Chapters 4-9 Study Guide

Heather Whitestone and Marlee Matlin presented their deaf experiences through completely different ways in which their "conflicts" were rooted on the opposite extremes of their deaf existence. While Matlin embraced Deaf culture, Whitestone viewed deafness as a disability that needed to be overcome. Whitestone eventually became an ambassador of the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf being an active member in promoting treatment of hearing disorders through the association with the National Institute of Health on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Matlin became the ambassador of the Deaf community by being a strong advocate for full access of public media, such as captioning on television, and eventually received an honorary degree from Gallaudet University for her dedication to and advocacy work on behalf of the Deaf community.

10. What is the difference between how Heather Whitestone and Marlee Matlin approach their experiences as d/Deaf people? (Share two situations/issues that they differ in.)

1. Presenting deafness as a major life obstacle to be overcome 2. Showcases Deaf culture as a beautiful experience, in which Deaf essence is nurtured and celebrated.

Autobiographies either frame (or portray) their 'deaf' experience as :

Resistance and Immersion

Become determined to learn more about their cultural identity. Associate with their community more, become angry at the deception, shun mainstream culture because of the pain and hatred they experienced growing up. For deaf, during this stage they reject their hearing aids, stop using speech and start using ASL. They associate using ASL with deaf friends only and terminate relationships with hearing friends. Students seek to transfer to a deaf school or college with a substantial number of deaf people. Sense of relief that they can stop trying to be hearing.

Conformity

Behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards. Authors believed that many members of oppressed groups spend years growing up trying to conform to society's. For the Deaf, they may grow up in the conformity stage. No appreciation of Deaf community because of negative messages received from education, medical, and parents. No access to Deaf role models children may be reinforced in the thinking that the Deaf community has no positive attributes.

Culturally Isolated Individuals

Chooses not to be affiliated with the Deaf community. Oral Deaf who chooses not to associate with Deaf community. Reduced access to the student's own culture group raises the level of intensity.

General Art

Deaf artist creating something that has nothing to do with deaf culture

Deaf Culture Art

Deaf artist made a statue with Gallaudet and Alice Cogwell at CSD-Fremont. To the naked eye. It is assumed as art but contains a hidden meaning.

One piece of ASL Art I remember learning about in class is the piece by Susan Dupor called "Family Dog". The piece portrayed the life of a Deaf child who is fed, nurtured, and given love by their hearing family. However, that is the extent of the relationship. This relationship is similar to the relationship of a family dog.

Do you have a favorite piece of ASL Literature or Art that we learned about during class? If no favorite, choose one piece of art you remember and explain the idea / interpretation behind it.

Culturally Marginal Individuals

Does not feel at ease in the Deaf community but does not feel a part of the hearing community either. They don't speak well enough or hear well enough to function comfortably in the hearing situations and don't know enough signs to fit into the Deaf community. People avoid them due to difficult communication. Become stuck between two worlds and tend to avoid things as a result.

Deaf Dominant Bicultural People

Function well in both but if given choice choose Deaf who can sign. Do not avoid hearing people, they require interpreters and teach others to sign. Invest time and energy to make their contact with hearing people effective. Enjoy hearing reigns but socializing with Deaf is more rewarding. If given the choice they are more comfortable in the Deaf culture where they can be themselves.

Hearing Dominant Bicultural Deaf People

Functions well in Deaf community but have limited contact with other deaf people (rural communities). Does not mean they shun the Deaf community, but opportunities to socialize with other Deaf is minimal. May want to climb the corporate ladder or has a hobby that isn't prevalent in Deaf community. Because of life circumstances, they have few contacts with Deaf people.

Affirmative Art

Highlights the positive aspects of their culture (cultural issues, beauty of ASL, eyes, hand...)

Awareness

Knowledge or perception of a situation or fact. For the deaf, they are at peace with themselves and their relationships with family. They make the choice to not use speech, hearing aids or cochlear implants not because someone told them to but by their choice. They will associate with hearing people as much or as little as they want.

Dissonance

Lack of agreement, dissonance between the truth and what people want to believe. For Deaf, meeting a successful Deaf person can be a life altering experience. These encounters are needed for them to progress from the conformity stage to the dissonance stages.

Culturally Separate Deaf People

Least stressful for Deaf people. Intentionally keeps contact with hearing people to a minimum. Tired of oppression, lack of communication, patronizing attitudes. Work in a Deaf setting or show up at their work and keep to themselves. Stop visiting family because they've made no effort to communicate. Happiness is with the Deaf community. Almost impossible for Deaf individuals to fall into this category.

1. Conformity 2. Dissonance 3. Resistance and Immersion 4. Introspection 5. Awareness

List the 5 stages of cultural awareness

Culturally Captive

May have been sheltered by hearing parents from the "evils" of the Deaf community by their parents or education system. They grew up believing there are no other deaf people in the world like themselves, no Deaf community, no deaf organizations, no opportunities to meet other deaf. They are unaware of the education opportunities that exist for deaf people. They have no idea what services are available to them. Don't know of all the resources that are available to them

Betty Miller - Considered the mother of De'VIA Chuck Baird - One of the founders of De 'VIA Susan Dupor Ann Silver Shawn Richardson

Name 3 well-known De'Via artists that you learned in class. (You learned about five in class).

Deaf Experience Art

Shows the inability to hear (Deaf artists created art about the "Deaf experience", either resistance or affirmative). Experience growing up in a Deaf life.

Introspection

The examination or observation of one's experiences in the previous stage. Reexamine the extreme stance in the previous stage. For Deaf, realizing their effects to be as Deaf as possible doesn't always result in a positive outcome. Recognize that parents had good intentions, revisit hearing aids. New role models identified. Formulate new ways of thinking about who they are, what it means to be a member of the Deaf community and how they want to relate to their family and the hearing world.

1. Deaf Schools 2. ASL 3. Deaf Clubs

Traditional Values of Deaf Culture were originally:

1. First opportunities to meet other Deaf people 2. Learn communication strategies (ASL) 3. Social interaction strategies attained (attention getting, turn-taking devices, successful identity formation through Deaf Role Models) 4. Direct communication with teachers instead of delayed communication through interpreters. 5. Places Deaf individuals in a natural environment where they have so much access to opportunities to help set them up for the future. 6. Where Deaf individuals can be accepted for they are and don't have to conform in order to fit with the hearing community. 7. Deaf individuals can compete in Deaf sports or be a part of Deaf theater groups where they can do something they are passionate about.

What are 6 benefits of Residential Schools? (Be specific)

1.ASL Poetry 2. Classifier Stories 3. Handshape Rhymes 4. ABC Stories 5. ASL Books 6. Autobiographies

What are some forms of ASL Literature?

1. Enculturation at Birth - At Birth, if born Deaf to a Deaf Family (0-5) 2. Enculturation at the Initial deaf school Placement as a young child. Enroll late with extremely limited communication skills. Exposed to ASL, Deaf Culture, Values, and solutions. 3. Enculturation after transferring to a Deaf School. Older, after frustrating years, ready to transfer and learn. 4. Enculturation upon graduation from High school (probably most difficult to go through). By choice, adults learn ASL and benefit from solutions later.

What are the 4 'Critical Periods' in which deaf people are acculturated (or entered) into the Deaf Community through the residential school experience?

Resistance Art Affirmative Art

What are the two general themes of Art? (These themes are also shared with other cultures).

General Art Deaf Culture Art Deaf Experience Art

What are three different categories of deaf art? Explain or give an example of each.

F = Full Access to Communication I = Information Sharing S = Self Determination H = Healthy Identity Formation

What have the traditional values of Deaf culture changed to?

Deaf View/Image Art

What is De'Via short for? (Four words)

1. Allows signers to express thoughts and feelings freely and fully 2. Contains grammatical structure and specific rules that must be followed in order for it to be used correctly.

What would you say to someone who didn't believe ASL was a full-fledged language? Give two reasons

Daily Moth

What's the name of the "News" show in ASL that is online?

DPAN.tv

What's the name of the website that provides signed music videos, or other videos (like the Presidential Debate) in ASL.

Barbara Kannapell

Who asserted that deaf people are drawn to the deaf community because of their need for clear and effective communication.

William Stokoe, Dorothy Casterline, Carl Cronberg

Who developed the first ASL dictionary?

Kathryn Meadow-Orlans

Who noted the 4 'Critical Periods' in which deaf people are acculturated (or entered) into the Deaf Community through the residential school experience?

Carol Padden

Who said that language and culture cannot be separated?

Jack Gannon

Who wrote "Deaf Heritage, A Narrative History of Deaf America"

Roy K. Holcomb

Who wrote Hazards of Deafness?

Resistance Art

issues of oppression, identity formation, and political struggles

Balanced Bicultural Deaf People

speaks & signs well. Comfortable in both deaf and hearing communities. Some say this is impossible for Deaf, but maybe a hard of hearing person could do it.