lichens reproduce mainly by asexual means, usually by which of the following?

fragmentation

the sori of most ferns are found on which part of the plant?

fronds

as a seed develops from an ovule, the ovule wall enlarges and develops into a

fruit

in which part of an angiosperm are seeds produced?

fruit

how are fungi different from plants?

fungi cell walls do not contain cellulose

what is the dominant stage of a bryophyte's life cycle?

gametophyte

which generation is significantly reduced in size and entirely dependent on the sporophyte generation?

gametophyte

the haploid portion of the life cycle is called the _________ because it gives rise to haploid gametes by mitosis

gametophyte generation

Lichens are most typically formed by the symbiotic association of an alga or cyanobacterium and a(n):

glomeromycete

Many seedless plants produce spores of one morphological type, which is referred to as:

homospory

which plant has a jointed hollow stem with reduces megaphylls?

horsetail

which two plants of the carboniferous period contributed to the formation of today's coal deposits?

horsetails and club mosses

a flower that has sepals, petals, and stamens, but lacks carpels, is know as:

incomplete and imperfect

of the following, which would be predicted to grow at the slowest rate?

lichens

a key step in the evolution of vascular plants was the ability to produce ______, a strengthening polymer in the walls of cells that provide support and conduction

lignin

a plant with parallel veins and floral parts in threes or multiples of three would be classified as a

monocot

Most conifers have separate male and female reproductive parts on the same tree. This condition is referred to as:

monoecious

how does mycorrhizae fungi help a plant absorb more water and mineral nutrients from the soil?

mycorrhizae increase the surface area of plant roots

what type of leaf venation do eudicots possess

netted

the hypha, a filament that makes up the vegetative body of most fungi, serves which of the following functions?

nutrient absorption

which of the following plant would demonstrate secondary growth

oak

what is an example of a monocot?

onions

which part of a flowering plant eventually becomes the seed?

ovule

what commercially important bryophyte is used as a soil conditioner, packing material, and fuel source?

peat

what conducts dissolved sugar within a seed plant?

phloem

which process marks the start of the dikaryotic stage (n+n) in the fungal reproductive cycle?

plasmogamy

which part of a flowering plant is the immature male gametophyte?

pollen grain

what most grow from a pollen grain once attached to a female cone?

pollen tube

the oldest known megafossils of early vascular plants may be characterized as

possessing dichotomously branched stems without leaves or roots

ascomycetes are NOT used for which of the following applications?

prepare vinegar

the gametophyte generation of ferns is the

prothallus

what is the dominate form of a fern during the haploid gametophyte generation?

prothallus

after fertilization in angiosperms, what does the ovule develop into?

seed

heterospory is believed to have led to the evolution of

seeds

in most fungi, hyphae are divided by cross walls, termed which of the following?

septa

seedless vascular plants have which of the following important plants (although this feature is absent in algae and bryophytes)?

specialized vascular tissues called xylem and phloem

When bread gets moldy with visible black or blue spots, you are looking at masses of the colored:

spores

what does each male cone's leaflike scales that bear sporangia on the underside consist of?

sporophylls

when two gametes fuse, the diploid portion of the life cycle is called ______

sporophyte generation

what is the male component of the flower that produces gametes?

stamen

what are the pores on a leaf that allows for gas exchange between a plant and the atmosphere?

stomata

the name conifer comes from the reproductive parts of conifers as they have separate male and female reproductive parts in different locations on the same plant. What is the technical name for the structures bearing these reproductive parts?

strobili

once a pollen grain lands on a pistil of a flower, where does the pollen tube grow?

style

what type of root system is prevalent of eudicots

taproot

which is an important structural difference between all plants and algae?

the presence of a waxy cuticle

what characteristics of land plants distinguishes them from green algae

they develop from embryos enclosed in maternal tissue

why are mosses and liverworts limited in size?

they lack vascular tissues

what is the function of the sepal of a flowering plant?

to protect the flower bud

what is the function of the phloem in plants?

to transport dissolved sugars

the endosperm of an angiosperm seed is typically

triploid (3n)

the wood of conifers consists mostly of tracheids

true

which of the following is NOT an example of an animal disease caused by an ascomycete?

tuberculosis

each sporophyll of a pollen cone bears how many microsporangia on its underside?

two

what makes up most of the mass of an individual mushroom

underground mycelium

which of the following do bryophytes not possess (which sets them apart from other plants)?

vascular tissue

what is an example of a plant disease caused by a basiodiomycete?

wheat rust

which vascular tissue in both gymnosperms and flowering plants is for conducting water and dissolved minerals?

xylem

which vascular tissue is responsible for conducting water and dissolved minerals in plants?

xylem

which unicellular fungus is probably in most kitchens?

yeast