Chapters 6-7

As a result of glycolysis, there is a net gain of ________ ATP(s). 36 0 2 1

2

In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules? 4 3 5 2 1

3

How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose? 4 8 10 2 6

6

Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis? -6 CO2 + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O -C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O -6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy -H2O → 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2e-

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Humans use about ________ of their daily calories to maintain brain cells and power other life-sustaining activities. 75% 50% 90% 25%

75%

In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occurs? View Available Hint(s) -Pyruvate is reduced by oxidizing an NAD+ to an NADH. -A compound called coenzyme A binds to a two-carbon fragment. -Carbon dioxide must be present for pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle. -Oxygen atoms are formed into oxygen gas.

A compound called coenzyme A binds to a two-carbon fragment.

Which option properly summarizes the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle? -H2O + light energy → ATP + NADPH + O2 gas -H2O + light energy + CO2 → glucose + O 2 gas -ATP + NADPH + 3CO 2→ G3P -none of the above

ATP + NADPH + 3CO 2→ G3P

The primary function of light absorption by photosystems I and II is to produce __________. View Available Hint(s) oxygen heat free, energized electrons fluorescence

free, energized electrons

Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process. pyruvic acid ... sugars glucose ... enzymes ATP ... complex carbohydrates glucose ... organelles

glucose ... enzymes

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? glycolysis electron transport chain the citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation

glycolysis

Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____. -in the cytoplasm -directly on the surface of the mitochondrial membrane -within the mitochondrial membrane -within the cell nucleus

in the cytoplasm

Where does glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell? View Available Hint(s) -on the inner mitochondrial membrane -in the mitochondria -in the cytoplasmic fluid -within the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion

in the cytoplasmic fluid

We inhale O2 and we exhale CO2. Carbon dioxide is produced __________. View Available Hint(s) -during the formation of pyruvate -in the reaction that creates acetyl CoA (coenzyme A) from pyruvate -when oxygen acquires electrons and protons at the end of the electron transport chain -during the electron transfer steps of oxidative phosphorylation

in the reaction that creates acetyl CoA (coenzyme A) from pyruvate

During cellular respiration, energy in glucose -is used to manufacture glucose. -is carried by electrons. -is released all at once. -becomes stored in molecules of ammonia.

is carried by electrons.

When a car engine burns gasoline, the results of the reaction are similar to when cells burn glucose. Both reactions release carbon dioxide and water. In cells, the chemical energy in food is converted to ATP and heat. In a moving car, the chemical energy in gasoline is converted to __________. View Available Hint(s) -ATP and heat -potential energy and heat -thermal energy and heat -kinetic energy and heat

kinetic energy and heat

Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center want to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles begin to function anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of _____. View Available Hint(s) lactic acid ADP carbon dioxide ATP

lactic acid

The "photo-" part of the word photosynthesis refers to the _____, whereas "-synthesis" refers to _____. View Available Hint(s) -light reactions that occur in the thylakoids : carbon fixation -reactions in the stomata : the reactions in the thylakoids -Calvin cycle : carbon fixation -Calvin cycle : the reactions in the stoma

light reactions that occur in the thylakoids : carbon fixation

In cellular respiration, glucose _____ electrons, whereas _____ electrons. View Available Hint(s) loses ... water gains loses ... oxygen gains gains ... oxygen loses gains ... water loses

loses ... oxygen gains

A molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox reaction __________. View Available Hint(s) -loses electrons and becomes reduced -loses electrons and becomes oxidized -gains electrons and becomes reduced -gains electrons and becomes oxidized

loses electrons and becomes oxidized

Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________. -gain of protons; loss of protons -gain of oxygen; loss of oxygen -gain of electrons; loss of electrons -loss of electrons; gain of electrons

loss of electrons; gain of electrons

The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary. During these energy conversions, some energy is -lost in the form of heat. -saved in the chemical bonds of water, CO2, and O2. -destroyed when the chemical bonds of glucose are made. -used to create light.

lost in the form of heat.

Lungs are to breathing as _____ are to cellular respiration. View Available Hint(s) -alveoli -chloroplasts -bronchi -mitochondria

mitochondria

During chemiosmosis, -a concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion's intermembrane space. -energy is released as H+ ions move freely across mitochondrial membranes. -H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor. -ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase.

ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase. Submit

The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is -C5H12O6 + 6 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy. -C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy. -C6H12O6 + energy → 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + 6 O2. -5 CO2 + 6 H2O → C5H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy.

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.

Which of the following statements regarding the chemical grooming of pyruvate is false? -Two pyruvate molecules together contain less chemical energy than was found in the original glucose molecule. -Two molecules of pyruvate are each converted into two-carbon molecules joined to a coenzyme A molecule. -Each pyruvate molecule has a CO2 added and then joins with an NADH. -Each pyruvate loses a carbon atom, which is released as CO2.

Each pyruvate molecule has a CO2 added and then joins with an NADH.

Which of the following statements regarding aerobic cellular respiration is TRUE? View Available Hint(s) -The bulk of the ATP generated in cellular respiration in produced through substrate-level phosphorylation. -Glucose is completely oxidized to form carbon dioxide. -Oxidative phosphorylation in the inner mitochondrial membrane produces NADH. -Most of the energy captured from the breakdown of glucose occurs during glycolysis.

Glucose is completely oxidized to form carbon dioxide.

antibiotic oligomycin works by inhibiting ATP synthase. You would expect that -H+ will accumulate in the intermembrane space. -NAD+ and FAD will pick up the extra H+. -H+ will accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix. -there will be an increase in ATP production.

H+ will accumulate in the intermembrane space.

Which of the following leaf types would be the most efficient at absorbing sunlight? View Available Hint(s) -Needlelike leaves -Small, narrow leaves -All of these leaf types are equally efficient at absorbing sunlight. -Large, broad leaves

Large, broad leaves

The thylakoid membranes bring together the components necessary to carry out the _____. light reactions Calvin cycle Krebs cycle production of glucose

Light reactions

Given the relatively modest number of calories burned by anything but the most vigorous activities, why can people consume over 2,000 kilocalories a day, yet maintain a healthy body weight? View Available Hint(s) -Not all calories are created equal, so a person who consumes 2,000 kilocalories of sugar- and fat-laden processed food will gain weight, whereas a person who consumes 2,000 calories of nonprocessed, low-carbohydrate food will not. -They can't, and this has led to a problem of obesity in the United States. -Most of the energy consumed in food is spent maintaining the body's functions, so only a fraction of food energy needs to be burned in exercise. -People really should exercise vigorously for one to two hours per day.

Most of the energy consumed in food is spent maintaining the body's functions, so only a fraction of food energy needs to be burned in exercise.

In the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound? View Available Hint(s) lactic acid carbon dioxide NAD+ ethanol

NAD+

After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from _____. ADP NADPH CO2 ATP NADP+

NADPH

Which of the following statements about the energy yield of aerobic respiration is false? -Oxidative phosphorylation resulting from 1 glucose molecule yields 12 ATP molecules. -The oxidation of pyruvate results in the production of 0 ATP molecules. -Glycolysis resulting from 1 glucose molecule yields 2 ATP molecules. -The citric acid cycle resulting from 1 glucose molecules yields 2 ATP molecules.

Oxidative phosphorylation resulting from 1 glucose molecule yields 12 ATP molecules.

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration? -Oxygen provides high-energy electrons for transfer to glucose. -Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose. -Oxygen is required to convert ADP to ATP. -Oxygen is involved in the initial breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.

Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true? -Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria. -Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. -Photosynthesis occurs in mitochondria, and cellular respiration occurs in chloroplasts. -Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria and in chloroplasts.

Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, and cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.

Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____. Rubisco NADPH G3P RuBP 3-PGA

RuBP

Marathon runners are long-distance runners (marathons are races that are 26.2 miles long). Studies have shown that the muscles of marathon runners contain an abundance of slow-twitch muscle cells. Which of the following statements about these fibers is true? -Slow-twitch fibers have lots of mitochondria to make ATP aerobically. -Slow-twitch fibers have few mitochondria and make ATP through fermentation. -Slow-twitch fibers have lots of mitochondria to make ATP through fermentation. -Slow-twitch fibers have few mitochondria and make ATP aerobically. Submit

Slow-twitch fibers have lots of mitochondria to make ATP aerobically.

Which of the following structures allows for gas exchange between the tissues of a leaf and the atmosphere? View Available Hint(s) Vascular bundle Epidermis Cuticle Stomata

Stomata

What is the ultimate fate of the electrons that are stripped from glucose during cellular respiration? View Available Hint(s) -They result in the formation of heat. -They are used to form water. -They are used to form ATP by chemiosmosis. -They are donated to NADH.

They are used to form water.

How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration? -They produce ATP. -They produce glucose. -They store energy in molecules of carbon dioxide. -The energy is coupled to oxygen.

They produce ATP.

True or false. Guard cells open during the day to allow gases to flow through the stomata. View Available Hint(s) True False

True

The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from chlorophyll. water. glucose. carbon dioxide.

Water

Through respiration, humans breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2. However, what would happen if we did not breathe in O2? View Available Hint(s) -We would not have enough enzymes to catalyze reactions. -We would not make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements -We would not be able to perform lactic acid fermentation. -We would not be able to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules.

We would not make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements

Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas? the Citric Acid cycle the electron transport chain glycolysis a, b, and c a and b, but not c

a and b, but not c

The O2 required for __________ is supplied by __________. View Available Hint(s) -cellular respiration ... ATP -cellular respiration ... breathing -CO2 ... cellular respiration -breathing ... cellular respiration

cellular respiration ... breathing

Mitochondria transfer ________ energy from ________ to ATP; chloroplasts transform ________ energy into the chemical energy of ATP. food; light; nuclear light; food; kinetic chemical; food; light food; light; chemical

chemical; food; light

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? -conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds -a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule -conversion of NADH to NAD+ -production of CO2

conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds

In biological systems, an important enzyme involved in the regulation of redox reactions is ATP. oxygen. dehydrogenase. glucose.

dehydrogenase.

Photosynthesis is an __________ process in which carbon is __________, whereas cellular respiration is an __________ process in which carbon is __________. View Available Hint(s) -endergonic : oxidized : endergonic : reduced -exergonic : reduced : endergonic : oxidized -endergonic : oxidized : exergonic : reduced -endergonic : reduced : exergonic : oxidized

endergonic : reduced : exergonic : oxidized

Which of the following are products of cellular respiration? -energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide and water -oxygen and energy to make ATP -oxygen and carbon dioxide -oxygen and glucose

energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide and water

Incoming photons of light energy initiate photosynthesis by _____. -exciting electrons in pigment molecules within the photosystems, raising them to a higher energy level -turning ATP synthase turbines in the thylakoid membrane -splitting water molecules into oxygen and high-energy electrons -catalyzing a reaction that joins H 2 O with CO 2 , yielding glucose Submit

exciting electrons in pigment molecules within the photosystems, raising them to a higher energy level

The light reactions produce _____. -glucose and oxygen, completing the process of photosynthesis -carbon dioxide -oxygen, NADPH, and ATP -several photons of light energy, which then power the dark reactions -none of the above

oxygen, NADPH, and ATP

In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is water. ADP. carbon dioxide. oxygen.

oxygen.

Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____. photosynthesis glycolysis the Citric Acid cycle electron transport

photosynthesis

In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another. The energy released is used to __________. View Available Hint(s) -form ATP during glycolysis -pump protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane -generate large amounts of NADH and FADH2 -synthesize carbon dioxide

pump protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane

After glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle, -glucose is split, producing two molecules of pyruvate. -pyruvate is oxidized. -coenzyme A is cleaved off pyruvate. -a carbon atom is added to pyruvate to make a four-carbon compound.

pyruvate is oxidized.

A muscle cell deprived of molecular oxygen will convert glucose to lactic acid to __________. View Available Hint(s) -recycle NADH through fermentation -gain energy through chemiosmosis -gain 2 ATP through glycolysis -transition into the citric acid cycle

recycle NADH through fermentation

Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATPmolecules are produced during _____. -glycolysis ... the Citric Acid cycle -the Citric Acid cycle ... glycolysis -the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport -electron transport ... glycolysis

the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport

Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria? -the Citric Acid cycle -the electron transport chain -glycolysis -the Citric Acid cycleand the electron transport chain -All of the above.

the Citric Acid cycleand the electron transport chain

A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit -the citric acid cycle only. -the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. -oxidative phosphorylation only. -glycolysis only.

the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells? View Available Hint(s) -the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion -the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane -the mitochondrion -the cytoplasmic fluid

the mitochondrion

Oxidative phosphorylation could not occur without glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, because _____. View Available Hint(s) -these two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain -these two stages provide the water that is split during oxidative phosphorylation -these two stages provide the oxygen used as the final electron acceptor -the electron transport chain requires the ATP produced during the first two stages

these two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain

NADH and FADH 2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) perFADH 2 molecule. three ... two two ... three one ... one zero ... zero

three ... two

Chlorophyll is located in ________, which are found in ________, which are concentrated in ________. -mesophyll; chloroplasts; thylakoids -mesophyll; thylakoids; chloroplasts -chloroplasts; thylakoids; mesophyll -thylakoids; chloroplasts; mesophyll

thylakoids; chloroplasts; mesophyll

In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____. -synthesize ATP directly. -transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochodria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP. -transport electrons out of the mitochondria, resulting in ATP production. -move phosphate groups into the mitochondria. When they reach a high enough concentration, they spontaneously join with ADP to form ATP. Submit

transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochodria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.

What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis? -two net ATP molecules -four net ATP molecules -two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules -carbon dioxide -one glucose molecule

two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____. NADPH ... NADP+ carbon dioxide ... sugar NADPH ... oxygen carbon dioxide ... oxygen water ... NADPH

water ... NADPH