Chapters 4-6 Criminal Justice Study guide

Prisoner Demographics & Criminal records:

-1.5 million incarcerated (2016), declined over last decade -93% male, 7% female -38% black, 34% white, 21% hispanic, 7% multiracial -Time served- 95% are released

Nolle Proseque:

-A formal notice of abandonment by a plaintifff or prosecutor of all or part fo a suitor action -"We shall no longer prosecute"

deprivation model

-A prisoner subculture may develop as a result of this Explains the formation of prison subcultures and adaption to the prison environment such as the nature and impact of an individual's prison culture over its residents will vary across prisons and among residents. In this model, the "Pains of imprisonment," such as loss of liberty and deprivation of goods and services, combine to affect prison life As a result, inmates must learn to adapt and cope with a different environment. -A theory that inmate aggression is the result of the frustration inmates feel at being deprived of freedom, consumer goods, sex, and other staples of life outside the institution.

grand jury

-A proceeding featuring citizens who assess a prosecutor's evidence in order to determine if there is enough evidence to proceed a trial. -A group of citizens that decides whether there is sufficient evidence to accuse someone of a crime.

Bail

-A system requiring a guarantee by defendants to return for court dates. Judges decide whether a certain amount to be released prior to trial or must be detained due to Flight Risk, Public Safety and so forth -A sum of money used as a security deposit to ensure that an accused person returns for his or her trial

Examples of problem solving courts

specialized dockets within the criminal justice system that seek to address the underlying problem(s) contributing to certain criminal offenses drug courts, domestic violence courts, reentry courts, and veterans treatment courts

Importation Model:

-A theory that the inmate society is shaped by the attributes inmates bring with them when they enter prison. -Prison subcultures evolve due to this -This occurs when inmates bring their life experiences with them to prison, which will then determine how the inmate adjusts to prison life -Most researchers feel that a combination of the deprivation model and the importation model best explains and inmate's adaptations to prison life. -This suggests that the skills, experiences, and attributes that individuals bring with them into a prison environment affect the prison culture & the ability of an individual to adjust to that environment.

plea bargaining

-An agreement between the prosecutor and defense attorney, approved by the judge, in which a defendant pleads guilty to a charge in hopes of lenient treatment.

Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP)

-Form of probation Corporal that requires more frequent contacts between offenders and their supervising officers than regular probation and typically involves more conditions of supervision -A punishment-oriented form of probation in which the offender is placed under stricter and more frequent surveillance and control than in conventional probation.

hands-off doctrine

-Courts historically took a non-interventionist stance -Until 1. Prison ethnographic and 2. Prison riots -Prisoner rights movement in the wake of the 1960s -an approach that made courts reluctant to interfere with prison management or prisoner rights -Inmates forfeit most of their rights They've violated the social contract after all "Socialization process whereby inmates embrace the oppositional and anti-social culture of the prisoner" Prisons are isolated and isolating Micro societies of argot, values beliefs and norms Convict code (Male): don't snitch oppose the guards at all times, defend yourself but work to avoid physical contact

Bonds:

-If a defendant pays the amount (called a bond) Beersheets is released and must return to court when this or for her next court date is scheduled. -Upon return the bond is refunded to the defendant if the defendant does not return to court the bond is forfeited.

truth-in-sentencing laws

-Legislative attempts to ensure that convicts will serve approximately the terms to which they were initially sentenced. -Began in mid-1990s -Required that 85% of sentence is served

Pennsylvania V Auburn Models of Imprisonment

-Pennsylvania System: Eastern State Penitentiary built by the "Quaker State" Labor and isolation, total silence, ultimate undoing-psychology & Expense -Auburn Model:Ultimate winner convert system, discipline and forced by liberal use of the Lash ie; Chain and Forest uniforms worn, tier design

Split Sentencing:

-Prisoners serve a period of probation following their release. -an intermediate sanction where, after a brief period of imprisonment, the judge brings the offender back to court and offers the option of probation

Transinstitutionalization:

-Process whereby the mentally ill were first placed in Secure confinement in a hospital setting, released and then reconfined under the authority of the criminal justice system. Ie; prisons

Restorative Justice (Reparative):

-Programs that use interventions to return victims, offenders, and communities to their preoffense states. -Generally involve the voluntary participation of the offenders, victims and community members in seeking an outcome acceptable to all parties

shock incarceration

-Something used interchangeably with bootcamps, but can also refer to a program in which judges or Correctional authorities are given the authority to Grant early conditional release ( Often after less than 180 days incarceration) to low-risk offenders who had been originally sentenced to a term of incarceration and place them on a form of community supervision for the remainder of their sentences. -A short period of incarceration that is designed to deter further criminal activity by "shocking" the offender with the hardships of imprisonment.

Definition of parole:

-Supervision of offenders who have been released from Correctional institutions prior to the completion of their maximum terms of incarceration and must abide by their conditions of supervision to remain in the community used in jurisdiction with indeterminate sentencing -The release of a prisoner temporarily (for a special purpose) or permanently before the completion of a sentence, on the promise of good behavior.

Deinstitutionalization

-The release of individuals and Secure Care back into the community for supervision or outright release -transferring the treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community-based facilities that emphasize outpatient care

net widening

-The term used to describe circumstances in which a correctional program is inadvertently used for a larger or different population than the one originally intended -process in which new sentencing options increase rather than reduce control over offenders' lives

Voire Dire:

-jury selection -The questioning of potential jurors during jury selection to screen out those who may not be appropriate E.g: those who may be biased against the defendant or who may be relatives of the victim

technical violation

-the probationer's failure to abide by the rules and conditions of probation (specified by the judge), resulting in revocation of probation -Violations of conditions of supervision that do not involve the commission of new criminal offenses.

Prisonization

-the process of accepting the culture and social life of prison society. It can be described as a process whereby newly institutionalized offenders come to accept prison lifestyles and criminal values. Prisonization forms an informal inmate code. -the process by which a new inmate absorbs the customs of prison society and learns to adapt to the environment

methods of selecting judges

1. Elections 2. Gubernatorial or legislative appointments 3. Merit selection based on committee recommendations Partisan or Nonpartisan election Partisan election, candidates declare political affiliations and campaign as a party member, typically with support from the party. Non Partisan election, the candidates' political affiliations are not specified, although the candidate's party affiliation becomes known because of the state's political parties, contribute money to their candidate's campaign. Merit Selection (Like the ABA): 1. List of candidates given to governor 2. Selection made for a limited tenure 3. Retention ballot following term

Technical Violation examples

Failure to pay financial conditions, failure to attend required treatment programs or drug tests that indicate the use of illegal or prohibited substances.