Chapters 7 and 8 Exam

Tips for using testimony

-quote or paraphrase accurately -use testimony from qualified sources -use testimony from unbiased sources -identify the people you quote or paraphrase

Citing Sources Orally

-the book, mag, newspaper, or web document you are citing -the author or sponsoring organization of the document -the author's qualifications with regard to the topic -the date on which the document was published, posted, or updated

Tips for using statistics

-use statistics to quantify your ideas -use statistics sparingly -identify the sources of your statistics -explain your statistics -round off complicated statistics -use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

Understanding statistics

1. Are the statistics representative? 2. Are statistical measures used correctly? 3. Are the statistics from a reliable source?

How do you do this ?

1. Give credit to others who have done the work 2. Give specifics about your 3. Name of the person or publication or web document 4. Credentials of that person or publication 5.date of study statistic or piece of evidence

Tips for doing research

1. Start early 2. Make a preliminary bibliography 3. Take notes efficiently 4. Think about your materials as you research

Tips for using examples

1. Use examples to clarify your ideas 2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas 3. Use examples to personalize your ideas 4. Make your examples vivid and richly textured 5. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

Paraphrasing is better than direct quotation in two situations

1. When the wording of a quotation is obscure or cumbersome. 2. When a quotation is longer than two or three sentences

Why citing sources?

1.Ethics 2. Credibility

Google Scholar

A fast and easy way to search a broad range of scholarly literature. Advanced search tools let you narrow your search by author, publication, date,and subject matter.

Newspaper and periodical database

A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers. Newspaper and periodical databases allow you to locate article in thousand of publications,including time, Atlantic, the New York Times and street journal.

Most frequently used special encyclopedias

African American encyclopedia, the encyclopedia of religion, and the McGraw hill encyclopedia of science and technology

The time you spend researching is the most productive of what?

All the time you devote to preparing your speech

Verbally delivered citations must appear in what?

Alphabetical order on works cited or reference page

Sponsorship organizations

An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, Is responsible for the content of a document on the Internet.

Pathos

Emotional appeals made my a speaker to the audience( fear, compassion, pride, anger, guilt, and reverence.

general encyclopedia

Encyclopedia Britannica

Major kinds of Reference works

Encyclopedias,yearbooks, quotation books, and biological aids

What is the three basic types of supporting materials?

Example statistics and testimony

What are the types of evidence?

Examples,Statistics,testimony, definitions

Citing sources orally in your speeches in not a matter of citing a rigid formula but of adapting what?

General principles to specific circumstances

JSTOR

In addition to cataloguing more than 1,000 academic journals in various disciplines, JSTOR allows you to search images, letters, and other primary documents.

Most popular Biographical Aids

International who's who and who's who in America. Contemporary black biography, Dictionary of Hispanic biography,and who's, who among Asian Americans.

Authorship

Is the author of the web document clearly identified?What is the others qualifications? Is the other an expert on the topic? Can his or her data and opinions be excepted as objective and unbiased?

Sponsorship

Is the organization objective in its research and fair minded in its statements? Is it economically unbiased with regard to the issue under discussion? Does it have a history of accuracy and nonpartisanship?"

Why do we use evidence of public speaking?

It is proof and helps build credibility

InfoTrac Onefile is an example of an academic database.

It provides access to more than 100 million scholarly articles in areas from economics and sociology to science and medicine.

Benefit of Wikipedia

It's major articles are followed by an extensive set of additional resources such as Footnotes, , A list of references, external links, and, in some cases, video and/or cell images. If you take advantage of these resources, they will lead you to a vest amount of information beyond that and Wikipedia.

If the homepage does not contain an About link this may be a sign of the sponsoring organization is what?

Less than forthright, and does not meet the necessary standards of objectivity and expertise.

Logos

Logical arrangement of evidence in a speech

Supports this : Aristotle three models of proof

Logos,ethos, and pathos

The best way to determine the recency of an internet document it to what?

Look for a copyright date, publication date, or date of last revision at the top or bottom of the document.

Citing the testimony of experts is a good way to what?

Make your ideas more credible

What are the two major formats for citing documents in a bibliography?

Modern language Association (MLA) and American psychological scholars(APA)

One of the advantages of using the internet for research is that it often has what?

More recent information than you can find in print sources.

Quotation books

Oxford dictionary of quotations, the new quotable woman, and ancient echoes: Native American words of wisdom.

Responsibility of speaker: tell

Possible suggestions: According to Of the in an article from On I found a source from Dated That

The Outcome of both interviews is decided by how well the interviewer what?

Prepares

Is the source

Reliable, authoritative,current,relevant, consistent.

After the interview

Review your notes as soon as possible and Transcribe your notes

Ethos

Speakers credibility

Brief examples

Specific instances (for an example) It is a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.

Statistics are often cited in passing to clarify or what?

Strengthen a speakers point

In the course of a speech you may use brief examples specific instances referred to in passing and sometimes you may want to give general brief examples in a row to create a what?

Stronger impression

What is evidence?

Supporting materials speakers use to support their ideas.

Take notes efficiently

Take plenty of notes Record notes in a consistent format Make a separate entry for each note Distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrases, and your own ideas

When should you use a direct quotation as opposed to paraphrasing?

The Standard rule is that quotations are most effective when they are brief, When they convey your meaning better than you can, When they are particularly eloquent,witty, or compelling. If you find a quotation that fits these criteria, then recite the quota word for word.

The Special Case of Wikipedia

The biggest encyclopedia In human history, each month some 400 million people access one or more of its articles. It I a good place to to start learning about a topic but it is not a good place to end because of its convenience.

Supporting materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

What are the three basic statistical measures?

The mean, median and mode.

Median

The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.

Mode

The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers

What is the About link on the organization's homepage?

The sites founders,purpose, or philosophy

paraphrase

To restate or summarize a sources ideas in one's own words. Opinion in the speakers words.

One way to gauge credibility of an organization is to what?

Type it's name in google

Government Resources

USA.gov, Statistical Abstract, World Factbook

Statistics

numerical data that show relationships or summarize or interpret many instances. It is the facts figures and findings that you use to make the audience appreciate the force behind something to strengthen your claim. Use sparingly and be sure to translate for your audience.

What are the Organizations that have developed strong reputations for their expertise and objectivity.

public interest groups such as consumers union, common cause, and the American cancer society. Others include the national archives, centers for disease control, and similar government agencies.

testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point , opinion and observation of others.

quoting out of context

quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.

Biographical Aids

references that provide brief life and career facts about contemporary people in news.

Definitions

statement of the exact meaning of a word or phrase use to crarify or create understanding it is important for the audience and speaker to be on the same page.

peer testimony

testimony from ordinary people with first hand experience or insight on a topic

expert testimony

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields. Authority in a field and knowledgeable about their topic

Direct quotation

testimony that is presented word for word

Mean

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

During the interview

-Dress appropriately and be on time -Repeat the purpose of the interview -Set up the recorder (if you are using one) -Keep the interview on track -Listen carefully -Don't overstay your welcome

Good speeches need strong supporting materials to what?

Bolster the speakers point of view

web documents are published by what?

Businesses government agencies public interest groups and the like rather than by individual authors. In some cases you must judge whether the sponsoring organization is impartial enough to cite in your speech.

The importance of the subject heading

Cannot be overemphasized, It is the first step to more efficient note taking. By telling you at a glance when you start to compose the speech.

Common knowledge doesn't require what?

Citation

During the speech you must what?

Cite sources

Before the interview

Define the purpose of the interview Decide whom to interview Arrange the interview Decide whether to record the interview Prepare your questions

Private institutions such as RAND, the Cato institute, and the Brookings institution often have what?

Definite political leanings but are usually well respected for the quality and substance of their research.

Evaluating Internet documents

When you do research in a library, everything you find has been evaluated in one way or another before It gets to you. books magazines and journals have editorial procedures To determine whether a given work should or should not be published. Once the work is publish it has to be approved by the acquisitions staff for inclusion in the library.

When citing sources in a speech you need to let your audience know what?

Where you got your information and why they should except it as qualified and credible. In most cases,this means identifying the document you are citing, its date of publication or posting, the author or sponsoring organization, and the author's credentials.

Record to record notes in a consistent format

You should use the same format for all your research notes, whether they come from Internet sources, library documents, or personal interviews. In each case, record the note, the source of the note, and a heading indicating the subject of the note.

Academic databases

a database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals and research.

preliminary bibliography

a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic

catalogue

a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library. It shows the author, book, title and keyword. It also tells whether the book is available or checked out

call number

a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.

yearbooks

a reference work published annually that contains information about the previous year two of the most valuable yearbooks are facts file and world Almanac and book of facts.

virtual library

a search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data.

Example

a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

extended example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point. Longer and more detailed

Abstract

a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author. Always consult the full article.

Reference works

a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.

hypothetical examples

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation Imagine(suppose let's say) it can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience.

research interview

an interview conducted to gather information for a speech.

Whenever you use a hypothetical example in a speech, it is usually a good idea to what?

follow it with statistics or testimony to show that the example is realistic.

Quotation books

include more than 25,000 quotations from historical and contemporary figures. It had long been regarded as an indispensable source for speakers and writers alike.