Chapters 7 and 8 Exam
Tips for using testimony
-quote or paraphrase accurately -use testimony from qualified sources -use testimony from unbiased sources -identify the people you quote or paraphrase
Citing Sources Orally
-the book, mag, newspaper, or web document you are citing -the author or sponsoring organization of the document -the author's qualifications with regard to the topic -the date on which the document was published, posted, or updated
Tips for using statistics
-use statistics to quantify your ideas -use statistics sparingly -identify the sources of your statistics -explain your statistics -round off complicated statistics -use visual aids to clarify statistical trends
Understanding statistics
1. Are the statistics representative? 2. Are statistical measures used correctly? 3. Are the statistics from a reliable source?
How do you do this ?
1. Give credit to others who have done the work 2. Give specifics about your 3. Name of the person or publication or web document 4. Credentials of that person or publication 5.date of study statistic or piece of evidence
Tips for doing research
1. Start early 2. Make a preliminary bibliography 3. Take notes efficiently 4. Think about your materials as you research
Tips for using examples
1. Use examples to clarify your ideas 2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas 3. Use examples to personalize your ideas 4. Make your examples vivid and richly textured 5. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples
Paraphrasing is better than direct quotation in two situations
1. When the wording of a quotation is obscure or cumbersome. 2. When a quotation is longer than two or three sentences
Why citing sources?
1.Ethics 2. Credibility
Google Scholar
A fast and easy way to search a broad range of scholarly literature. Advanced search tools let you narrow your search by author, publication, date,and subject matter.
Newspaper and periodical database
A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers. Newspaper and periodical databases allow you to locate article in thousand of publications,including time, Atlantic, the New York Times and street journal.
Most frequently used special encyclopedias
African American encyclopedia, the encyclopedia of religion, and the McGraw hill encyclopedia of science and technology
The time you spend researching is the most productive of what?
All the time you devote to preparing your speech
Verbally delivered citations must appear in what?
Alphabetical order on works cited or reference page
Sponsorship organizations
An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, Is responsible for the content of a document on the Internet.
Pathos
Emotional appeals made my a speaker to the audience( fear, compassion, pride, anger, guilt, and reverence.
general encyclopedia
Encyclopedia Britannica
Major kinds of Reference works
Encyclopedias,yearbooks, quotation books, and biological aids
What is the three basic types of supporting materials?
Example statistics and testimony
What are the types of evidence?
Examples,Statistics,testimony, definitions
Citing sources orally in your speeches in not a matter of citing a rigid formula but of adapting what?
General principles to specific circumstances
JSTOR
In addition to cataloguing more than 1,000 academic journals in various disciplines, JSTOR allows you to search images, letters, and other primary documents.
Most popular Biographical Aids
International who's who and who's who in America. Contemporary black biography, Dictionary of Hispanic biography,and who's, who among Asian Americans.
Authorship
Is the author of the web document clearly identified?What is the others qualifications? Is the other an expert on the topic? Can his or her data and opinions be excepted as objective and unbiased?
Sponsorship
Is the organization objective in its research and fair minded in its statements? Is it economically unbiased with regard to the issue under discussion? Does it have a history of accuracy and nonpartisanship?"
Why do we use evidence of public speaking?
It is proof and helps build credibility
InfoTrac Onefile is an example of an academic database.
It provides access to more than 100 million scholarly articles in areas from economics and sociology to science and medicine.
Benefit of Wikipedia
It's major articles are followed by an extensive set of additional resources such as Footnotes, , A list of references, external links, and, in some cases, video and/or cell images. If you take advantage of these resources, they will lead you to a vest amount of information beyond that and Wikipedia.
If the homepage does not contain an About link this may be a sign of the sponsoring organization is what?
Less than forthright, and does not meet the necessary standards of objectivity and expertise.
Logos
Logical arrangement of evidence in a speech
Supports this : Aristotle three models of proof
Logos,ethos, and pathos
The best way to determine the recency of an internet document it to what?
Look for a copyright date, publication date, or date of last revision at the top or bottom of the document.
Citing the testimony of experts is a good way to what?
Make your ideas more credible
What are the two major formats for citing documents in a bibliography?
Modern language Association (MLA) and American psychological scholars(APA)
One of the advantages of using the internet for research is that it often has what?
More recent information than you can find in print sources.
Quotation books
Oxford dictionary of quotations, the new quotable woman, and ancient echoes: Native American words of wisdom.
Responsibility of speaker: tell
Possible suggestions: According to Of the in an article from On I found a source from Dated That
The Outcome of both interviews is decided by how well the interviewer what?
Prepares
Is the source
Reliable, authoritative,current,relevant, consistent.
After the interview
Review your notes as soon as possible and Transcribe your notes
Ethos
Speakers credibility
Brief examples
Specific instances (for an example) It is a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.
Statistics are often cited in passing to clarify or what?
Strengthen a speakers point
In the course of a speech you may use brief examples specific instances referred to in passing and sometimes you may want to give general brief examples in a row to create a what?
Stronger impression
What is evidence?
Supporting materials speakers use to support their ideas.
Take notes efficiently
Take plenty of notes Record notes in a consistent format Make a separate entry for each note Distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrases, and your own ideas
When should you use a direct quotation as opposed to paraphrasing?
The Standard rule is that quotations are most effective when they are brief, When they convey your meaning better than you can, When they are particularly eloquent,witty, or compelling. If you find a quotation that fits these criteria, then recite the quota word for word.
The Special Case of Wikipedia
The biggest encyclopedia In human history, each month some 400 million people access one or more of its articles. It I a good place to to start learning about a topic but it is not a good place to end because of its convenience.
Supporting materials
The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.
What are the three basic statistical measures?
The mean, median and mode.
Median
The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.
Mode
The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers
What is the About link on the organization's homepage?
The sites founders,purpose, or philosophy
paraphrase
To restate or summarize a sources ideas in one's own words. Opinion in the speakers words.
One way to gauge credibility of an organization is to what?
Type it's name in google
Government Resources
USA.gov, Statistical Abstract, World Factbook
Statistics
numerical data that show relationships or summarize or interpret many instances. It is the facts figures and findings that you use to make the audience appreciate the force behind something to strengthen your claim. Use sparingly and be sure to translate for your audience.
What are the Organizations that have developed strong reputations for their expertise and objectivity.
public interest groups such as consumers union, common cause, and the American cancer society. Others include the national archives, centers for disease control, and similar government agencies.
testimony
quotations or paraphrases used to support a point , opinion and observation of others.
quoting out of context
quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.
Biographical Aids
references that provide brief life and career facts about contemporary people in news.
Definitions
statement of the exact meaning of a word or phrase use to crarify or create understanding it is important for the audience and speaker to be on the same page.
peer testimony
testimony from ordinary people with first hand experience or insight on a topic
expert testimony
testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields. Authority in a field and knowledgeable about their topic
Direct quotation
testimony that is presented word for word
Mean
the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
During the interview
-Dress appropriately and be on time -Repeat the purpose of the interview -Set up the recorder (if you are using one) -Keep the interview on track -Listen carefully -Don't overstay your welcome
Good speeches need strong supporting materials to what?
Bolster the speakers point of view
web documents are published by what?
Businesses government agencies public interest groups and the like rather than by individual authors. In some cases you must judge whether the sponsoring organization is impartial enough to cite in your speech.
The importance of the subject heading
Cannot be overemphasized, It is the first step to more efficient note taking. By telling you at a glance when you start to compose the speech.
Common knowledge doesn't require what?
Citation
During the speech you must what?
Cite sources
Before the interview
Define the purpose of the interview Decide whom to interview Arrange the interview Decide whether to record the interview Prepare your questions
Private institutions such as RAND, the Cato institute, and the Brookings institution often have what?
Definite political leanings but are usually well respected for the quality and substance of their research.
Evaluating Internet documents
When you do research in a library, everything you find has been evaluated in one way or another before It gets to you. books magazines and journals have editorial procedures To determine whether a given work should or should not be published. Once the work is publish it has to be approved by the acquisitions staff for inclusion in the library.
When citing sources in a speech you need to let your audience know what?
Where you got your information and why they should except it as qualified and credible. In most cases,this means identifying the document you are citing, its date of publication or posting, the author or sponsoring organization, and the author's credentials.
Record to record notes in a consistent format
You should use the same format for all your research notes, whether they come from Internet sources, library documents, or personal interviews. In each case, record the note, the source of the note, and a heading indicating the subject of the note.
Academic databases
a database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals and research.
preliminary bibliography
a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic
catalogue
a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library. It shows the author, book, title and keyword. It also tells whether the book is available or checked out
call number
a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.
yearbooks
a reference work published annually that contains information about the previous year two of the most valuable yearbooks are facts file and world Almanac and book of facts.
virtual library
a search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data.
Example
a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.
extended example
a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point. Longer and more detailed
Abstract
a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author. Always consult the full article.
Reference works
a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.
hypothetical examples
an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation Imagine(suppose let's say) it can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience.
research interview
an interview conducted to gather information for a speech.
Whenever you use a hypothetical example in a speech, it is usually a good idea to what?
follow it with statistics or testimony to show that the example is realistic.
Quotation books
include more than 25,000 quotations from historical and contemporary figures. It had long been regarded as an indispensable source for speakers and writers alike.