CHD 604 Final
Older adults do not have a higher incidence of mental disorders than younger adults.
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Older widows typically adjust better than younger widows.
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Today, it is more accepted to view sexual orientation as a continuum from exclusive male-female relations to exclusive same-sex relations.
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Women experience about twice the rate of bone loss as men.
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Older women are more likely to have arthritis; but less likely to have hearing problems than are older men.
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Important things about grief
1) Grieve appropriately and don't let anyone tell you how to grieve, 2) Make sure your grief gives way to moving on with your life in spite of your loss (would this person want you to stop living life just because they died?), 3) The goal is to reach acceptance or you can get stuck in permanent grief.
What are John Gottman's seven main principles that determine whether a marriage will work? p451
1. establish love maps 2. nurture fondness and admiration 3. turn toward each other instead of away 4. let your partner influence you 5. solve solvable conflicts 6. overcome gridlock 7. create shared meaning
Tell in order Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's 5 stages of the behavior and thinking of dying people. (Note: always recognize individual differences of skipping stages and/or moving through stages slightly out-of-order)
1st: denial 2nd: anger 3rd: bargaining 4th: depression 5th: acceptance 1) Not everyone goes through all five stages and 2) Not everyone goes through these stages in the same order.
In one estimate, almost 2/3 of college freshman women (62%) report having been date raped or having experienced an attempted date rape at least once.
2/3 or 62%
An estimated _____% percent of individuals who become alcoholics are believed to have a genetic predisposition for it.
50 to 60
It is recommended that premarital education begin approximately when before the wedding?
6 months to a year before the wedding.
What is the average life expectancy for individuals born today in the United States?
78.7
The "oldest old" are above what age?
80+
In a recent review of research on children's conceptions of death, it was concluded that typically children probably do not view death as universal and irreversible until about what age?
9
________ is a virus that destroys the body's immune system.
AIDS
Marcia's: Foreclosure
Acceptance of values and goals feom authority figures. people in this state have never experienced an identity crisis, however, they have prematurely established an identity. For instance, a person who chooses to follow along with the religious beliefs of their parents without exploring any other religious beliefs is in a state of foreclosure. Foreclosure is a status with no exploration and an identity has been achieved. Think of foreclosing on a house. When you foreclose on a house you give up and no longer try. When you foreclose on an identity you don't put any effort into exploring your options and you settle.
Results from the "Sex in America" survey suggested that
Americans' sexual lives are more conservative than previously believed.
temperament
An individuals behavioral style and characteristic way of emotionally responding
Juanita and Sam have been married for 2 years. Which of the following is likely to be LEAST important in their relationship? a. passion b. loyalty c. physical attraction d. romance
B. loyalty
bulimia nervosa
Binge eating followed by compensatory measures to prevent weight gain. (induced vomiting, laxatives, & diuretics)
Difference between crowds and cliques
Cliques are small groups of 2-12 peers, usually same sex and age. Cliques can be defined by common activities or simply by friendships. Cliques promote the development of close friendships, facilitating intimacy. ... Crowds are different than cliques; they are larger groups defined by reputation and stereotypes ("jocks" "druggies"
Marcia's: Identity Achievement
Commitment to self chosen values and occupations this is a state of having decided on an identity and having done it after careful consideration and exploration of options.
The idea that "Religion can serve as a meaning system through which the bereaved can reframe their loss" is supported by
Crystal Park's research on chronic stress and religious experiences.
Tom and Sue have been married for over 30 years. Which of the following is likely to be LEAST important in their relationship? (p. 498) a. loyalty b. security c. mutual interests d. passion
D. passion
Marcia's: Moratorium
Exploring alternative values and goals people in this state have begun to experiment but they are still weighing their options and have not yet achieved (or decided on) an identity. These are people in college who have not yet declared a major but are taking all the general education courses and exploring what they may want to do with the rest of their lives which will determine what to eventually major in. They are considered in an identity crisis.
What are the steps toward a more creative life as identified by Csikszentmihalyi? (see pp. 424, 431)
First step, cultivating your curiosity and interest. -try to be surprised by something every day -try to surprise at least one person every day -write down each day these things -when something sparks your interest, follow it. -wake up with a specific goal -spend time in a setting that stimulates your creativity.
According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, the _____ stage, begins.
Formal operational "understands through hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning"
hormone replacement therapy and side effects
HRT augments the declining levels of the reproductive hormone production by the ovaries HRT consists of various forms of estrogen and progestin Side effects include increased risk of stroke
Erikson's ages and stages for adolescents and adults
Identity vs Role Confusion- 10 to 20s-Adolescents explore their sense of self by exploring roles and arrive at a positive path to follow in life. If not they become confused about who they are. Intimacy vs Isolation - 20s to 30s-Young adults face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships; if not, isolation will result Generativity vs Stagnation- 40s and 50s-Primary concern is helping younger generation to develop and lead useful lives. The feeling of not helping is stagnation Integrity vs Despair-60s-Reflection on the past; if review is good, integrity is achieved. If not, despair.
Note that while cognitive mechanics (speed, accuracy, attention, visual and motor memory, discrimination, comparison, categorization skills) may decline in old age, cognitive pragmatics (reading, writing, language comprehension, educational qualifications, professional skills, knowledge about self, life skills, coping, mastering life) may actually improve, at least until individuals become very old.
In other words, even though older adults process information more slowly, they often perform just as well as their younger counterparts in information-processing tasks. (pp. 542-543)
anorexia nervosa
Intense fear of gaining weight, distorted perception of shape & size. Need to maintain low BMI
Religiousness has been associated with what benefits?
Lower rate of depression, lower rate of hypertension, longevity.
Why are males more likely than females to succeed in completing suicide?
Males use more lethal means, such as guns, wheres females are more likely to cut their wrists or overdose on sleeping pills
Older adults have more contentment than extreme emotional highs or lows.
More contentment
Which family relationships tend to be the closest in adulthood? a. father and son b. mother and son c. father and daughter d. mother and daughter
Mother and daughter
Marcia's: Identity Diffusion
No firm committements to values and goals people in this state have not found an identity and they have not put effort into exploration of identities. They may have experienced identity crisis but were unable to resolve it.
What are the five big personality traits identified by Costa and McCrae?
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Hint: OCEAN
Active euthanasia (also called assisted suicide) is legal only in the U. S. states of ___ , ___, ____, ___, and ___.
Oregon, Washington, Montana, New Mexico, and Vermont
passion (be able to identify/define/recognize)
Passion is physical and sexual attraction to another strong and barely controllable emotion. Passion is present in infatuation, fatuous, and consummate love; however, it is low or absent in affectionate love
Factors at age 50 that were linked with being in the "happy-well" group at age 75 to 80 years of age included being well-educated, having a stable marriage, being forgiving.
Regular exercise, maintaining a normal weight, being well-educated, a stable marriage, being future-oriented, being empathetic, being thankful and forgiving, being active, and having good coping skills
Religion and spirituality seem to have positive impacts (pp. 565-566).
Research concludes that stronger spiritual/religious orientation were more likely to live longer. higher levels of spirituality also leads to more resiliency in the face of stressful and difficult circumstances increased self-esteem, life satisfaction, and optimism
In general, why are 40-year-olds better problem solvers than 20-year-olds?
Research found that the ability to solve such practical problems improved through the forties and fifties as individuals accumulated practical experience.
Kitty is having difficulty coping with the death of her 3-month-old son who appeared healthy but stopped breathing for no apparent reason. What was the likely cause of the baby's death? Note that the risk of this type death can be significantly reduced by following "back to sleep" guidelines, meaning that the baby is placed on his/her back to sleep.
SIDS
Why is life expectancy for women longer than for men?
Tend to take better care of themselves More likely to seek medical care women engage in fewer high risky lifestyle behaviors men more likely to smoke and drink, so more men die from smoking-related illness
What has happened involving the average age of merarche in the US since the mid-nineteenth century?
The average age of menarche has declined Average age for the pubertal sequence to begin is between 10 to 13.5 for boys and 9 to 15 for girls
top-dog phenomenon
The circumstance of moving from the top position in elementary school to the lowest position in middle or junior high school
glass ceiling
The invisible barrier to career advancement that prevents women and ethnic minorities from holding managerial or executive jobs regardless of their accomplishments and merits is known as:
personal fable
The part of adolescent egocentrism that involves an adolescent's sense of uniqueness and invincibility (or invulnerability). i.e. 13-yo says "No one understands me, particularly my parents. They have no idea what I am feeling" adolescents crafts a story about the self that is filled with fantasy.
Erikson's developmental stages with approximate ages (know all 8 stages w/ ages)
Trust vs Mistrust- First year Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt- 1 to 3 Initiate vs guilt - 3 to 5 Industry vs Inferiority- 6 to Puberty Identity vs Role Confusion- 10 to 20s Intimacy vs Isolation - 20s to 30s Generativity vs Stagnation- 40s and 50s Integrity vs Despair-60s
Bill wants to know how he can prevent drug abuse by his adolescent son.
You would suggest that Bill have family dinners most nights of the week.
rite of passage
a ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another. Most rites of passage focus on the transition to adult status.
Osteoporosis
a chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop. Women are especially vulnerable.
Parkinson disease
a chronic progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis
SIDS
a condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually during the night and suddenly dies without an apparent cause. Remember "back to sleep"
the empty nest syndrome
a decrease in marital satisfaction that occurs after children leave home, because parents derive considerable satisfaction from their children.
terminal decline (p. 550)
a final aspect of health that is related to cognitive functioning in older adults this concept emphasizes that changes in cognitive functioning may be linked more to distance from death or cognition-related pathology than to the distance from birth.
flow
a heightened state of pleasure experienced when we are engaged in mental and physical challenges that absorb us.
crowds
a larger group structure than a clique that is usually based on reputation; members may or may not spend much time together
advance directive
a living will
free-radical theory of aging
a microbiological theory of aging that states that people age because normal metabolic processed within their cells produce unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals. These molecules ricochet around inside cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures.
individuals suffering from bulimia nervosa typically fall within
a normal weight range (which makes it hard to detect)
James Marcia's identity statuses (identity diffusion, moratorium, etc.)
a person's place in these statuses reflects the degree to which that person has explored their options and made firm commitments mostly having to do with occupations, religions & political positions. 1. Foreclosure 2. Identity Diffusion 3. Moratorium 4. Identity Achievement
hospice
a program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible. The goals of hospice contrast with those of a hospital, which are to cure disease and prolong life
cliques
a small group of about five or six individuals that may form among adolescents who engage in similar activities
Who is the most likely caregiver for Mrs. Downes, an 84-year-old frail elder? (p. 584) a. her daughter b. her sister c. her son d. her daughter-in-law
a. her daughter
crystallized intelligence
accumulated information and verbal skills, which increase in middle adulthood, according to Horn
imaginary audience
adolescent's belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, as well as attention-getting behavior motivated by a desire to be noticed, visible, and "on-stage" i.e an 8th grade boy might walk into class and think that all eyes are riveted on his spotty complexion.
What is the "triple jeopardy" faced by African American and Latino women when it comes to income and financial levels of support in the elder years?
ageism, sexism, and racism (see p. 588)
The fingernails becoming brittle is a sign of
aging for the average adult in middle adulthood.
Vaillant's research showed that at age 50, the best predictors of who would be dead at 75 or 80 years of age were __ and __.
alcohol abuse and smoking
romantic love
also called passionate love (eros) romantic love has strong sexual and infatuation components and often predominates early in love relationship
ethnic identity
an enduring, basic aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attidues and feelings related to that memebership.
According to Erik Erikson, what must individuals achieve before they can develop intimacy?
an identity (think back to Erikson's previous stage)
midlife consciousness
an increase in awareness, interests, and concern at midlife. This leads to midlife transition. with patterns of meaning identified in relationships with others, self, and spirit as well as challenges of loss, illness, and threats to relationships.
What is the leading chronic disorder, especially for women, during middle age?
arthritis
Binge drinking would be most common among which of the following groups? a. College men staying at home b. College men staying in fraternity houses c. College women staying at home d. College women staying in fraternity houses
b. College men staying in fraternity houses
Selection
based on the concept that older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning
Why is it more difficult to determine whether someone is dead now than it was 100 years ago?
because medical technology has made it possible to create differing definitions of death
Compensation
becomes relevant when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of older adult's performance potential.
An individual's sexual orientation is most likely determined
by a combination of factors.
An adult in middle age will do most POORLY on which of the following tasks? (Apply 473-475; pay particular attention to 1st paragraph under "Speed of Information Processing"—"...Middle-aged adults are slower to...") a. understanding verbal directions b. completing a crossword puzzle c. hitting the brakes when the light turns red (correct answer) d. lifting a box that weighs 20 pounds
c. hitting the brakes when the light turns red
divided attention
concentrating on more than one one activity at the same time
sandwich generation
couples who in middle adulthood must fulfill the needs of both their children and their aging parents
Which of these continues to increase in middle adulthood?
crystallized intelligence 40
Americans are generally
death avoiders and death deniers. (p. 598)
During early and late middle-age susceptibility to colds and allergies
decreases.
Alzheimer disease is an example of
dementia
Early-maturing girls are more likely than late-maturing girls to be
depressed, become alcoholic and/or have an eating disorder
disenfranchised grief
describes an individual's grief over a deceased person that is a socially ambiguous loss and can't be openly mourned or supported. i.e. relationships that are not socially recognized like ex-spouse, hidden loss such as an abortion, or stigmatized deaths because of AIDS feelings typically cannot be publicly acknowledged
life review process
each person's life review is to some degree unique. Life review is prominent in Erikson's 8th stage Integrity vs. Despair. It involves looking back at one's life experiences, evaluating them, interpreting them, and often reinterpreting them. Set in motion by looking forward to death May be observed initially in stray and insignificant thoughts about oneself and one's life history. Can include sociocultural dimensions, interpersonal, relationship dimensions. Overall, might result in increased meaning of life and mastery, but it also might revive bitterness and negative thoughts.
What did Mary Carskadon and her colleagues conclude from their research of the sleep patterns of U.S. adolescents and school starting times?
early school starting times may be linked to negative outcomes for adolescents.
A decrease in what hormone is associated with menopause in women?
estrogen
Wisdom
expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgement about important matters.
selective attention
focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant
Not having a partner is a major challenge for sexually interested older women (70 years or older).
for sexually interested older women (70 years or older).
styles of grandparents (fun-seeking, etc.) p501
formal fun-seeking distant
According to Victor Frankl, the three most distinct human qualities are freedom, responsibility, and _____.
freedom, responsibility, and spirituality
Older adults have better control over their emotions than younger adults.
have better control
Data from the Nun Study (p. 522)
have indicated positive emotions in early adulthood were linked to longevity; stimulating the brain with intellectual activity keeps neurons healthy and alive; idea density was linked with fewer incidences of mild cognitive impairment.
_____ is the most common chronic disorder in late adulthood.
heart conditions
The main causes of death in middle adulthood in the United States are ___ diseases.
heart disease and cancer
According to the cross-sectional study on self-esteem conducted by Robins and others (2002), which age groups have the highest self-esteem? (pp. 577-578)
higher in males; dropped in adolescence, increased through early and middle adulthood, then dropped in 70s. Older adults had higher self-esteem when they had a youthful identity and more positive personal experiences.
During middle age, the ability to hear ______ sounds declines first.
higher-pitched
In the United States, the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is
holding a permanent, full-time job
The second leading cause of death in adolescence ___.
homicide
affectionate love
in this type of love, also called companionate love, an individual desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the other person
As we age, our level of spirituality typically increases, decreases, or remains the same? Which?
increases
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (p. 545)
individuals can't retrieve familiar information but have the feeling that they should be able to retrieve it
arthritis
inflammation of the joints that is accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems; especially common in older adults
reminiscence therapy
involves discussing past activities and experiences with another individual or group therapy may include the use of photographs, familiar items, and video/audio recordings.
meaning-making coping.
involves drawing one beliefs, values, and goals to change the meaning of a stressful situation, esp in times of chronic stress such as when a loved one dies
As adults become older their age identity
is younger than their chronological age.
A man in his mid-forties is MOST likely to notice
joint stiffness
a person suffering from anorexia nervosa would have a weight less than _____% of what is considered normal for their age and height.
less than 85%
What impact does marriage seem to have on longevity of life?
live longer and healthier lives; less likely to develop a chronic health condition or risk of disease. Also married people tend to be feel less physically and emotionally stressed.
The average adult in middle adulthood
loses height and gains weight.
More than for previous generations, the baby boom generation in the United States places great emphasis on
maintaining a youthful physical appearance.
precocious puberty
males: genital enlargement, pubic hair, growth acceleration < 9 yrs old females:breast development, pubic hair, vaginal bleeding, growth acceleration < 8 yrs old (breast enlargement can occur normally in 7 yr olds)
If Jill is a typical American child, who will be her most beloved and important relative in her extended family?
maternal grandmother
With regard to the timing of remarriage, in the United States who typically remarries sooner, men or women?
men tend to remarry sooner than women do.
The most influential factor in delaying brain deterioration during old age is
mental stimulation.
What percentage of middle-aged Americans considers themselves to be religious?
more than 70%
perimenopause is most common in what decade of a woman's life? 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s, 70s—which?
most common in 40s (but can occur in 30s)
Symptoms of menopause may include
nausea, fatigue, hot flashes
The idea of very old adults having no sex life is
not true, because sexual ability is usually maintained throughout life.
Death occurs neurologically when
one's brain shows no electrical activity for a specified period of time.
helicopter parenting
parent that is too involved A helicopter parent is a parent who pays extremely close attention to a child's or children's experiences and problems, particularly at educational institutions.
Infatuation
passion is the only thing present (intimacy and commitment = low/absent)
According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, love is characterized by the dimensions of what 3 things?
passion, commitment, and intimacy
The Seattle Longitudinal Study concluded that middle age is a time of
peak performance for vocabulary.
A boy who is going through puberty earlier than most of his friends is likely to have a
positive self-image
ageism
prejudice against others because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults
Similarity between parents and an adult child is most noticeable in
religion and politics.
Older adults across many different cultures have similar emotional experiences.
similar emotional exepriences
chronic (disease) What is meant by "chronic" in this sense?
slow onset and long duration (rare in early adulthood, increase in middle age, become more common in late adulthood.
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, consummate love is characterized by what things?
strongest fullest form of love; passion, intimacy, and commitment
Deaths that are sudden, violent, or traumatic are likely to produce more intense feelings in survivors than if the person died of a long illness.
sudden, violent, or traumatic are likely to produce more intense feelings
The third leading cause of death in adolescence ___.
suicide
What is the hormonal change that is associated with male menopause? (decrease in __)
testosterone level
fluid intelligence
the ability to reason abstractly, which begins to decline from middle adulthood onward, according to Horn
When explaining death to younger children (around preschool age), the most important point for parents to stress is that
the child is loved and will not be abandoned.
menarche
the first occurrence of mensturation
Identical human twins have similar weights, even when they are reared apart. What does this indicate about the role genetics plays in a person's weight?
the genetic component of a person's weight.
Recent research suggests that cohabiting has what impact on divorce?
the majority of studies have found lower rates of marital satisfaction and higher rates of divorce. recent research also indicates that the link between cohabiting and divorce has weakened in recent cohorts
climacteric
the midlife transition during which fertility declines
For hospice services to be covered by Medicare
the patient must be deemed by a physician to have six months or fewer to live.
episodic memory
the retention of information about the details of life's happenings
socioemotional selectivity theory
the theory that older adults become more selective about their social networks. Because they place a high value on emotional satisfaction, older adults often spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships
activity theory
the theory that the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives
social clock
the timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's task, such as getting married, having children, or establishing themselves in a career.
palliative care
the type of care emphasized in a hospice, which involves reducing pain and suffering and helping individuals die with dignity
cellular clock theory of aging
theory that the maximum number of times that human cells can divide is about 75 to 80. As we age, our cells have less capacity to divide.
Menopause an important marker for women because
they have to make final decisions about having children.
an advanced directive/living will must be signed when an individual is able
to think clearly
pining
to yearn deeply; suffer with longing; long painfully
perimenopause
transitional period from normal mentrual periods to no menstrual periods at all, takes up to 10 years
Secure attachment to parents during childhood correlates with secure attachment to romantic partners in adulthood.
true
Widowed individuals following the death of a spouse are likely to increase their religious and spiritual beliefs.
true
The three leading causes of death in adolescence
unintentional injuries homicide suicide
The leading cause of death in adolescence is___.
unintentional injuries (risky driving, intoxication
adolescent egocentrism
used to describe the phenomenon of adolescents' inability to distinguish between their perception of what others think about them and what people actually think in reality.
Which of the following is MOST likely to cause difficulty for a middle-aged adult without glasses? (Apply 2nd sentence under "Vision and Hearing," p. 464.) a. reading a newspaper b. watching TV c. reading an eye chart 20 feet away d. reading a road sign during the day
viewing close objects ; A. reading a newspaper
Why do men often have a more difficult time with the loss of their spouses than do women?
women have better social networks
Estrogen production and the additional X chromosome help to explain
women's increased resistance to infections and degenerative diseases.