chapters 9-14
What was the spark for a deadly riot in New York in 1863? Food shortages. A military draft. Peace negotiations with the South. Irish immigrants being asked not to serve. Opposition to the Thirteenth Amendment.
A military draft.
Historians estimate that approximately ________slaves per year escaped to the North or Canada. 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000
1,000
Why did many Northern states end black voting in the 1820s and 1830s? After gradual emancipation, there were more free blacks in the North who voted, and populist politicians like Andrew Jackson used white working class racism to win elections After gradual emancipation, many free blacks left the states where they had been enslaved, meaning there were few black voters The South put political pressure on the North to pass laws similar to those in the South There were no black voters in the North except for runaway slaves who voted illegally
After gradual emancipation, there were more free blacks in the North who voted, and populist politicians like Andrew Jackson used white working class racism to win elections
Why were the religious revivals of the early 19th century so popular? Americans looked to religion and religious reform as a way of asserting control over social and economic changes Many white and abolitionists flocked to new churches which allowed integrated congregations and had black ministers The prosperity gospel preached by many revivalists that told believers they would get rich by getting rid of all their possessions was attractive after many economic panics British churches evangelized in the United States in an effort to reassert imperial influence
Americans looked to religion and religious reform as a way of asserting control over social and economic changes
Why was the US reluctant to annex Texas as a state? Annexing Texas would disturb the balance in the Senate between slave and free states and possibly lead to war with Mexico Americans feared that annexing Texas would be difficult because many Texans fought to remain an independent republic Americans feared that annexing Texas would provoke France and Britain to attack to preserve the world wide balance of power Annexing Texas would be economically taxing because so little land in Texas was good for farming
Annexing Texas would disturb the balance in the Senate between slave and free states and possibly lead to war with Mexico
How did Catholic immigration affect labor politics in the early 19th century? Anti-Catholicism forced many immigrants into low-wage jobs, driving down wages and creating new pro- and anti-Catholic unions Catholic immigrants became the majority population in many cities, passing anti labor union laws because unions kept immigrants out of high paying jobs To avoid anti-Catholic prejudice, many immigrants converted to Judaism in order to get jobs, making many labor unions majority Jewish Many employers sought to employ free African Americans instead of Catholic immigrants because they believed black workers would not join unions
Anti-Catholicism forced many immigrants into low-wage jobs, driving down wages and creating new pro- and anti-Catholic unions
why did the Republican party form ahead of the election of 1856? Southerners turned away from the Democratic party in favor of the new, more conservative and pro-slavery Republican party Many Northerners and Southerners felt that a new, unifying political party was the only way to keep the union together Anti-slavery white Northerners felt the Whigs or Democrats were not abolitionist enough Many Northerners and Southerners believed that the federal government overreached its Constitutional powers by trying to regulate the spread of slavery and turned to the small-government Republican party which promised less federal regulation
Anti-slavery white Northerners felt the Whigs or Democrats were not abolitionist enough
From 1800 to 1860, which of the following occurred to the South and its economy? Southern cities, Dallas and Houston, had the most slaves. The South manufactured about half of the cotton textiles. Because the South was a slave society, most immigrants stayed away. Slavery was not profitable for most slaveowners. Southern banks' biggest customers were small-shop craftsmen.
Because the South was a slave society, most immigrants stayed away.
What did Shays' Rebellion (1786) and the Whiskey Rebellion (1794) have in common? Both began with political protests like petitions before turning to armed resistance Both protested the strong federal government imposed by the new Constitution Both sought to overthrow the state or federal government Both resulted in greater American unity after the rebellions were suppressed
Both began with political protests like petitions before turning to armed resistance
How did the economics of cotton change the economics of slavery? Cheap Indian land and profitable cotton made plantation slavery impossible to end without changing the US economic system Cotton was much more expensive to grow than other crops, making it essential to use cheap slave labor instead of free labor Cotton could only be grown in certain types of soil, making the industry of slavery collapse because there was no longer a market for slaves Cotton was so expensive to produce and slavery became a cultural rather than economic institution
Cheap Indian land and profitable cotton made plantation slavery impossible to end without changing the US economic system
The Republican Party founded in the 1850s strongly endorsed the same policy about slavery in the territories that ________ had begun advocating in 1846. David Wilmot Stephen Douglas John C. Calhoun Roger Taney Henry Clay
David Wilmot
Why did employers find wage work more attractive than the shop system? Employers no longer had obligations to provide workers with food, shelter, or health care It allowed many more workers to be trained in important skills, resulting in better products Unskilled workers could improve their skills and climb the ladder from unskilled to skilled positions Wage work allowed employers to attract more skilled male workers as federal taxes incentivized centralization of business
Employers no longer had obligations to provide workers with food, shelter, or health care
Why did additional southern states secede after Fort Sumter? Fort Sumter proved that the Southern military could stand up to the Union and the South believed that Lincoln calling up troops proved that the federal government would over reach its powers The British and French withdrew their diplomatic recognition from the Northern government Lincoln announced his intention to outlaw slavery as a result of the loss of Fort Sumter The North gathered troops to invade Southern states after Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter proved that the Southern military could stand up to the Union and the South believed that Lincoln calling up troops proved that the federal government would over reach its powers
Winning the Mexican War did what in regard to trade for the United States? Mexico refused to trade with the United States. Native Americans blocked ports in southern California. Gaining valuable trade ports tripled trade with China by 1860. The United States now had to consider going to war with Great Britain for control of the Pacific Coast. The gold rush lessened the need for trade.
Gaining valuable trade ports tripled trade with China by 1860.
In July 1863, the Union won two key victories that are often identified as turning points in the war. These victories occurred at: Wilmington, North Carolina, and New Orleans, Louisiana. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and Vicksburg, Mississippi. Lexington, Kentucky, and Charleston, South Carolina. Antietam Creek, Maryland, and Appomattox Court House, Virginia. Fort Donelson, Tennessee, and Cold Harbor, Virginia.
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and Vicksburg, Mississippi.
During the first two years of his presidency, what was a facet of Abraham Lincoln's slavery policy? He said slavery was the impetus for the Civil War. He experimented with the colonization of freed slaves near Haiti. He urged Union commanders to start emancipating slaves immediately. He said there should be no compensation of slaveowners in Union states like Missouri. He urged a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery immediately.
He experimented with the colonization of freed slaves near Haiti.
Before his execution, how did Nat Turner see himself? He felt guilty about the killing of whites. He felt he was dying for the sin of slavery. He regretted that he did not escape permanently. He felt as if he had wasted his time. He felt as if he should have joined forces with John Brown.
He felt he was dying for the sin of slavery.
Besides preserving the Union, how else has Lincoln's legacy lived on in today's America? Through an executive order, he gave ex-slaves the right to vote. He brought harmony between the races. He created the blueprint that rebuilt the South economically. He encouraged African-Americans to convert to Christianity. He overcame regional differences to build a new nation-state.
He overcame regional differences to build a new nation-state.
Why did workers find wage work more attractive than the shop system? Hourly work offered more social freedom than living with a shop owner Hourly work offered a higher rate of pay than apprenticeship Hourly work allowed workers to save much more money and buy farms Hourly work allowed workers to move up the pay scale and eventually own their own businesses
Hourly work offered more social freedom than living with a shop owner
How did the new denominations of the Second Great Awakening differ from older denominations? The new denominations focused more on hellfire and punishments sinners would face The new denominations explicitly rejected ties to English and French churches The new denominations rejected political participation as too worldly and required that their members not vote or hold public office In some denominations, women and people of color were recognized as preachers in new congregations
In some denominations, women and people of color were recognized as preachers in new congregations
When comparing colonial slavery to nineteenth-century slavery, what was a major difference? In the colonial period, slaves rarely worked in cotton fields. Few slaves in the colonial period had a desire to run away. The colonial period had no cash crops. Slaves in the nineteenth century had a stronger feeling of connection to Africa. Slaves in the nineteenth century were more accepting of their condition.
In the colonial period, slaves rarely worked in cotton fields.
What was the Underground Railroad? It used a system of railways to transport slaves. It was a series of interlocking local networks involving abolitionists. It used a single, centralized system with tunnels for slaves. It employed encrypted codes and clearly defined routes and stations. It helped 100,000 slaves to escape.
It employed encrypted codes and clearly defined routes and stations.
How did the Second Great Awakening influence American society? The movement led to most immigrants becoming Methodist and Baptist. It led to women's suffrage by the time of the Civil War. The religious aspect led to alcohol being banned in the United States. It inspired some to combat the sins of society, such as alcoholism. The movement deemphasized self-control.
It inspired some to combat the sins of society, such as alcoholism.
What attracted voters to the Know-Nothing Party? Its desire to dissolve the Missouri Compromise. Its move to annex Cuba for the expansion of American slavery. Its call for immediate emancipation of all slaves. Its opposition to the Dred Scott decision. Its denunciation of Roman Catholic immigrants.
Its denunciation of Roman Catholic immigrants.
By saying all humans are "moral beings," Angelina Grimké was in a way extending what concept? John Winthrop's concept of Massachusetts as a "city on a hill." The Second Great Awakening idea that people had to choose whether they wanted salvation. John Locke's idea that all men had natural rights. Thomas Jefferson's concept that the United States was an "empire of liberty." Thomas Paine's belief that the American colonies could win their independence.
John Locke's idea that all men had natural rights.
Why did settlement in Kansas turn so violent in the 1850s? Kansas statehood came after several decades of failed compromises and many believed that votes in Kansas were tampered with, making them distrust voting as a solution Many whites believed there were too many free blacks who voted illegally in Kansas and used violence to prevent them from voting Many settlers believed they had to protect themselves from Indian attacks and so asked the US Army to exterminate nearby tribes Kansas statehood threatened to provoke another war with Mexico, and many Americans flooded into the area in an attempt to prevent Kansas becoming a state
Kansas statehood came after several decades of failed compromises and many believed that votes in Kansas were tampered with, making them distrust voting as a solution
Why was the Union concerned with keeping the loyalty of the slave-holding border states of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri and Kentucky? Losing the border states would make it necessary to occupy more enemy territory, lose significant resources, and bring Confederate territory very close to the capital in Washington Slave-holding border states were the richest in the Union, and losing them meant that Britain and France would call in American debts and cause an economic collapse Losing the border states would show Britain and France that the Union was falling apart, and would cause them to give their support to the Confederacy Slave-holding border states produced the most soldiers for the Union Army, and losing them would mean losing most troops
Losing the border states would make it necessary to occupy more enemy territory, lose significant resources, and bring Confederate territory very close to the capital in Washington
Why did many feel pushed or pulled westward? Many believed God ordained the US as a moral force to perfect the world by spreading democracy Slave rebellions like Nat Turner's drove many whites west because they feared slave rebellions in the South The restrictive gender roles of the east made the west more attractive to women with its looser gender roles Many abolitionists who advocated for racial equality moved west to communities that were more racially mixed
Many believed God ordained the US as a moral force to perfect the world by spreading democracy
Which statement about Nat Turner's Rebellion is true? Turner and his followers assaulted mostly men. Fewer than twenty whites were killed during the rebellion. Turner escaped capture. Many southern whites were in a panic after the rebellion. It occurred in Georgia.
Many southern whites were in a panic after the rebellion.
From 1848 to 1860, most of the railroad construction was in which region? Northeast. Southeast. Southwest. Midwest. West Coast.
Midwest.
How did moral suasionists and political abolitionists differ? Moral suasionists believed slavery could be ended by appealing to slave owners, political abolitionists believed it must be a matter of law Moral suasionists believed slavery was permissiable if slave owners treated their slaves well Political abolitionists did not believe in women's suffrage Political abolitionists believed that only whites could do the political work to end slavery
Moral suasionists believed slavery could be ended by appealing to slave owners, political abolitionists believed it must be a matter of law
How did financial panics and industrialization change the way americans thought about nature? Everything seemed more threatening, including nature Nature was seen as an egalitarian refuge from threatening urban life Nature became feminized in opposition to the masculine progress of industrialization Farmers and rural areas were blamed for the financial panics
Nature was seen as an egalitarian refuge from threatening urban life
Besides ending slavery, the Civil War had what result? The government ignored the rights of African-Americans. It increased the power of small landowning farmers and shopkeepers. Northern capitalists and industrialists came to dominate on the national scene, taking power away from the former southern slaveholder. It greatly expanded the powers of the presidency. It weakened the power of the federal government.
Northern capitalists and industrialists came to dominate on the national scene, taking power away from the former southern slaveholder.
What role did slaves play with the Confederate army? Robert E. Lee asked for slave soldiers at the beginning of the war. Slaves willingly took up arms and served for the Confederates. The Confederate government never officially recruited slaves as soldiers. Numerous slaves worked as laborers for the Confederate military. Most slaveholders wanted their slaves to serve as soldiers for the Confederacy.
Numerous slaves worked as laborers for the Confederate military.
How did Southern plantations increase average cotton production per acre 1800-1860? Plantation owners sought out new kinds of cotton plants with higher yields Plantation owners invested in new kinds of technology which allowed more cotton to be harvested Plantation owners forced enslaved people to work longer, more grueling hours Plantation owners provided better food and healthcare to enslaved people during harvest times to encourage them to work harder
Plantation owners forced enslaved people to work longer, more grueling hours
The California gold rush turned ________ into perhaps the world's most diverse city. San Diego Los Angeles Malibu Sacramento San Francisco
San Francisco
What did fighting a defensive war mean for the Confederates? The Confederate soldiers could sleep in their own beds at night. It was a strategy that Robert E. Lee did not agree to use. Since the weapon technology was basically equal, it was an advantage for the Confederates. This strategy did not work because the Union used the same defensive tactics. The aggressive Union armies would put a quick end to the war.
Since the weapon technology was basically equal, it was an advantage for the Confederates.
What economic effect did southern slavery have on the North? It was minimal, which explains why northerners opposed slavery. Many northerners profited from investing in real-estate partnerships that controlled southern plantations. A few New York shipping companies benefited from slavery, but the institution had little effect otherwise. Southern slavery helped finance industrialization and internal improvements in the North. Southern slavery drained resources from the North and helped keep the whole nation in a depression during the 1850s.
Southern slavery helped finance industrialization and internal improvements in the North.
How did the spread of slavery affect Native American groups? Many Native Americans were taken as slaves after the 1808 slave trade ban Many Native Americans bought plantations and slaves in order to prevent removal States paid reservations to catch runaway slaves States sought to seize reservation land to expand plantation slavery
States sought to seize reservation land to expand plantation slavery
What role did Christianity play in slavery? Few slaves were interested in Christianity, so they stayed focused on their traditional African religions. Few slaveholders wanted their slaves to learn. Teaching slaves about Christianity helped to reinforce the owners' ideas on paternalism. Slaves rejected the story of Moses as untrue. Slave preachers struggled to win respect among fellow slaves.
Teaching slaves about Christianity helped to reinforce the owners' ideas on paternalism.
"Why did sale ""downriver"" increasingly threaten enslaved peoples' families and lives in the decades before the Civil War?" The 1808 ban of international slave trade meant that American plantations had to purchase enslaved people from other American plantations and the industrial-scale cotton plantations in new territories meant that more labor was needed Hostile Native American groups in recently acquired territories threatened the safety of new plantations when Indians raided and attacked enslaved people Enslaved children under 14 were more valued as workers on cotton plantations because plantation owners thought their small hands worked faster The United States was frequently at war with Mexico, Spain, Britain, and France along its borders, and enslaved people on frontier plantations were often killed during battles
The 1808 ban of international slave trade meant that American plantations had to purchase enslaved people from other American plantations and the industrial-scale cotton plantations in new territories meant that more labor was needed
By analyzing the New York City draft riots, what can be determined about the Civil War? The draft was efficient in signing up soldiers. The German immigrants were unhappiest about the war. The riots helped bring an end to the Civil War. The Civil War was a rich man's war and a poor man's fight. Opposition to the war existed only in the North.
The Civil War was a rich man's war and a poor man's fight.
The Seneca Falls Convention's Declaration of Sentiments was modeled after: The Declaration of Independence. The U.S. Constitution. Woman of the Nineteenth Century. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Letters on the Equality of the Sexes.
The Declaration of Independence.
Why did the Monroe Doctrine and Manifest Destiny come into conflict? The Monroe Doctrine prohibited the spread of slavery; Manifest Destiny expanded it The Monroe Doctrine was intended to keep peace with Native groups; Manifest Destiny required their removal The Monroe Doctrine was intended to keep the US out of military conflicts; Manifest Destiny caused military conflicts The Monroe Doctrine was intended to maintain ties with Britain; Manifest Destiny increased ties to France
The Monroe Doctrine was intended to keep the US out of military conflicts; Manifest Destiny caused military conflicts
What was a key provision of the Compromise of 1850? California would enter the Union as a slave state. Slavery would be abolished in Washington, D.C. The Oregon Territory would be created. The Fugitive Slave Act gave runaway slaves more protection and guaranteed them a lawyer in court. The New Mexico and Utah Territories would use popular sovereignty to decide about slavery.
The New Mexico and Utah Territories would use popular sovereignty to decide about slavery.
Which of the following is an example of the political impact of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? A strong, united Whig Party won the White House in the next presidential election. Nearly half of northern Democrats joined the patriotic American Party. The Whig Party collapsed, and many disgruntled northerners joined the new Republican Party. Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln decided to become running mates for the presidential election of 1856. The new Free Soil Party strongly endorsed the Act and won new congressional seats in several Upper South districts.
The Whig Party collapsed, and many disgruntled northerners joined the new Republican Party.
How did the abolitionist movement affect the women's rights movement? The conservatism of moral suasionists, harrassment of women abolitionists, and belief in republican motherhood pushed many women to political abolitionism and the women's rights movement The radical anti-family politics of political abolitionists pushed many women away from the allied women's rights movement The anti-voting position of political abolitionists and moral suasionists pushed many women to the women's rights movement Women's temperance, orphanage, and prison reform societies protested against political abolitionists and the women's rights movement because they threatened to undo the progress of reform movements
The conservatism of moral suasionists, harrassment of women abolitionists, and belief in republican motherhood pushed many women to political abolitionism and the women's rights movement
What caused economic problems for the Confederacy? Within the first year of the war, a majority of slaves refusing to do work. The abundance of food and cotton creating a buyer's market. The issuing of paper money. An influx of immigrants creating high unemployment. Heavy taxing of large plantation owners.
The issuing of paper money.
In his last speech, Lincoln said what regarding postwar policy? Democracy demanded that African-Americans should play leading roles in southern politics. Southern whites would never concede defeat, so Reconstruction must be mild. He would defer to Radical Republicans in Congress. There should be at least limited black suffrage. Large southern planters should be made to pay dearly for having caused the war.
There should be at least limited black suffrage.
How did the Erie Canal & other projects change US economic development? They made it affordable for Southern plantations to expand into Texas Many were angry that the federal government didn't spend more money on infrastructure, causing an increase in taxes and triggering the Panic of 1837 They allowed eastern factories to sell their goods to western farmers and allowed Northern and western farmers to export agricultural products to the South They helped hasten the removal of Indians like the Cherokee by making it easier for the Army to travel on roads and canals
They allowed eastern factories to sell their goods to western farmers and allowed Northern and western farmers to export agricultural products to the South
Why did many whites in the 19th century US believe that a system of racial slavery was important to maintain? They believed that slavery was a necessary evil which educated enslaved blacks and kept them from poverty and idleness They believed that slavery was not economically important but it was culturally part of the history of the United States They believed that enslaved blacks enjoyed slavery and wanted it to continue so they would not have to work in wage jobs They believed that ending slavery would trigger a war with France and England, which both sought to expand slavery
They believed that slavery was a necessary evil which educated enslaved blacks and kept them from poverty and idleness
How did Americans believe their revolution differed from others? They believed the American Revolution was restrained, civilized, and protected property rights and families, while the French Revolution and Haitian Revolution erased social boundaries, destroyed property, and were barbaric They believed that the American Revolution disrupted family relations, while the French Revolution and Haitian Revolution were too conservative in keeping women in the home They believed that the American Revolution was more revolutionary in its expansion of women's rights and rights for free blacks, while the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution did not go far enough They believed that the American Revolution was savage and barbaric because it was led by lower class mobs, while the French Revolution was restrained and led by intellectual elites
They believed the American Revolution was restrained, civilized, and protected property rights and families, while the French Revolution and Haitian Revolution erased social boundaries, destroyed property, and were barbaric
Northerners who were not abolitionists did what in regards to slavery? Many hoped to become slave owners. A majority wanted the North to secede the union. They faced a dilemma of conscience and law. Most became members of the Underground Railroad. Boycotted abolitionists' bazaars.
They faced a dilemma of conscience and law.
How did slave rebellions like Nat Turner's affect laws about slavery? They resulted in stricter laws regulating enslaved people's movements and ability to meet with others They resulted in more lenient laws which attempted to prevent rebellions They resulted in federal laws restricting the spread of slavery They resulted in federal laws regulating treatment of enslaved people
They resulted in stricter laws regulating enslaved people's movements and ability to meet with others
What happened to Cherokee slaveholders after the Civil War? They were slaughtered. They were forced to leave the United States. They were forced to give former slaves some of their land. They were forced to march to Oklahoma. They had land given to them by the federal government.
They were forced to give former slaves some of their land.
Which of the following statements about religious life among African-Americans in southern cities is true? Blacks usually worshipped in churches where they sat side-by-side with whites. Urban free blacks sometimes formed their own churches. African-Americans, free and slave, were banned from religious services. Free blacks could worship publicly, but slaves were not permitted to do so. The formation of the Afro-Catholic Church in 1844 was a major development in black Christianity.
Urban free blacks sometimes formed their own churches.
Why were the Know-Nothings unable to curb the political influence of Irish immigrants? The pope interceded on behalf of Catholics in America. Southern slaveholders protected the rights of immigrants. The Irish used their strong economic clout to gain political influence. After arriving in the United States, most of the Irish converted to Protestant faiths. Voting rights were being determined by race.
Voting rights were being determined by race.
How did Southern slave-owning women claim leadership roles in early 19th century political reform movements? White women who owned slaves wanted to make sure their slaves were educated, baptized as Christians, and didn't drink too much Many white women who owned slaves used their connections with Northern abolitionists to argue for an end to slavery and became prominent abolitionist leaders Many white women who owned slaves were increasingly against slavery and used their household leadership positions to argue against slavery to male members of their families Many white women who owned slaves assisted escaping enslaved people and used this to claim abolitionist leadership roles
White women who owned slaves wanted to make sure their slaves were educated, baptized as Christians, and didn't drink too much
How did Northern women claim leadership roles in early 19th century political reform movements? Women were considered responsible for raising healthy families and reform movements improved the social and physical health of all families Because so many women owned property which was taxed, many Northern states gave them the right to vote Women were seen as more religiously impure and easily corrupted, driving many of them to reform movements where they became leaders Many women claimed that because they were far away from central government on distant frontiers, there were fewer men available to fill essential leadership roles
Women were considered responsible for raising healthy families and reform movements improved the social and physical health of all families
The Thirteenth Amendment: abolished slavery throughout the United States. was strongly supported by Democrats in 1864. set up a gradual plan of emancipation. defined U.S. citizenship to include African-Americans. specifically gave black men the right to vote.
abolished slavery throughout the United States.
The caning of Charles Sumner by Preston Brooks: showed the extreme violence of which northern abolitionists were capable. actually helped the new Republican Party. was denounced by most southerners as barbaric. occurred because Sumner praised the attack on Lawrence, Kansas. was unusual because both men were proslavery Democrats.
actually helped the new Republican Party.
During the Civil War, northern white women: staged "bread riots" in major cities to protest food shortages. began obtaining jobs as government clerks. were recruited to sell war bonds door-to-door. were allowed to accompany their husbands into battle if they did not have children. demonstrated outside the White House in favor of the Emancipation Proclamation.
began obtaining jobs as government clerks.
The relationship between rich southern planters and poor southern farmers: led to numerous violent uprisings in the southern hill country. was complicated by the strong antislavery movement among poor farmers in the 1850s. was strained by planters' insistence that farmers participate in the slave patrols. showed itself in politics, as most poor farmers became Whigs and most wealthy planters became Democrats. benefited in part from a sense of unity bred by criticism from outsiders.
benefited in part from a sense of unity bred by criticism from outsiders
During the Civil War, the term "contraband camps" referred to: camps in which materials such as rifles and gunpowder were kept. camps of southern slaves who had escaped from their masters and entered Union lines. training grounds for the youthful musicians who played to raise the morale of the troops. holding areas for items seized by customs agents for failure to pay tariffs. places near battlefields where the Union army temporarily kept Confederate prisoners.
camps of southern slaves who had escaped from their masters and entered Union lines.
Slave religion: was based entirely on what slaves learned and heard from white ministers. existed without approval from masters, who thought that letting slaves learn about religion might weaken their control. benefited from masters assigning a member of each slave quarters to serve as a slave chaplain. combined African traditions and Christian beliefs. died out by the early 1820s because of strong opposition from whites.
combined African traditions and Christian beliefs.
The Seneca Falls Convention's Declaration of Sentiments: did not demand voting rights for women because the participants were so divided on that issue. was modeled on the Bill of Rights in the U.S. Constitution. was written primarily by the Grimké sisters. condemned the entire structure of inequality between men and women. inspired Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to become abolitionists.
condemned the entire structure of inequality between men and women.
Angelina and Sarah Grimké: supported Catharine Beecher's efforts to expand political and social rights for women. critiqued the prevailing notion of separate spheres for men and women. were Pennsylvania-born Quakers whose religion compelled them to oppose slavery. publicly defended the virtues of southern paternalism in lectures to southern women. delivered many public lectures in which they detailed their escape from slavery.
critiqued the prevailing notion of separate spheres for men and women.
Gender roles under slavery: were the same as those that existed in white society. differed from those of white society because men and women alike suffered a sense of powerlessness. greatly differed from those of whites when slaves were able to work on their own; the men took on more women's work and vice versa. meant that slave husbands refused to let their wives work in the fields. were unaffected by the ability of masters to take advantage of female slaves sexually.
differed from those of white society because men and women alike suffered a sense of powerlessness.
During the Mexican War: Mexican troops occupied much of Texas after winning at the Alamo. the bulk of the fighting occurred in California. for the first time, U.S. troops occupied a foreign capital. an American revolt in California led briefly to a monarchy. Whigs strongly supported Polk's policies.
for the first time, U.S. troops occupied a foreign capital.
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850: won the grudging support of Ralph Waldo Emerson as a necessary compromise. gave new powers to federal officers to override local law enforcement. was declared unconstitutional in the Dred Scott case. angered southerners by weakening an earlier law on fugitive slaves. convinced Abraham Lincoln to retire briefly from political life.
gave new powers to federal officers to override local law enforcement.
Fugitive slaves: generally understood that the North Star led to freedom. were more likely to be women than men, because they were trying to escape sexual assault. succeeded in escaping more frequently from the Deep South because they had access to ships leaving ports like New Orleans and Charleston. benefited from the refusal of non-slaveowners to participate in patrols that looked for fugitives. who escaped to Canada were routinely returned to slavery by the British authorities.
generally understood that the North Star led to freedom.
During the Civil War, northern Protestant ministers: usually preached sermons that emphasized the needlessness of the war. organized a major pacifist campaign to end the war by Christmas 1862. helped create a civic religion combining Christianity and patriotism. were generally opposed to the goals of the Lincoln administration. raised hundreds of thousands of dollars to assist Confederates to show that they loved their enemies.
helped create a civic religion combining Christianity and patriotism.
During the Civil War, black soldiers: did nothing to dispel racial prejudice with their performance. were mostly northern-born free blacks. performed the same duties as white soldiers from the outset, but at lower pay. helped inspire Republicans to believe that emancipation also demanded equal rights before the law. were allowed into the Union army only in the last year of the war.
helped inspire Republicans to believe that emancipation also demanded equal rights before the law.
American settlement in Texas in the 1820s and 1830s: took place without approval from the Mexican government. did not exceed the Mexican population there until the United States annexed Texas in 1845. led Stephen Austin to demand more autonomy from Mexican officials. included no slaves, because Mexico had banned slavery in its territory. was in communities whose American-born residents were called Tejanos by their Mexican neighbors.
led Stephen Austin to demand more autonomy from Mexican officials.
Compared to slave revolts in Brazil and in the West Indies, slave revolts in the United States were: larger in scale but less frequent. smaller in scale but more frequent. larger in scale and more frequent. smaller in scale and less frequent. bloodier and more successful.
smaller in scale and less frequent.
The Republican free labor ideology: convinced northerners that Catholic immigrants posed a more significant threat than the southern slave power. won Republicans significant support from non-slaveholders in the South in 1856. owed its origins to Abraham Lincoln's reemergence in the wake of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. accepted southerners' point that slavery protected their liberty, but explained that the economic benefits of free labor would outweigh the damage abolition would do to southern liberty. led to the argument by Abraham Lincoln and William Seward that free labor and slave labor were essentially incompatible.
led to the argument by Abraham Lincoln and William Seward that free labor and slave labor were essentially incompatible.
During the first two years of the war, Union forces were generally: more successful in the West than in the East. ill-trained, which changed when General McClellan took over in 1863. successful in all regions in which the war took place. unable to take any territory held by the Confederates. more successful in the East than in the West.
more successful in the West than in the East.
Urban slaves: most often were domestic servants. was a term coined by southerners to describe northern factory workers. had less autonomy than plantation slaves because there were more authorities to watch them. could work on their own and always kept the majority of their earnings. increasingly replaced skilled white laborers as the Civil War approached.
most often were domestic servants.
Frederick Douglass viewed the abolition of slavery as: not the end of the nation's work, but the beginning of a new phase of it. the crowning achievement of his life. proof that the nation really did not suffer from racial prejudice. confirmation that Lincoln deserved to be remembered as a Christ-like martyr. an important step that must be followed by the colonization of freed slaves outside the United States.
not the end of the nation's work, but the beginning of a new phase of it.
The Union's manpower advantage over the Confederacy: was short-lived once the Confederacy began using slaves as soldiers. proved essential for the success of Grant's attrition strategy. was rather slight. although substantial, did not matter in determining the war's outcome. existed only because the Union had lower draft requirements than the Confederacy.
proved essential for the success of Grant's attrition strategy.
Denmark Vesey's conspiracy: reflected a combination of American and African influences. took place in 1831 and was a success. reflected the belief of the conspirators that the Bible endorsed slavery. was discovered, but Vesey escaped North to freedom. resulted in over twenty deaths of white men, women, and children.
reflected a combination of American and African influences.
In the South, the paternalist ethos: reflected the hierarchical society in which the planter took responsibility for the lives of those around him. declined after the War of 1812 as southern society became more centered on market relations rather than on personal relations. suffered because southern slaveholders lived among their slaves, so that the groups' constant exposure to each other made southern slavery more openly violent than elsewhere. brought southern society closer to northern ideals. encouraged southern women to become more active and better educated so that they could help their husbands in their paternal roles.
reflected the hierarchical society in which the planter took responsibility for the lives of those around him.
The California gold rush: actually had only a small impact on California's population because its rich farmlands already attracted thousands of new settlers each year. attracted almost equal numbers of men and women. resulted in laws that discriminated against "foreign miners." made considerable wealth for average miners because gold mining demanded no real investment of capital. hurt the development of San Francisco because gold discoveries shifted interest to areas outside of town.
resulted in laws that discriminated against "foreign miners."
Free blacks in the United States: had the same rights as whites in the North but faced far more restrictions on their freedom in the South. tended to live in rural areas if they lived in the Lower South. sometimes became wealthy enough to own slaves. made up nearly one-third of the African-American population in the South. could testify in court and vote in most states but could carry firearms only with the approval of the local sheriff.
sometimes became wealthy enough to own slaves.
Economically, the Civil War led to: a decline in prosperity for the North and South alike. the emergence of a nation-state committed to national economic development. a tariff reduction to attract foreign goods to make up for the decline in domestic production. the creation of the Third Bank of the United States, despite opposition from old Jacksonian Democrats. the building of a transcontinental railroad, completely through private financing.
the emergence of a nation-state committed to national economic development.
Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren rejected adding Texas to the United States because: the Texas Republic's congress opposed joining the United States, preferring to stay independent. the Mexican army's resounding victory at the Alamo made them fearful of antagonizing a powerful government. the population of Texas was too small to justify it. Henry Clay wanted to add it and, as the Whig leader, he was their sworn enemy. the presence of slaves there would reignite the issue of slavery, and they preferred to avoid it.
the presence of slaves there would reignite the issue of slavery, and they preferred to avoid it.
Slave families: were rare because there were too few female slaves. were more common in the West Indies, where living conditions favored their formation and survival. were headed by women more frequently than were white families. usually were able to stay together because most slaveowners were paternalistic. avoided naming children for family members because children so often were sold, and it was better not to build strong kinship ties.
were headed by women more frequently than were white families.