CHE Terms
What is passive transport?
the movement of dissolved materials across a cell membrane without using energy
What is active transport?
the movement of materials across a cell membrane using energy
What is diffusion?
the process by which molecules of a higher concentration move to a place of lower concentration
Explain endocytosis.
the process by which the cell membrane takes particles into the cell by changing shape and engulfing it (the particles)
Explain exocytosis.
the process by which the vacuole surrounding particles fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell
how many molecules of ricin are sufficient to kill one cell
one molecule
What does selectively permeable mean?
only some substances can move across it
Are carbohydrates organic or inorganic?
organic
Are lipids organic or inorganic?
organic
Are nucleic acids organic or inorganic?
organic
Are proteins organic or inorganic?
organic
Give 3 examples of lipids.
whole milk, ice cream, and fried foods
According to Paracelsus
"All substances are poisons. There is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy."
history of meat inspection
"The Jungle" by Upton Sinclair. Meat inspection act of 1906.
Sage wisdom about new drugs...
"neither be the first to use a new drug, nor the last to discard the old"
Components of Cleansing Foams - Surfactants
(1) Anionic: sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids (soaps), sodium alkyl sulfates (e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate) (2) Zwitterionic: amino acid surfactants, betaine derivatives (3) Non-ionic: monoglycerides (e.g. glyceryl monostearate), Polyoxyethylene (POE) alkyl ethers
Daily skin care regimen usually involves 3 steps:
(1) Cleanser to remove dirt, dust, loose skin cells, microorganisms, sebum, sweat residues and makeup (2) Toner or astringent (fragranced alcohol solution) to remove residual dirt and oil, provide "tight" skin feeling and temporarily reduce pore size (for deeper cleansing) (3) Moisturizer to maintain moisture content of the skin and keep it smooth and supple (in the form of milky lotion/cream)
Basic care
(1) Face cleansers (2) Lotions (toners and milky lotions) (3) Creams
Wide range of creams:
(1) Made to feel light, slightly oily, hard or soft (2) Give a moist feeling (3) Spread well (4) Penetrate the skin easily to provide optimum moisture effect (5) Difficult to wipe off (6) May or may not be rinsed off with water
Cosmetics must possess excellent qualities:
(1) Safety over long-term use (2) Stability (3) Texture (4) Usability - No skin irritation - No discoloration - No production of odor - No separation into oil and water layers - Must state main function
Skin care cosmetics could
(1) clean the skin (cleansing) by using surfactant (2) preserve the skin's moisture balance by moisturizing the horny layer of the skin (anti-drying) (3) stimulate skin metabolism (anti-oxidation and invigoration); reduce wrinkles (slow down aging) (4) protect the skin from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation (5) clear up skin problems, e.g. acne (6) have a whitening effect (lighten skin pigmentation)
Aqueous gels are used
(1) to supply moisture to the skin (2) for cleansing and makeup removal (3) as base material for many cosmetic products for use in hot and wet climate, and for oily skin
what are the three physical causes of vascular permeability
(1)physical injury causing immediate permeability (2)injury by chemicals or irradiation causeing delayed permeability (3) leukocyte mediated damage caused by cytotoxic degranulation
Milky Lotions
(a) Basic function of lotions is to supply moisture, humectants and oils to the horny layer. (b) Milky lotions are liquid emulsions (o/w or w/o) which have a close affinity with the skin and spread well over it. (c) They are suitable for use in hot climate and for normal to oily skin → light and do not feel oily. (d) pH of most milky lotions is weakly acidic to neutral, similar to that of the skin. (pH 5.5 = to reduce possibility of skin irritation)
Gel product is made up of:
(a) Gelling agents (e.g. carbomers, cellulose derivatives, starch derivatives) (b) Humectants (c) Surfactants (d) Preservatives (e) Colouring agents (f) Perfumes
There are 2 types of cleansing foams:
(a) Higher fatty acid-based surfactants (anionic) (b) Amino acid-based surfactants (amphoteric)
Cleansing foams have great cleansing power. They contain
(a) surfactants - remove dirt and oil from skin surface (b) emollients and humectants - prevent excessive drying of the skin caused by surfactants
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids disasters
*South Africa- poor farmers suffered toxic effects as their diet was wheat whereas the indigenous Bantu neighbor who ate maize (which were not contaminated, were not effected) *Tashkent, central India and northern Afghanistan *West Indian population- Herbal Tea
Name an ingredient that will affect the coagulation temperature of egg protein (increasing temp = increasing rate of coagulation)
- Adding an acid will decrease coagulation temperature (isoelectric point) - sugar elevates coagulation temp. - salt depresses coagulation temp because of the pulling of proteins by (+) and (-) charges
What are the Casein proteins?
- Alpha (35-45%) - a1, a2 - Beta (20 -30%) - Kappa (8-15%) -Gamma (3-7&%)
What are the Whey proteins?
- Beta lactoglobulin (7-12%) - Alpha lactalbumin (2-5%) - Immunoglobulins (1-3%)
Describe a function of fat in a bread (do not use "taste")
- Fat makes bread softer due to shortening power by shortening gluten strands - fat coats amylose to prevent staling
What are the functions of lipids?
- Flavor - Prevent structure development - Emulsifications - Color
Basic Chemical Structure
- Hydrocarbons (only C and H atoms) - Fatty acids (long chains carboxylic acids) (COOH) - Fatty alcohols (hydroxy OH) - Esters (COO) (alcohol + carboxylic acid) - Triglycerides (fats and oils) (3 COO- linkages) - Silicone Oils (Si-O backbone)
Identify 1 commerical process to modify fats and indicate why the modification might be desireable.
- Hydrogenation in order to increase shelf life by breaking dbl bonds and wanting to saturate fat so that the melting point is higher OR - interesterfication in order to decrease crystal size by: mixing of fatty acids makes a less homogeneous mixture therefore difficult for crystals to form
Men's Cosmetics
- Skin care cosmetics are also available for men. - As men have more sebum on their skin than women, heir cosmetics have a lower oil content. - Men also have dry, rough skin and this dryness is prevented with milky lotions and gels that give a non-oily and light feeling on the skin.
define isoelectric point (pI)
- The pH at which a protein molecule has lost its electrical charge (neutral) and is most susceptible to denaturation and precipitation - characteristic for each protein - pI range from 5-6.5
drug interaction by displacement
- a second drug might come in and displace the first drug from its place on a blood protein converting it into its free form thus allowing it to be absorbed by the tissues and do its thannnng. If the liver can't handle all the free form ones then there are more to move ouuuut
Define shortening power and its function.
- ability of fat to cover a large surface area to minimize the contact between water and gluten during the mixing of batters and doughs. Prevents structure developement
List the properties of proteins.
- amphoteric - isoelectric point - solubility - denaturation
Denaturation defined and effect on protein.
- any modification of the protein except breaking of the peptide bond. ~ it decreases solubility (less likely to stay dispersed) ~ increases loss of biological activity ~ increases viscosity (thickness) of the system (applying heat to egg or agitation)
What factors affect coagulation of egg proteins
- as temperature increases, rate of coagulation increases - liquid - by holding more liquid it will require a higher temp because the proteins are separated = precipitate - Sugar - elevates the coagulation temperature - Salt - (+) and (-) charges pulling the proteins = depresses coagulation tempertaure - acids - decrease coagulation temp because the protein are brought closer to the isoelectric pt = precipitate
What is the purpose of interesterifciation?
- decreases crystal size
What factors cause deterioration of fats?
- high heat - hydrolytic rancidity - oxidative rancidity
What is the purpose of hydrogenation?
- increase solidity of fat at room temp. - increase stability of fat to oxidation
How do Fatty Acids affect crystalizaion?
- interaction between hydrophobic portions - possible arrangements of tails ~ vanderbuilt interactions (weak bonds) allows for crystalization - degree of saturation - chain length
What factors affect melting point of a fat?
- lengths of fatty acid chain - # of double bonds in chain - configuration of double bonds - type of crystals in fat
Role of Maltodextrins as fat sub.
- limited hydrolysis of starch by enzymes or acid= not sweet - contribute to a smooth creamy mouthfeel in pourable and spoonable salad dressings. - lower DE exibit a fat-like lubricity in reduced oil applications
Role of Simplesse as fat substitute.
- lower calories at 1.3kcal/g - a natural dairy ingredient (milk protein) and can be labeled as whey protein concentrate, milk protein, or dairy proteins - in a lot of cold foods for fat sub. - heat sensitve
list the types of egg foam systems
- meringues - fluffy omelet - souffle - cakes
Define solubility in relation to properties of proteins.
- solubility is lowest when molecule is neutral (so must have (-) or (+) charge to be soluble in water) - solubility is at a minimum when isoelectric point is reached
list examples of egg-thickened products
- stirred custard due to gradual heating = coagulation of egg - baked custard - milk provides salts needed for coagulation - cooked salad dressings - egg yolk instead of oil - hollandaise sauce -
Role of Olestra as fat substitue.
- sucrose polyester - not digested or absorbed - heat stable
Role of Benefat (salatrim) as fat sub.
- triglyceride acetic, propionic and stearic acid - 5 kcal/g = lower calories - diff. specific fatty acids for...
What are the conditions that oxidative rancidity can occur?
- unsaturated fatty acid, O2 - introduction of energy (heat/light) or enzyme
What is the percentage of components in whole milk?
- water = 88% - protein = 3.5 % - Fat = 3.3% - Carbohydrates = 5%
How are fats deteriorated in hydrolytic rancidity?
- water adds to ester linkage - lipolysis (hydrolysis) of lipids to free fatty acids and glycerol - catalyzed by lipase or heat
aflatoxin
-Derived from aspegillus flavus -Moulds grow on food stuffs such as damp peanuts and crops stored under hot and humid conditions
Carbon monoxide
-Highly toxic gas - CO binds to Fe in Hb and O2 then cant attach. -Hb then cant carry out normal function
Solubility
-In order for something to be dissolved the solute and solvent must break the IMF's they for within itself -They must then form new IMF's with each other -If the energy needed to break old IMF's is much greater than the energy released when the new ones are formed, the process won't occur
Removal of drug or toxicants through hemodialysis
-Involves the passage of the blood of poisoned patient through a device which either allows diffusion of the toxicant through semi-permeable membrane into another fluid (hemodialysis)
tetrodotoxin (mechanism of action)
-Poisons the sodium channels and alters generation of action-potential
Carbon monoxide (deaths)
-Several hundred deaths occur annually --major cause of death from poisoning in children
CO poisoning (mechanism of action) step 1
-Tissues are starved of oxygen and patients suffer ischemic damage to major organs
Ethylene glycol
-a dihydric alcohol -Sweet tasting and central effects similar to alcohol -Abuse by alcoholics as substitute
what factors affect the bioavailability of a drug?
-additives added (doesn't happen anymore) they are all the same meow
effects of opioid abuse
-chronic needle use causes abscesses and infections at the site of administration. plus there is the risk of HIV spread -lifestyle required to get money for drugs is one of crime, prostitution -avoid medical help when sick cause drugs will be detected -don't eat properly -abandon friends n family
effects of drug abuse on society
-excessive use of health care systems -dysfunctional families -the inability of the drug abuser to function in a productive manner
What determines the abuse of opioids
-how much euphoria produces -dose size -administration route -use in combination with other drugs
Oxalic acid may cause
-metabolic acidosis -Reaction with Calcium Leads to the formation of Calcium Oxalate, when deposited in kidney- leads to kidney damage and hypocalcemia
Glue sniffing and solvent abuse
-problem among teens -toluene -halogenated solvents sensitization
Alcohol
-rapidly absorbed from the gut and distribute into body water
Antidotes Chelating agents (mechanism)
-reacting with the compound to form a water soluble complex which can be eliminated
opioid mechanism of action
-reduced presynaptic release of chemical transmitters that are mobilized by pain impulse -blockade of postsynaptic effect of these transmitters -activation of descending inhibitory pathways to block pain input -reduced emotional reaction to pain by acting on the limbic brain
In carbon monoxide poisoning,
-the tissues are starved of oxygen -Energy production is reduced, only anerobic respiration being possible -Resulting in the accumulation of lactic acid causing acidosis
Social definition of drug abuse
-the use of prohibited drugs -the use of any therapeutic drugs for other than its intended use -The intentional ingestion of any therapeutic drug in amounts greater than that prescribed -taking the drug by routes other than those medically approved -taking drugs in combination in order to obtain a greater pleasurable effect -The excessive use of legal social drugs (alcohol, caffeine, tobacco)
general protein synthesis in the cytosol
...
How much codeine is found in Opium?
0.5%
Comorbidity
1 or more medical conditions at one time
List 5 things that denature proteins.
1) Acids and bases 2) Heat 3) Cold 4) Irradiation 5) Organic solvents
List three characteristics of drug dependence
1) An overpowering desire or need (compulsion) to continue taking the drug and to obtain it by any means 2) A tendency to increase the dose 3) A psychic "addiction" ad sometimes a physical dependence on the effects of the drug
What are the 4 types of crystals that lipids can form? List them in order of decreasing size.
1) Beta (25-45 u) 2) Intermediate (3-5u) 3) Beta prime (B' <1u) 4) alpha (extremely fine and unstable)
what are the types of lipoproteins?
1) Chylomicrons-largest ones. formed in intestine and carry triglycerides of dietary origin 2) Very low density lipoproteins-secreted by liver and carry triglycerides to body tissues 3) Low density lipoproteins-taken up by macrophages (big white blood cells) and play a role in increasing fatty deposits inside the arteries-bad one 4) high density lipoproteins-transports cholesterol away from the arteries to the liver where it is transformed into bile acids and excreted (helps protect against heart disease)-good one
What are the three factors that determine dependence liability?
1) Nature of the drug. (natual reinforcers, where the pleasurable effects produced by a drug increase the probability that the drug will be taken again) 2) Route of administration- drugs that can be given through rapid absorption routes have more potential (sniffing, inhalation, intravenously...vs orally) 3)Amount used-the greater the dose/frequency of use, the greater the potential
Identify the 4 groups on every amino acid.
1) R-group (side chain) 2) a hydrogen - H 3) amino group - NH3+ 4) a carboxyl group - COO- (COOH)
what was the order that drugs were introduced for cns depression
1) bromides 2) chloral hydrate and paraldehyde 3)1912-phenobarbital (age of the barbituates) 4) 1950's-meprobamate and glutethimide 5)1961-chlordiazepoxide (era of benzodiazepines)
List 3 foods that provide protein.
1) eggs 2) chicken 3) beans
describe the two current issues in antibiotic use
1) emergence of resistant strains 2) exploitation of selective toxicity such that the new differences found have selective toxicity that is less than desired.
List at least 4 functions of eggs in food systems
1) emulsifier 2) egg foam 3) egg gel (custard) 4) color 5) maillard browning
what are the three steps to termination of acute inflammation?
1) neutrophils have a short life span. 2) Chemical mediators only produced for the time the insult persists and are degraded after that. 3) the body begins producing anti inflammatory mediators (lipocins, cytokines IL10, TGF-beta)
List 2 types of deterioration that can occur w/ lipids.
1) oxidative rancidity = attacks dbl bonds so it attacks unsaturated fats 2) hydrolytic rancidity
what are the three main characteristics of SIRS?
1) production of pyrogens 2) production of acute phase reactants 3) leukocytosis
What are the three main contibuters to Abuse Potential
1) the intrinsic dependence liability of the drug 2) the availability of the drug 3)The inherent harmfulness to cause physical and psychological effects
Why do they measure plasma levels of digoxin?
1) to determine whether a patient has received digoxin medication recently 2) determine whether the patient is following the therapeutic instructions 3) See if the patient's symptoms are due to too much or too little digoxin 4) To determine whether other drugs taken concurrently may be causing a drug interaction and raising digoxin plasma levels
What are the three major types of lipids?
1)Cholesterol 2)Cholesterol esters 3) triglycerides
From a pharmacological viewpoint what are the three important aspects of drug dependence
1)Drug tolerance 2)Physical dependence 3)Psychological dependence
what are the three physiologica changes in acute inflammation?
1)vadodilation, 2)vascular permeability for antibodies and fibrin to get in as well. Causes edema. 3) recruitment of leukocytes
Identify the fat concentration (% by Wt) in the following ice cream products: 1. ice cream 2. low-fat ice cream 3. sherbet 4. mellorine 5. parevine
1. 10% or more 2. 2-7% 3. 0% 4. 10% 5. 10%
Identify the fat concentration (% by Wt) in the following Creams/milk products: 1. Sour 2. Half-and-Half 3. Coffee (light) 4. light whipping (whipping) 5. Heavy cream (heavy whipping) 6. butter
1. 18% 2. 10.5-18% 3. 18-30% 4. 30-35% 5. 36% 6. 80%
Identify the fat concentration (% by wt) in the following Fluid milk products: 1. Whole 2. Reduced Fat 3. low fat (light) 4. Fat free (skim) 5. Cultured buttermilk 6. Kefir 7. Sweet acidophilus milk 8. Yogurt 9. Lactaid
1. 3.25 + % 2. 2% 3. 1% 4. 0.1% 5. 0.1% 6. 7. 3.25% 8. 0.1%- 3.25% 9. 0.1-3.25%
Three examples of poisons used for medicine are:
1. Calabar Bean 2. Curare 3. Ergot
What are six advertising techniques used in medical journals over the past 30 years?
1. Catch the audience's attention 2. Use of celebrities or authorities to endorse products (or doctor's) 3. Fear 4. Offering an easy solution to problems 5.Before-After technique 6. Discredit drugs produced by other manufacturers and praise your own
When are vitamins required as dietary supplements?
1. Inadequate Intake due to -poverty -geography -psychiatric disturbances -ideologies -religion -alcohol dependence -restrictive diets -disease management restrictive diets 2. increased requirements due to: growth, periods of heavy physical work, pregnancy, lactation, menstruation, stress hypothyroidism, fever, tissue wasting
Name seven pharmacological properties of barbs
1. Low therapeutic index. (ie the dose required to produce a beneficial effect is close to the dose that will produce a toxicity 2. Demonstrate a full spectrum of CNS depression depending on dose (antianxiety-sedation-hypnosis-general anesthesia-death) 3. They suppress REM sleep when used as a hypnotic 4. long acting ones can suppress epileptic seizures 5.General anesthesia (also suppresses respiration..but the patient is artificially ventilated) 6. major problem is respiratory depression 7. high doses suppresses the cardiovascular system
What are the 6 goals of therapy for Crohn's
1. Relieve symptoms 2. Induce Remission. 3. Prevent recurrence 4. Prevent complications 5. Improve the quality of life 6. Treat extra intestinal symptoms
On what brain areas do the amphetamines act
1. Reticular activating system-decrease the threshold for transmitting sensory (peripheral) input to the cerebral cortex 2. Medial Forebrain bundle (mediates reward) 3. Hypothalamus-temperature regulating and feeding centre 4. Limbic system-emotion-may lead to aggressive behaviour and mood swings
What are the three therapeutic uses of GTN?
1. Termination of an individual attack 2. Prevention of individual attack 3. Chronic prophylaxis: to prevent attacks that occur on the regular-give them isosorbide dinitrate to take orally two to three times a day. cuts down on the number of anginal attacks and need to take GTN sublingually
What questions should one ask to assess a report on a clinical trial?
1. What questio is the study designed to answer? 2. How were the patients assigned to test and control groups? 3. How were they selected? 4. How was the study designed to minimize patient and observer bias? 5. Who makes the observations? 6. Is there a clear definition of the desired therapeutic response? 7. Is the therapeutic response to be measured by objective or subjective criteria 8. Have the data been subjected to statistical analysis? 9. Has the study answered the question that was initially posed? 10. Were the patients selected for the trial typical of those for whome the drug is now recommended? (if a drug has been tested in a male population only, is i recommended for both men and women?)
What are the ways that one drug might change the pharmacological effect of another one
1. absorption- 2. displacement changes in liver handling of drug changes in excretion interactions of drugs with potentially toxic substances in foooood
List all 22 amino acids by naming! spelling counts!
1. alanine 2. glycine 3. isoleucine 4. leucine 5. valine 6. serine 7. threonine 8. cysteine 9. cystine 10. methionine 11. asparagine 12. glutamine 13. phenylalanine 14. tryptophan 15. tyrosine 16. aspartic acid 17. glutamic acid 18. arginine 19. histidine 20. lysine 21. hydroxyproline 22. proline
What do amphetamines manifest as?
1. behavioural and psychomotor stimulation (alertness, hyperactivity, insomnia) 2. Anorexia (reduction in appetite) 3. Hyperthermia (increase in body temperature) 4. Respiratory centre stimulation 5. increased neurotransmission in spinal cord 6. Convulsions, with high doses
What are the symptoms of ergot poisoning?
1. burning in the limbs (aka holy fire or st. anthony's fire) 2. Constriction of blood vessels. The limbs would become starved of their blood supply, become black and eventually die. Extreme case; fell off. 3. Mental frenzy, hallucinations and convulsions (some of the compounds in ergot resemble LSD in their structure 4. Abortion (violent contractions of the uterus)
Results of vitamin D deficiency
1. calcium elevated in blood so is deposited in several tissues; heart, lungs, blood vessels, skin. bad for fetus 2. excess removal of calcium from bones occurs 3. fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, impaired kidney function
What are the therapeutic uses of digitalis?
1. congestive heart failure 2. Treatment of disordered electrical rhythms of the heart (arrhythmia)
what is the stepwise approach to treatment of crohn's? (5 steps)
1. diagnosis and site of disease 2. severity of disease 3. induction or remission 4. Informed decision on choice of agent 5. treat based on response
what is alcoholic liver disease
1. fatty liver-cells fat enlarged (reversible) 2. alcoholic hepatitis- cells damaged, inflamed (reversible) 3. cirrhosis-scar tissue replaces damaged scells -scar tissue in liver modifies blood flow from the portal vein and blood backs up into other veins. get distention and veins can rupture and bleed
3 types of cell signalling
1. gpcr-cAMP 2. gpcr-InsP3 3. kinase
what are the four ways that proteins associate/interact with membranes
1. integral/ membrane proteins span the phospholipid bilayer 2. covalently linked to a fatty acid tail that inserts into the membrane 3.covalently linked to a specialized phospholipid that inserts into the membrane 4. peripheral proteins that associate with an integral membrane protein
main functions of the cell membrane
1. maintain cell integrity and act as a barrier 2. point of cell-cell contact and allow for selective permeability 3. initiate the transduction of extracellular signals into intracellular signals
Match the fat substitute w/ its trade name: 1. Simplesse 2. Olestra 3. Benefat 4. Maltrin
1. microparticulated milk protein 2. sucrose polyester 3. triglyceride w/ acetic, propionic and stearic acid 4. maltodextrins
What are the three major classes of antianginal drugs?
1. organic nitrates-nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate 2. beta adrenergic antagonists-propanolol 3. calcium channel blockers-nifedipine
Among the most commonly allergenic foods in the U.S. are...
1. peanuts 2. tree nuts 3. eggs 4. fish and shellfish
What are the 5 design elements of a phase III trial?
1. population size/characteristics 2. comparator: placebo or old drug 3.Outcome: what is being measured etc? 4. Blinding: double blind or not? 5. Control: All elements
therapeutic uses of vitamin C
1. prevention and treatment of scurvy 2. prevention and treatment of the common cold
How do organic nitrites work?
1. relaxation of large veins leading to vasodilation -decrease of venous blood returning to the heart, decrease in cardiac output, decrease in heart size and blood pressure. finally a decrease in energy expenditure and oxygen requirement of heart. 2. Dilation of coronary arteries -blood diverted to areas of the heart with low blood flow. so therefore, enhanced oxygen supply to areas of the heart that are deficient in oxygen
What affects the overall absorption rate for a given dose of ethanol?
1. stomach emptying time, or the time required for the alcohol to reach the small intestine 2. ethanol concentration in the G.I. tract
What are the 3-4 stages of a clinical trial?
1. study conducted on a limited number of healthy volunteers 2. study conducted to see if the drug is effective at treating the condition it it meant to treat 3. drug tested on a larger number of ppl (1000 ish) 4. If okay and released for marketing and general use, it is still monitored (postmarketig surveillance)
therapeutic uses of vitamin A
1. treatment of deficiency -southeast asia, africa, central and south america, middle east 2. infancy, pregnancy, lactation 3. treating acne and some other skin diseases
because of the life-threatening nature of food allergies, it is advisable that food processors...
1. use different equipment to make different types of products 2. thoroughly clean equipment between different products that contain different allergens 3. carefully label foods with the names of all allergenic ingredients
List 8 Pharmacological Properties of the Benzodiazepines
1. very high therapeutic index 2. relief from anxiety 3. decrease aggression 4. produce sedation and amnesia 5. some are effective hypnotics (sleep) 6. minimal suppression of Rapid-eye-movement sleep 7. skeletal muscle relaxation 8. have anticonvulsant action (seizures)
which of the following nutrient interactions are true?
1. vitamin C can promote the absorption of iron 2. sulfite addition helps to preserve vitamin C in fresh produce 3. both iron and copper in foods can promote the destruction of vitamin C 4. vitamin C added to meats can prevent the formation of cancer-causing nitrosamines.
which of the following is an example of a vitamin or mineral acting in the capacity of nutrient fortification...
1. vitamin D added to milk or some dairy products 2. potassium iodide added to salt 3. vitamin A added to margarine and some forms of milk
Problems with ordinary soap
1.) Soaps give somewhat of a weak alkaline solution in water because they are the salts of weak acids. Soap with the Na + H-OH yields an NaOH, which can be harmful to certain fabrics. 2.) Form insoluble salts with the calcium, magnesium, or ferric ions that may be present in hard water. (replacement reaction with Ca and Na)
3 Types of Bonds
1.)Ionic Bonds- Non-metals & metals 2.) Covalent Bonds- Non-metals 3.) Metallic Bond- Metals
Antidotes and treatment for poisoning (gluse sniffing)
1.Use of emetics: these substances cause the poisoned patient to vomit the poison from the GIT 2.Use of adsorbents such as activated charcoal to remove the substance from GIT 3.Increase elimination from the body by changing the acidity and alkalinity of urine or increase urine flow through the intake of excess water
What are the four types of phase three studies?
1.cross over design 2.parallel design 3.randomization 4.double blind design
What are the two approaches to vitamin therapy?
1.selecting a diet aimed at supplying the RDA for each vitamin OR selecting a multivitamin that supplies the RDA of each vitamin 2. megavitamin approach. small dose is good, huge dose must be better
How much morphine is contained in opium?
10%
who does IBS affect
10-20% of the population. Females more than males
vitamin b12
10-30% of americans over 60 years of age have difficulty absorbing vitamin b12. so they should take it as a supplement
study of vitamin c and common cold in 1972
1000mg vit c daily double blind. common cold: not prevented not shorter was more mild
how much cholesterol is synthesized in the body (liver and intestines) per day?
1000mg/day
What is the body rate of ethanol metabolism?
120mg ethanol/kg body weight/hour blood ethaol concentration decreases at 15mg ethanol/100ml blood/hr
how long does vascular permeability usually last in acute inflammation?
15-30 minutes post insult
what are the dosing options of methotrexate for maintenance in crohn's?
15mg intramuscular injection weekly
Pelletier and Caventou
1820, isolated the active principle of cinchona bark and named it quinine
William Murrell
1879. Showed that nitroglycerin exerted a similar effect to amyl nitrite but for longer. Increases the supply of ocygen to the heart and decreases the oxygen requirement of the heart, thus relieveing pain
first synthesis of amphetamine
1887
Who said: "It sounds like the irony of fate that I should be ordered by my doctor to take nitroglycerin internally
1895-Nobel
alexander fleming
1929 london discovered penicillin because he had the bacteria staphylococcus aureus beside the penicillium mold and the the staph aureus wasn't growing.
discovery of cns stimulant actionof amphetamine
1933
What was the trigger for making manufacturers prove that a medication was non toxic?
1938, a sulfonamide antibacterial turned out to be toxic and resulted in ~deaths
amphetamine use in ww2 as anti-fatigue
1939-1945
selman waksman
1943 rutgers university introduced streptomycin to treat tuberculosis and a variety of infections caused by gram negative microorganisms
first marketing of amphetamines as appetite suppressants in USA
1945
epidemic of abuse of amphetamines in japan
1945-1958
In what year were reserpine and chlorpromazine introduced into therapeutics?
1953
amphetamine became the drug of choice recreationally
1960's
Why did they strengthen regulations to include proving safety and efficacy including trials on animals?
1962, sleeping pill thalidomide, when prescribed during pregnancy resulted in fetal malformations
When did they decide to call amphetamines a controlled drug in Canada
1973
When did they discover the benzodiazepines?
1977-discovered specific receptors for the benzodiazepines in the nervous system. Highest in density in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and limbic system
when was the first study published that demonstrated the lowering of plasma cholesterol results in a reduction in mortality from cardiac causes
1994
what does THC stand for?
1trans-delta9-tetra hydro cannabinol
Comortality
2 or more causes of death
the prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergies in the US population is thought to be about...
2 to 2.5%
bacillus cereus
2 toxins from spore former: emetic enterotoxin:fried rice diarrheal toxin: lasagna
how long does persistent diarrhea last
2-4 weeks?
what are eicosanoids and what do they do?
20 carbon fatty acids oxidated together that act as signaling molecules. They exert coordinated control over body systems. They are messengers in the cns
what is the definition of obese?
20% overweight
What is a borderline to high level of cholesterol
200-239 mg/dl
alitame
200x banned in US
acesulfame K
200x clean, sweet bitter metallic at high levels good for baking PICTURE
aspartame
200x not stable at high temps PKU
what are the dosing options of methotrexate for inducing remission of crohn's
25mg intramuscular injection weekly
vibrio vulnificus
3 forms of illness: acute diarrhea primary septecemia, fever chills wound lesions, cellulitis
what is the half life of thc?
30 hrs but elimination from adipose tissue takes longer. several weeks later someone who uses chronically can test positive
How many minutes from the last drink to the maximum blood alcohol concentration?
30-90minutes
saccharin
300x bitter aftertaste cancer in lab rats
cyclamate
30x synergistic effect banned in US
how popular is marijuana?
3rd after alcohol and tobacco not including caffeine
what does of prednisone do most clinicians start with?
40-60mg/day or 1mg/kg/day in children.
how much cholesterol to north americans consume in a day?
400-500mg
what is sulfazalazine?
5 ASA + sulfapyridine
what percentage of people achieve mucosal healing with immunomodulators?
58% in one year and 70% in two years
what is Masalazine?
5ASA without the sulfapyridine
Improper preparation of food accounts for
60% of fatalities
what is the clinical response rate of systemic steroids in inducing remission of crohn's?
60-97% over a period of 1 to 5 months
sucralose
600x chlorine substituted glalactose-fructose cooking
What is the RDA for vitamin C?
60mg in non smokers, 100mg in smokers
pathway of vitamin D synthesis
7-dehydrocholesterol --> cholecalciferol--> liver --> 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 --> kidney -->1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol)
What percentage of people with chrohn's have inflammation a) in the small bowel, b) in the colon, c) the mouth or gastro-duodenal area?
80% small bowel, 20% only in colon, 5-15% in mouth or gastro-duodenal area
neotame
8000-13000x similar to aspartame, more thermostable no PKU
How is alcohol eliminated from the body?
95%=biotransformation mostly in the liver 5%= breath, urine, sweat
what is the desired level of total cholesterol in adults?
<200mg/dL (5.5mmol/L)
what is a high level of cholesterol in adults?
>=240mg/dl
State the difference between a dye and a pigment.
A dye is a synthetic food-grade water-soluble substance added to produce color in food. A pigment is a natural colorant found in the cells of plants and animals.
saponification
A fat or oil is heated with alkali, the ester is converted to glycerol and the salts of fatty acids
Ergot
A fungus that grows on the ears of rye, especially during wet seasons.
Define melting point of fat.
A measure of the strength of the bonds in the crystals; the temperature at which crystals of a solid fat melt.
What is harmful use?
A pattern of psychoactive substance use that is causing damage to health. -physical damage: dirty needles -mental damage: depressive behaviour after alcohol binge
Colchicum
A plant used in the 10th and 11th centuries in Spain, Persia and Iraq for Gout.
Curare
A poison used in the amazon during hunting. When the poison entered the animal it acted upon the voluntary muscles of the animal causing paralysis and death
Theophrastus
A pupil of Aristotle in the year 380 B.C. wrote a textbook on therapeutics that included opium
How do transdermal patches of GTN work?
A reservoir of gtn is impregnated into a polymer. The polymer is bonded to a embrane to control the movement of GTN across the skin. Provides 24 hours of relief
What is Eztimibe?
A selective inhibitor of the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and plant sterols. Usually used in combination with other drugs.
Anaphylaxis
A severe allergic Reaction
Corticosteroids
A type of steroid (hormone) made in the brain
Cilazapril monohydrate
ACE inhibitor
Enalapril maleate
ACE inhibitor
Fosinopril sodium
ACE inhibitor
Lisinopril
ACE inhibitor
Perindopril
ACE inhibitor
Quinapril hydrochloride
ACE inhibitor
Ramipril
ACE inhibitor
Cilazapril/Hydrochlorothiazide
ACE inhibitor/diuretic
Enalapril/Hydrochlorothiazide
ACE inhibitor/diuretic
Lisinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide
ACE inhibitor/diuretic
Perindopril/ Indapamide (diuretic)
ACE inhibitor/diuretic
Quinapril/Hydrochlorothiazide
ACE inhibitor/diuretic
Ramipril/Hydrochlorothiazide
ACE inhibitor/diuretic
Why is it that a constant amount of alcohol is metabolized each hour irrespective of the blood alcohol concentration?
ADH becomes saturaled at 20mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood
Candesartan/Hydrochlorothiazide
ARB/diuretic
Irbesartan/Hydrochlorothiazide
ARB/diuretic
Losartan/Hydrochlorothiazide
ARB/diuretic
Telmisartan/Hydrochlorothiazide
ARB/diuretic
Valsartan/Hydrochlorothiazide
ARB/diuretic
Ambulatory
Able to walk
Benzocaine
Abnesol, Orajel Bug Bites
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstrual period
Aspiration
Accidental sucking of fluids or food particles into the lungs
Radon
Accounts for the majority of exposure to ionizing radiation by the general population Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas Radioactive decay product of radium Found in indoor air, accumulates in buildings/basements
Quinapril hydrochloride
Accupril
Quinapril/Hydrochlorothiazide
Accuretic
Changing the pH of urine
Acids more soluble at high pH, e.g. NaHCO3 treatment of aspirin or barbiturate poisoning Bases more soluble at low pH, e.g. NH4Cl treatment of amphetamine poisoning
Hormone
Act as chemical messengers in the body
AAT
Activity as tolerated
Nifedipine
Adalat and Apo-Nifed Apo-Nifed PA and Adalat XL
Define hydrogenation.
Addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated fatty acid in the presence of a catalyst to reduce the unsaturation of the molecule and raise the melting point.
AI
Adequate intake-recommended daily intake based on observed or scientific data for specific groups of individuals
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Administers and enforces the FDCA and other federal consumer protection laws
Describe two advantages and one concern about the use of genetically modified food.
Advantage: with crops it can enhance taste, flavor, and nutritional value and can increase maturation time Advantage: plants can be made more resistant to disease, herbicides, and insect attack Concern: they may alter the balance of delicate ecosystems as food chains become damaged
Desloratadine
Aerius Allergic Rhinitis/ Dermatitis
Ammonia/ ammonium hydroxide
Afterbite Bug Bites
ABC
Airway, breathing, circulation
What are the three most used non-medical drugs in Canada?
Alcohol Caffeine Tobacco
Spironolactone
Aldactone
Ethinyl estradiol/ Levonorgestrel
Alesse and Min-Ovral and Seasonale and Seasonique and Triquilar
Sodium Bicarbonate
Alka-Seltzer ENO GERD
Sodium Hydroxide
Alkali/pH regulator
Components of Lotions: Anti-inflammatory agents - Prevent inflammation (reduce redness caused by very dry skin)
Allantoin
Fexofenadine
Allegra Allergic Rhinitis/ Dermatitis
Ramipril
Altace
Ramipril/Hydrochlorothiazide
Altace HCT
Aluminum antacid
Alujel, Amphogel GERD
Dose
Amount of drug
Snake venoms (mode of action)
Anaphylactic reaction Allergic reaction Enzymes (e.g. disintergrin) may digest various tissue constituents
Candesartan
Angiotensin receptor blocker
Irbesartan
Angiotensin receptor blocker
Losartan potassium
Angiotensin receptor blocker
Telmisartan
Angiotensin receptor blocker
Valsartan
Angiotensin receptor blocker
Antibodies
Antibodies or antibody fragments bind to target proteins Snake venoms Drugs such as digoxin (narrow therapeutic window)
Blocking a receptor
Antidote blocks receptor leading to toxic effect (Naloxone (Narcan®) binds to the opioid receptor to which morphine also binds and prevents respiratory depression Block organophosphates by atropine, which antagonizes the effect of acetylcholine on the receptors)
Reverse effect at receptor
Antidote reverses receptor blockade or inhibits the receptor (A high concentration of oxygen displaces CO binding to hemoglobin Pralidoxime (2-PAM) will remove the parathion metabolite paraoxon from acetylcholinesterase)
Cryotherapy
Anurex Hemorrhoids
Zinc Sulfate
Anusol Hemorrhoids
Organic Molecule
Any molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Ionic Compounds
Are made of positive and negative ions
Deterrgents
Are synthetic cleansing agents used even when the water is hard. Eg of synthetic detergent : sodium lauryl sulphate
Intramolecular Bonds
Are within a molecule
How is curare used today?
As an anaesthetic
Candesartan
Atacand
Candesartan/Hydrochlorothiazide
Atacand Plus
Intermolecular Bonds
Attractions between two or more molecules
Irbesartan/Hydrochlorothiazide
Avalide
Irbesartan
Avapro
Camphor, menthol
Aveeno Anti-Itch Bug Bites
Icaridin
Aveeno Skin-So-Soft Bug Guard Plus Icaridin Insect Insect repellant
thiamine
B1 beriberi - PNS degraded by sulfites, basic conditions, heat, tannins maintains nervous system
cobalamin
B12 metabolism of amino acids NOT IN PLANTS anemia is first symptom cobalt in center of corrin ring red
riboflavin
B2 redox reactions by flavoprotein enzymes yellow FMN and FAD synthesis
niacin
B3 - pyridine metaboic redox reaction nicotinamide -> NAD -> NADP pellagra
pantothenic acid
B5 synthesis of coenzyme A - fatty acids, oxidation of pyruvate
Biotin
B7 bacteria in intestine egg whites bind it
folic acid
B9 synthesis of RNA and DNA destroyed by copper ions and base conditions enriches flour can mask B12 deficiency
galantamine
B: Reminyl ER C: cholinesterase inhibitor S: 1 R: no D: 8, 16, 24mg ER caps
risedronate
B: actonel C: bone metabolism regulator S: 1 R: no D: tabs: 5, 30, 35, 75, 150mg
cyclobenzaprine
B: apo-cyclobenzaprine and flexeril C: Skeletal muscle relaxant S: 1 R: no D: 10mg tabs
domperidone
B: apo-domperidone and motilium C: upper GI motility modifier S: 1 R: no D: 10mg tabs
folic acid
B: apo-folic C: anemia therapy S: 1-except for vet use R: no D: 0.8mg caps. 0.4, 1, 5, 25mg tabs 5mg/mL injectable solution
donepezil
B: aricept C: cholinesterase inhibitor S: 1 R: no D: 5mg and 10mg normal tabs and rapidly disintegrating tabs
dutasteride
B: avodart C: type I and II 5-alpha reductase inhibitor S: 1 R: no D: 0.5mg caps
tadalafil
B: cialis C: PDE5 inhibitor for the treatment for erectile dysfunction S: 1 R: no D: tabs: 2.5, 5mg, 10mg, 20mg
dorzolamide/timolol
B: cosopt C: elevated IOP therapy S: 1 R: no D: 20mg/5mL eye drops in 10mL bottle or individual 0.2mL preservative free bottles
etidronate/calcium carbonate
B: didrocal C: bone metabolism regulator with calcium S: 1 R: no D: 400/1250mg tabs
etidronate
B: didronel C: bone metabolism regulator-antipagetic agent-antihypercalcemic agent S: 1 R: no D: 200mg tabs
oxybutynin
B: ditropan and ditropan xl C: anticholinergic -antiplasmodic S: 1 C: no D: tabs: 2.5 and 5mg ER tabs: 5 and 10mg Syrup: 1mg/mL
rivastigmine
B: exelon C: cholinesterse inhibitor S: 1 R: no D: 1.4, 3, 4.5mg tabs 2mg/mL oral solution 9mg and 18mg patches
tamsulosin HCl
B: flomax, flomax CR C: selective antagonist of alpha 1a and 1d adrenoreceptors in the prostate and bladder S: 1 R; no D: 0.4mg CR tabs and SR caps
alendronate sodium
B: fosamax C: bone metabolism regulator S: 1 RDP: Special authority only D: tabs: 5, 10, 40, 70mg oral solution: 70mg/75mL
dorzolamide
B: trusopt C: elevated IOP therapy S: 1 R: no D: 20mg/mL eye drops in 5mL bottles (also comes in a preservative free form in 0.2mL prefilled bottle things)
sildenafil
B: viagra C: PDE5 inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction S: 1 R: no D: tabs: 25, 50 and 100mg
latanoprost and timolol
B: xalacom C: prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue and beta blocker S: 1 R: no D: 50micrograms latanoprost and 5mg timolol/mL in 2.5mL bottles
allopurinol
B: zyloprim C: xanthine oxidase inhibitor S: 1 R: no D: tabs: 100, 200, 300mg
latanoprost
B:xalatan C: Prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue S: 1 R: no D: 50micrograms/mL opthalmic solution in 2.5mL bottles
Benzalkonium chloride
BAK or BAC (Preservative) Dry Eyes
If alcohol only has a moderate intrinsic dependence liability, why is it the most highly abused psychoactive substance in our society?
Because it is so readily available
Why do people use drugs
Because they gain something from their use -maybe altered feeling -maybe beefits from social interaction -thrill of experiencing something new and perhaps risky -The greater the "good feeling" obtained from a drug, the more likely the use of the drug will be repeated (reinforcement)
Components of Creams: Oil phase components - Waxes HYDROPHOBIC
Beeswax Lanolin (wool fat or wool wax) Carnauba wax
Diphenhydramine
Benadryl Allergic Rhinitis/ Dermatitis
Diphenhydramine (systemic)
Benadryl Nausea/vomiting
Diphenhydramine (topical)
Benadryl Topical Bug Bites
Betamethasone, hydrocortisone, mometasone
Betaderm, Hyderm Dandruff and Seborrhea
Dextran Polymers (Viscosity Agent)
Bion Tears Dry Eyes
Soybean oil
Bite Blocker Insect Repellant
Cyanotic
Bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes
Microbial Toxins
Botulinum toxin Derived from the bacterium Clostridium botulinum
Enzyme
Break down or build molecules
Citric Acid
Buffer
Protein (5 Functions)
Build or Break Molecules, Transport stuff across the cell membrane, Help Fight Disease, Chemical Messenger, Make up structures of the body
Commercial detergents have additives.
Builders remove calcium and magnesium from hard water, most common is sodium tripolyphosphate which can be replaced with SO4-2 and others, Bleaches, Enzymes for organic stains, Fabric Softeners and more.
Hernia
Bulge of organ through its containing tissues
Components of Creams: Antioxidants - Prevent oxidation - Slow down the aging process - Longer shelf life
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) Vitamin E acetate (tocopheryl acetate)
D-mannose
C2 epimer of d-glucose (LLRR)
D-galactose
C4 epimer of d-glucose (RLLR)
Digoxin
CHF and atrial fib
What are sedative-hypnotic agents
CNS depressants the dose determines what the effect is lowest dose antianxiety effect sedation hypnosis (sleep) general anesthesia highest dose
Alcohol poisoning (signs and symptoms) Acute effects
CNS depression Visual impairment Muscle incoordination Unconsciousness death
Effect of short term low dose use of heroin
CNS: suppression of the sensation of pain euphoria mental clouding heightened feelings of well being relaxation drowsiness nodding off decreased physical activity inability to concentrate apathy pupillary constriction droopy eyelids impaired night vision new users: giddiness/dizziness, fearfulness and anxiety respiratory: decreased respiratory rate gastrointestinal: nausea vomitting reduced appetite decreased gastric motility constipation
effects of short term low dose use of morphine
CNS: suppression of the sensation of pain and emotional response to it euphoria drowsiness lethargy relaxation difficulty concentrating decreased physical activity in some users increased physical activity in other users mild anxiety or fear pupillary constriction blurred vision impaired night vision suppression of cough reflex Respiratory: slightly reduced respiratory rate gastrointestinal: nausea vomiting constipation loss of appetite decreased gastric motility
Carbon Monoxide
CO reacts with hemoglobin in RBC CO binds to heme more strongly then O2 0.1% CO is rapidly lethal Tissues starved of O2 suffer ischemic damage (Anerobic respiration leads to acidosis) 50% saturation means half the hemoglobin is bound to CO at a [CO] 1/220th to [O2]; increase in O2 will not get rid of CO Can treat most effectively with an increase in O2 pressure (2.5 ppm)
Calamine
Calamine Lotion Bug Bites
Aphasia
Cannot speak
Aphagia
Cannot swallow
Define amphoteric.
Capable of functioning as either an acid or a base, depending on the pH of the medium in which the compound is found.
Household Poisoning
Carbon monoxide Ethylene glycol alcohol Glue sniffing and solvent abuse
Carbohydrate (atoms)
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Diltiazem hydrochloride
Cardizem CD and Tiazac and Tiazac XC
Etiology
Cause of a disease
Components of Lotions: Thickening agents - Increase viscosity - Good feeling on use
Cellulose derivatives Pectin Xanthan gum Acrylate polymers Magnesium aluminium silicate
Components of Creams: Water phase components - Thickening agents
Cellulose derivatives (e.g. methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC)) Starch derivatives (e.g. xanthan gum, carrageenan, tragacanth, pectin, sodium alginate, aluminium starch octenyl succinate) Carbomers
1. Laundry soap /washing soap
Cheap vegetable oil
Antidote strategies
Chelating agents; increasing the detoxification of a reactive metabolite; Inhibition of metabolism (bioactivation); Acting on a receptor (blocking it); Reversal of receptor blockage; Antibodies
The earliest recorded drug experiments
China in the year 2700 B.C. Emporer Shen Nung tasted all known drugs and classified them according to taste.
Components of Lotions: Buffers - Regulate product pH (skin pH balance) pH 5.5 on skin
Citric Acid Sodium Citrate Lactic Acid Sodium Lactate
Magnesium Citrate, Milk of Magnesia
Citro-Mag Constipation
Citronella
Citronella Oil Insect Repellant
Loratadine
Claritin Allergic Rhinitis/ Dermatitis
Triprolidine
CoActifed Allergic Rhinitis/ Dermatitis
Docusate Sodium
Colace Constipation
Flatulence
Collection of gas in esophagus, stomach and intestines
Abcess
Collection of pus under the tissue due to inflammatory response
Components of Cleansing Foams - Miscellanous
Colouring agents Perfumes Purified water
Candidiasis
Common infection caused by a common fungus normally found in us
Alopecia
Complete or partial loss of hair
Pramoxine
Component of Anusol Plus and Proctofoam HC Hemorrhoids
Shark Liver OIl
Component of Preparation H Hemorrhoids
Glycerin
Component of Tucks Hemorrhoids
Hamamelis water (witch hazel)
Component of Tucks Hemorrhoids
State the name of one naturally occurring substance which has a similar effect in slowing down rancidity. Identify a food that is rich in this and state an additional health benefit thought to arise from its regular consumption.
Compound: Vitamin C Food: citrus fruits Benefit: reduce risk of cancer and heart disease by inhibiting formation of free radicals; used in production of hormones and collagen
4. Medicated soap
Contain certain substances having medicinal value
False and Deceptive Advertising
Contains misinformation or omits important information that is likely to mislead a reasonable consumer, makes unsubstantiated claims Statements of opinion do not count
Hydrocortisone
Cortef Bug Bites
Cosmetics does not cure acne.
Cosmetics help to clear acne faster.
Warfarin sodium
Coumadin
Perindopril
Coversyl
Perindopril/ Indapamide (diuretic)
Coversyl Plus and Coversyl Plus HD and Coversyl Plus LD
Losartan potassium
Cozaar
What are creams?
Creams are semi-solid emulsions (o/w or w/o), and are more stable over a wider range of temperature and humidity than milky lotions.
CrCL
Creatinine clearance mL/sec
Rosuvastatin calcium
Crestor
what kind of crohn's can we treat with mesalazine/
Crohn's affecting the small bowel
Chelating agent (dicobalt edetate) for treatment of
Cyanide poisoning
Cyanosis
Cyanosis is the appearance of a blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface having low oxygen saturation
Ethinyl estradiol/Norgestimate
Cyclen and Tri-Cyclen and Tri-Cyclen LO
dextrose
D-glucose
how many mg elemental calcium and vit D for osteoporosis
D=1000mg calcium=1500mg
Coal Tar
Dandruff and Seborrhea
Salicylic Acid and Sulfur
Dandruff and Seborrhea
Fungal toxins
Death Cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides) Aflatoxin (Aspergillus flavus)
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Depo-Provera and Provera
Colchicine
Derived from Colchicum plant. Used to treat gout
Ergonovine
Derived from Ergot. Used in the practise of obstetrics. (arrests bleeding after childbirth)
Ergotamine
Derived from Ergot. used in the treatment of migraine. It constricts the blood vessels and reduces the amplitude of the pulsation of blood vessels that lead to the head
Pramoxine
Dermoplast, Aveeno Anti-Itch Bug Bites
Soap cannot be used when water is hard
Detergents can be used
What is Oxidative rancidity?
Development of off flavors and odors in fats as result of the uptake of oxygen and the formation of peroxides, hydroperoxides, and numerous other compounds.
Ethinyl estradiol/ Cyproterone acetate
Diane-35
Brompheniramine
Dimetap, Robitussin Allergic Rhinitis/ Dermatitis
Valsartan
Diovan
Valsartan/Hydrochlorothiazide
Diovan-HCT
Crackles
Discontinuous bubbling noise during inspiration
What are some other drugs used to treat congestive heart failure?
Diuretics-reduce fluid volume angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors-reduce blood pressure and reduce work load on the heart drugs aimed at non cardiac tissues-ace inhibitors, aldosterone blockers, antihypertensive agents
DNS
Do not substitute
How was ergot introduced into modern medicine
Dr. John Stearns introduced it into modern medicine as pulvis parturiens which means the powder to be used in childbirth
Expectorant
Drug that clears mucus from respiratory tract
Bisacodyl
Ducolax 5 mg Constipation
Oral vaccine for traveller's diarrhea
Dukoral Traveller's Diarrhea
Hydrochlorothiazide/Triamterene
Dyazide (brand discontinued), Apo-Triazide
Levothyroxine sodium
Eltroxin, Synthroid
Removal of toxicant from GIT
Emetics: Syrup of Ipecacuanha (Makes you vomit) Absorbents: Fullers Earth, activated charcoal
Cetyl Alcohol
Emollient
Cyclopentasiloxane
Emollient
Hydrogenated Polyisobutene
Emollient
Macadamia Nut Oil
Emollient
Propylene Glycol
Emollient
Stearyl Alcohol
Emollient
Drug Amendment to the FDCA
Empowers the FDA to license new drugs in the US and prohibits adulterated or misbranded drugs Requires users to be provided with: Proper directions for use, warnings about side effects,
Consumer Product Safety Commission (CSPC)
Empowers to adopt rules and regulations to interpret and enforce CPSA, conduct research on products, and collect data regarding injuries caused by consumer products Issues product safety standards for consumer products (Cars, boats, planes, firearms are regulated by other gov't agencies)
Explain how emulsifiers stabilize emulsions.
Emulsifiers aid in the dispersal of these droplets and stabilize them to prevent them from coalescing to form large globules. They act as the interface between the solid, liquid, or gas phases in the dispersed system so they are also used in marking foams. They tend to be soluble in both fats and water.
Aneurysm
Enlargement of artery or heart chamber from wall weakness
Benzimidazoles
Ensulizole sun protection
Epinephrine
EpiPen, Allerject, Twinject Anaphylaxis
In the middle ages, what was ground up with rye and caused epidemics upon people eating bread?
Ergot
Estradiol-17b (micronized)
Estrace
Estradiol-17b
Estradot
Estradiol-17b hemihydrate
Estrogel
Components of Creams: Water phase components - Alcohols
Ethanol Isopropyl alcohol
Treatment of antifreeze
Ethanol (C2H5OH) preferred substrate for ADH Ethanol is preferentially metabolized, blocking the bioactivation of ethylene glycol into oxalic acid Administer alcohol by mouth or IV Hemodialysis can be used to remove ethylene glycol from the body
Components of Lotions - Alcohols - Light and cool feeling - Bacteriostatic effect - Dissolution of ingredients
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol)
Components of Cleansing Foams - Preservatives
Ethyl paraben
Components of Creams: Oil phase components - Fatty Alcohols HYDROPHOBIC
Etyl alcohol Stearyl alcohol Cetearyl alcohol Behenyl alcohol
Clobetasone butyrate
Eumovate Contact Dermatitis
Glucose and Fructose
Examples of monosaccharides
Starch and Cellulose
Examples of polysaccharides
3. Bathing soap / toilet soap
Expensive veg oil and contain expensive perfumes for fragrance
Ezetimibe
Ezetrol
Regulation of Medicinal Devices FDCA
FDA has authority to regulate and prohibits mislabeling of devices FDA is empowered to remove quack devices from the market
True or False? Emollients and humectants moisturize the skin in a similar way.
False
True or False? Ethyl alcohol (or ethanol) is commonly used as an emollient.
False
True or False? Men's cosmetics are usually high in oil content.
False
Maimonides
Famous for saying "Never use two drugs where one drug will do"
Components of Creams: Surfactants or emulsifiers - Anionic
Fatty acid soaps, Sodium alkyl sulfates
Components of Cleansing Foams - Emollients (oils) HYDROPHOBIC
Fatty acids Fatty alcohols Lanolin derivatives Beeswax Olive oil Coconut oil Jojoba oil
Dyspnea
Faulty Breathing
Dyskinesia
Faulty control of movement
Dysphagia
Faulty swallowing
food associated viruses are transmitted by
Fecal to oral routes
Consumer Protection Laws
Federal and state statutes and regulations that promote product safety, prohibit abusive, unfair and deceptive business practices
Azelaic acid
Finacea Acne Rosacea
Bromides
First sedatives and hypnotics introduced into clinical medicine in the mid 19th century
Edema
Fluid-filled swelling
Name four other sedative-hypnotics
Flumazenil-gaba A receptor antagonist. Blocks the effect of benzos...yay antidote Zolpidem-gaba receptor antagonist-doesn't disturb sleep patterns as much as benzos Buspirone-acts on 5HT receptor-used for anxiety, doesn't appear to be additive with other sedative-hypnotics Chloral Hydrate-used occasionally in geriatric patient. causes heartburn and an unusual taste in mouth. Old drug, was used lots for sleep a while back
State an example of a food that is not a nutrient and use this to explain the difference between these two terms.
Food is anything people can eat (excluding drugs/substances like tobacco.) Nutrients are specific substances in food that provide energy and chemicals needed for cell function. Foods that are not nutrients would include chewing gum and dietary fiber.
Sedimentation
For a w/o emulsion, the dispersed water-phase droplets being denser than the continuous oil phase tend to fall under gravity towards the bottom of the emulsion.
Creaming
For an o/w emulsion, the dispersed oil phase droplets being less dense than the continuous water phase tend to move towards the surface of the emulsion.
When would you want a high smoke point or fat decomposition (deterioation of triglcerides)
For frying; good sources: peanut> cottonseed> lard, shortening
Farnesol
Fragrance, perfume
How do substances such as lecithin function in food systems? Example
Functions as an emulsifier. For example adding an egg to cake?
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux
Oral rehydration fluids
Gastrolyte, Pedialyte, Hydralyte Dehydration
Alginic Acid/Sodium Alginate + Antacid
Gaviscon, Maalox nighttime GERD
Sodium Perborate
Gen Aqua (Preservative) Dry Eyes
Methylcellulose (Viscosity Agent)
Genteal, Celluvisc Dry Eyes
Components of Lotions: Perfumes - Fragrance
Geraniol Linalool
Components of Creams: Perfumes - Mask offensive odor due to some ingredients
Geraniol Linalool Limonene Fragrances
Components of Creams: Water phase components - Humectants
Glycerin Propylene glycol Butylene glycol Sorbitol Mannitol Polyethylene glycol (PEG) Diglycerin, POE methyl glycoside Biopolymers
Glycerin
Glycerin suppository Constipation
Components of Lotions - Humectants - Maintains horny layer moisture - Good feeling on use - Dissolution (co-solvent)
Glycerol Propylene glycol Butylene glycol Polyethylene glycol Hyaluronic acid Sodium pyrrolidone carboxylate (PCA) Amino acids
Components of Lotions: Solubilizing agents or surfactants - Solubilization of raw materials
Glyceryl monostearate Sorbitan fatty acid esters (Spans)
Components of Creams: Surfactants or emulsifiers - Non-ionic
Glyceryl monostearate Sorbitan fatty acid esters (Spans), Polysorbates or POE sorbitan fatty acid esters (Tweens)
Dimenhydrinate
Gravol Nausea/ Vomiting
Benign
Growth or tumor that is not cancerous
Structural Protein
Hair, Nails, Muscles and Organs are made of these Proteins
Hydrogen
Happens when Hydrogen bonds with Nitrogen, Oxygen, & Fluorine
Febrile
Has a fever
Bilateral
Having two symmetrical sides
Zinc pyrithione
Head and Shoulders Dandruff and Seborrhea
CO poisoning symptoms
Headache Mental confusion Agitation Nausea and vomiting Hyperventilation Respiratory failure Coma
Antibody
Help fight disease by attaching to bacteria
Hypertension
High blood pressure
Hyperglycemia
High blood sugar
Exudate
High density fluid which travels from blood vessels to tissue in inflammation
what is meant by the Triple Response of Lewis Reaction of Skin
Histamine reaction. FLUSH ( localized redness due to capillary dilation), FLARE (redness nearby due to arterial dilation), WHEAL (due to release of fluid from capillaries and venules)
Promethazine
Histanil Nausea/ Vomiting
Glycerin
Humectant
Sodium Pyrrolidone Carboxylate (PCA)
Humectant
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
HydroDiuril (brand discontinued) Apo-Hydro
Rancidity can occur as a result of two separate processes. State these processes and explain the difference between them.
Hydrolyctic rancidity is caused by the breaking down of a lipid into its complementary fatty acids and glycerol by adding H2O. Oxidative rancidity is due to the oxidation of the fatty acid chains, typically by the addition of the oxygen across the C--C double bond in unsaturated fatty acids.
What is hyperlipoproteinemia?
Hyperlipoproteinemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally elevated concentrations of specific lipoprotein particles in the plasma.
Osmolarity agents
HypoTears, TheraTears, GenTeal, BionTears Dry Eyes
Mineral oil and petrolatum
Hypotears Ointment Dry Eyes
Losartan/Hydrochlorothiazide
Hyzaar and Hyzaar DS
Lorazepam
I: Anxiety Disorder and sleep disorders C: H to bdz
Diazepam
I: Anxiety Disorders, panic attacks, sleep disorders C: H to bdz
Oxazepam
I: Anxiety and sleep disorders C: H to bdz
Temazepam
I: Anxiety and sleep disorders C: H to bdz
Alprazolam
I: Anxiety disorders, panic attacks, C: H to bdz
dutasteride
I: BPH as monotherapy or combo therapy CI: H, women and children
alendronate
I: Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis CI: H
Zolpidem
I: Short term insomnia (7-10 days. Never>1month) C: H, sleep apnea, severe respiratory impairment, MG, severe hepatic impairment, sleep walking
budesonide and formoterol
I: asthma C: H and pts with pulmonary or nasal viral fungal or yeast infection
betamethasone
I: eczema, pruritis, psoriasis C: H and pts with viral, fungal or yeast infections of the skin
fluticasone
I: flovent=prophylactic management of bronchial spasm flonase= treatment of seasonal allergies and rhinitis C: H and pts with pulmonary or nasal viral fungal or yeast infection
budesonide
I: oral: asthma nasal: seasonal allergies C: H and pts with pulmonary or nasal viral fungal or yeast infection
hydrocortisone
I: relief of skin irritations, itching and rashes C: H and pts with pulmonary or nasal viral fungal or yeast infection
mometasone furoate
I: relief of skin irritations, itching, rashes C: H and pts with pulmonary or nasal viral fungal or yeast infection
mometasone furoate monohydrate
I: relief of symptoms of seasonal allergies C: H and pts with pulmonary or nasal viral fungal or yeast infection
triamcinolone
I: seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis C: H
Cyclobenzaprine
I: short term treatment of muscle spasm associated with acute muskuloskeletal conditions. off label: fibromyalga, acute neck/back pain CI: use of mao inhibitors, acute recovery phase of MI, history of cardiac arrhythmias, heart block or conduction disturbances or heart failure, hyperthyroidism
zopiclone
I: sleep disorders C: H
prednisone
I: to reduce inflammation in flare ups such as ulcerative colitis and psoriasis C: H
dorzolamide/timolol maleate
I: treatment of elevated IOP in patients with ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma CI: H and patients with severe renal impairment and patients on carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and patients with bronchospasms and bradycardia
dorzolamide
I: treatment of elevated IOP in patients with ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma CI: H and patients with severe renal impairment and pts on carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
allopurinol
I: treatment of gout CI: H
etidronate
I: treatment of osteoporosis CI: H
fluticasone and salmeterol
I: treatment of patients with asthma and management of COPD C: H and pts with pulmonary or nasal viral fungal or yeast infection, pts with tachyarrhythmias, pts with lactose intolerance
donepezil
I: treatment of patients with mild to moderate dementia (alzheimer's type) CI: H
domperidone
I:symptomatic management of upper GI motility disorders associated with chronic and subacute gastritis and diabetic gastroparesis, prevention of GI symptoms associated with use of dopamine agonists used in parkinson's disease CI: patients in whom GI stimulation could be dangerous (pre existing hemorrhage, mechanical perforation/obstruction) patients taking ketoconazole
IBW
Ideal body weight
Diagnosis
Identification of Illness
Increasing elimination of toxicant from the body
If chemical is charged, change pH of urine to increase solubility Increase urine flow Hemodialysis and hemoperfusion
Isosorbide-5-mononitrate
Imdur
Loperamide
Immodium Diarrhea
What is inflammatory Bowel Disease?
Immune mediated chronic and recurring inflammation predominant in caucasians.
Pyrilamine
In Midol, Jack and Jill Allergic Rhinitis/ Dermatitis
Phenylephrine
In Preparation H Cooling Gel Hemorrhoids
Dibucaine
In Proctomyxin, Proctosedyl Hemorrhoids
Chlorpheniramine
In Tylenol Cold Allergic Rhinitis/ Dermatitis
Incontinence
Inability to control excretory functions
Anhedonia
Inability to experience pleasure
How do the benzodiazepines work?
Increase synaptic inhibition and thus dampen neuronal responses Activate the benzodiazepine receptor thus enhancing the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the cns
Increase detoxification
Increase the detoxication of a reactive metabolite (N-acetylcysteine for paracetamol overdosage ↑ Glutathione, which reacts with the toxic iminoquinine metabolite Thiosulfate for cyanide poisoning)
Health Care Reform Act
Increases the number of persons who have health care insurance Provides new protections for insured persons from abusive practices of insurance companies
Propranolol hydrochloride
Inderal- LA and Teva-Propranolol
Arthritis
Inflammation of Joint
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inside lining of the heart
Bronchitis
Inflammation of tubes that form the lung
Hydrocortisone
Ingredient of Hemocort and Proctofoam HC Hemorrhoids
Cilazapril monohydrate
Inhibace
Cilazapril/Hydrochlorothiazide
Inhibace Plus
Cyanide Mechanism
Inhibition of respiratory chain in mitochondria CN- binds to cytochrome aa3 and blocks e- movement Reduces ATP production Death by heart or respiratory failure
Contusion
Injury where skin is not broken (eg. Bruise)
INR
International normalized ratio
IU
International units
ICF
Intracellular fluid
Gerhard Domagk
Introduced sulfa drugs in 1930's germany. First successful synthetic drugs for the treatment of bacterial disease.
Components of Creams: Water phase components - Purified water
Ion exchange water
Components of Lotions - Purified water - Supply moisture to horny layer - Dissolution of ingredients
Ion exchange water
Ionic Bonds
Ionic bonds occur when the electronegativity of the two atoms are so different that they cant even share unevenly...one atom just takes them from the other
Melting/Boiling Point
Ionic-Highest Covalent-Next Highest Metallic-Lowest
Solubility in Water
Ionic-Yes Covalent (Polar-Yes) (Non-polar-No) Metallic-No
Soap
Is a sodium salt of fatty acids
Components of Creams: Oil phase components - Synthetic esters HYDROPHOBIC
Isopropyl myristate Isopropyl palmitate Octyl palmitate Triglycerides Cholesteryl esters
Verapamil
Isoptin-SR and Apo-Verap
What happens to a protein when the molecule is charged, and how does this affect a food system?
It clumps and precipitates out
How does fat content affect egg white foam stability?
It destabilizes or decreases stability of the foam ---- reason for separating yolk from white
What is the catch with gemfibrozil?
It should not be used in patients with combined hyperlipidemia (elevation of more than one lipoprotein in the blood and who show symptoms of atherosclerosis.
1974
John C. Krantz Jr
JVP
Jugular venous pressure
vitamin K
K2 is produced by intestines blood clotting
Attapulgite
Kaopectate Diarrhea
who introduced cocaine into medicine as a local anesthetic in 1884?
Karl Koller
Antibiotic
Kills bacteria
Flaccid
Lack of muscular tone
Ataxia
Lack of order (lack of voluntary muscle coordination)
Lactase Enzyme
Lactaid Intestinal Gas
LDH
Lactate dehydrogenase
CO poisoning (mechanism of action) step 2
Lactic acidosis
Common fats
Lard, butter, fat on meat; saturated/single bonds keep the substance packed together in a solid, melting point higher
Polymer
Large molecules made of many smaller parts linked together; another name for macromolecule
Macromolecules
Large molecules made of many smaller parts linked together; another name for polymer
Furosemide
Lasix
Monocrotaline undergoes metabolic activation to a reactive metabolite (acute effect)
Leads to hemorrhagic necrosis, veno-occlusive diseases
LLL
Left lower lobe
Caveat Emptor
Let the buyer beware
LOC
Level of consciousness or laxative of choice
Explain the meaning of the term shelf life and suggest which fat or oil from the table would have the shortest shelf life.
Linseed oil would have the shortest shelf life because poly-unsaturated fats have the most double bonds
Fenofibrate
Lipidil EZ and Lipidil Micro and Lipidil Supra and Apo-Fenofibrate
Describe the rancidity of fats.
Lipids become rancid when our senses perceive them to have "gone off" due to disagreeable smell, taste, texture, or appearance. It is caused by the hydrolysis of triesters or the oxidation of the fatty acid chains.
Atorvastatin calcium
Lipitor
Diphenoxylate-atropine
Lomotil 2.5/0.025 Diarrhea
Three Forces
London Dispersion Forces (LDF) Dipole Dipole Hydrogen
Metoprolol tartrate
Lopresor and Apo-Metoprolol and Apo-Metoprolol (Type L)
Hypotensive
Low Blood Pressure
Anemia
Low RBC levels
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar
Components of Cleansing Foams - Scrubbing Granules
Low-molecular-weight polyethylene (PE) powder Nylon powder
Indapamide
Lozide
Radon effects
Lung cancer
What are the street names of morphine?
M Morph Miss Emma
What was ephedrine isolated from?
Ma Huang
Protein
Macromolecule that has many functions (but does not provide energy); has Nitrogen
Carbohydrate
Macromolecule used for energy in living things and structural support in plants
Pico-Salax
Magnesium oxide, citric acid, picosulphate Bowel Cleansing
Diuretic
Makes you pee
Andropause
Male menopause experienced as male testosterone levels decrease
Ethinyl estradiol/ Desogestrel
Marvelon and Ortho-Cept
What does transmural mean wrt chrohn's disease?
Means that people with chrohn's can get inflammation across the entire wall of the GI tract spreading inflammation/infection to other organs
Foods Containing Protein
Meat, Eggs, Nuts, and Legumes (beans)
Emetic
Medication inducing vomiting
What are alcohol's traditional purposes?
Medicine as a sedative and hypnotic Religiouse and other occasions Recreational purposes
Influence of Religion on Pharmacology
Medicine men acted as both physicians and priests. Intoxicating substances were used to alter the state of consciousness and facilitate communication with their gods
Amnesia
Memory Deficit
MS
Mental status
Components of Lotions: Anti-fading agents - Prevent fading and discolouration caused by metal ions/UV rays
Metal ion chelating agents (e.g. EDTA) UV absorbents (e.g. benzophenones)
Conduction of Electricity
Metallic-Yes Covalent-When dissolved in water Ionic-No
Psyllium, Polycarbophil
Metamucil, Prodiem Fibre Constipation, Hemorrhoids
Components of Lotions: Preservatives - Prevent further microbial growth
Methyl paraben Phenoxyethanol
Metronidazole
MetroCream, MetroLotion, MetroGel, Noritate Acne Rosacea
Benzylidene camphor derivatives
Mexoryl SX aka terephthalyidene, ecamsule; Parsol 5000 aka enzacamene sun protection
Hydroxybenzotriazoles
Mexoryl XL sun protection
Telmisartan
Micardis
Telmisartan/Hydrochlorothiazide
Micardis Plus
Nitroglycerin (NTG)
Minitran and Nitrodur and Nitrolingual Pumpspray and Nitrostat and Transderm-Nitro
Minoxidil
Minoxidil Hair Loss
Polycarbophil
Mitrolan Diarrhea
Humectant
Moistening or dilutent medication
Bisoprolol fumarate
Monocor and Sandoz-Bisoprolol
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (mode of action)
Monocrotaline
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (mechanism of action)
Monocrotaline undergoes metabolic activation to a reactive metabolite
Triglyceride
Monomer of Lipids, has an "E" shape
Amino Acid
Monomer of Protein; Branched/Chain Structure, Contains Nitrogen (and Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen)
Monosaccharide
Monomer of carbohydrates, also known as simple sugars
Nucleotide
Monomer of nucleic acids
Fosinopril sodium
Monopril and Apo-Fosinopril
How did morphine get its name?
Morpheus, God of dreams
What is the constituent in opium responsible for pain relief?
Morphine
Antidotes acting on a receptor
Morphine poisoning which causes respiratory depression can be treated by blocking the receptor where it acts with the drug naloxone
Drug absorption by mouth (oral administration)
Most convenient way. Only practical method for self administration. tablet breaks down into tiny pieces and gets transported to stomach where it is dissolved. Then absorbed through stomach walls into the bloodstream
statins (lovastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin)
Most effective kind at lowering LDL and total cholesterol. inhibit the enzyme that catalyzes the rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. (HmG-CoA reductase). This means more LDL is removed from blood by liver so blood concentration decreases.
Transport Protein
Move substances across the cell membrane
PVA
Murine Eye Care, Liquifilm Dry Eyes
Tetrodotoxin (symptoms)
Muscular incoordination Salivation Skin numbness Vomitting Diarrhea convulsions
MS
Musculoskeletal system
Magnesium/ aluminum
Mylanta, Maalox GERD
Components of Creams: Oil phase components - Fatty Acids HYDROPHOBIC
Myristic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Oleic acid Behenic acid
seafood fed. agency
National Oceanic and atmospheric admin. US dept. of commerce NOAA Marine fisheries service
Biotoxins
Natural poisons of natural origin natural toxins are of diverse structure and mode of action
N/V
Nausea and vomiting
N/V/D
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Ketoconazole
Nizoral Dandruff and Seborrhea
NAD
No apparent distress
NKDA
No known drug allergy
Achlorhydria
No stomach acid production
Deduce whether the TGBP contains the tertiary butyl group.
No, does not contain CH3 | ----CH----CH3 | CH3
Ceteareth-20
Non-ionic surfactant
how does nitroglycerin relax blood vessels?
Normally in body: In endothelial cells lining blood vessels, nitric oxide synthase catalyzes the conversion of arginine to citrulline and nitric oxide then the nitric oxide goes from the endothelial cells into the smooth muscle cells where it activates the enzyme guanylyl cyclase and leads eventually to the relaxation of the blood cell Nitroglycerin: goes directly into smooth muscles and is converted to nitric oxide, then guanalyl cyclase and then relaxes blood vessel
How does curare work?
Normally nerves release acetylcholine which then combines with receptors in skeletal muscles causing the muscle to contract. However, if curare gets there first, the acetylcholine can't combine with the receptors and therefore prevents muscle contraction.
Amlodipine besylate
Norvasc and Pms-Amlodipine
Epistaxis
Nosebleed
Afebrile
Not Feverish
Ethylene Glycol (mode of action)
Not intrinsically toxic but metabolized into intermediate products oxalic acid
NYD
Not yet diagnosed
NPO
Nothing by mouth
Heavy mineral oil
Nujol Constipation
Dibucaine
Nupercainal Anesthetic Ointment Bug Bites
Brimonidine
ONRELTEA Facial Erythema
Salicylates
Octyl salicylate, homosalate sun protection
P-menthane-3, 8-diol
Off! Botanicals Insect Repellant
DEET
Off! Deep Woods, Muskol, Off! Skintastic Insect repellant
Hydrogenation can result in the formation of trans fatty acids. Outline the meaning of the term trans fatty acids and explain why their formation is undesirable.
Oils containing trans fatty acids behave like saturated fats and increase levels of LDL cholesterol which increases risk of heart disease. Fats containing them are harder to metabolize and excrete so they accumulate in fatty tissue. They are also a lower quality energy source. Stronger Van Der Waals forces make them harder to break apart.
Components of Creams: Oil phase components - Fats and Oils HYDROPHOBIC
Olive oil Almond oil Jojoba oil Cocoa butter Macadamia nut oil Avocado oil Castor oil Sunflower oil Evening primrose oil Hardened palm oil
Components of Lotions: Emollients - Moisturizing effect - Softening effect on skin - Good feeling on use
Olive oil Jojoba oil Cetyl alcohol Isopropyl myristate
Lipids
One of the four macromolecules; Primarily used for long term energy storage
Nucleic Acid
One of the four macromolecules; Stores information needed to make protein
ACD - Paraben Use
One paraben used = Max 0.4% concentration allowed More than one paraben used = Max 0.8% concentration allowed
What is the dopamine hypothesis of dependence
One school of thought suggests that drugs which cause dependence increase dopamine levels in the mesolimbic system and this increase in dopamine leads to maladaptive behaviour
Where do you get opium?
Opium Poppy (papaver somniferum) The poppy bulb is slashed and the fluid which emerges is dried and constitutes opium
Simethicone
Ovol-40, 80 160 and Gas-X Intestinal Gas
Lactulose 667mg/mL, Polyethylene glycol
PEG = RestoraLax Constipation
Phosphates
PO4-3 can be added to soaps, for soluble complexes with metal ions, prevent the insoluble salts from forming, they also form neutral solutions. but they pose a risk to the environment. excess phosphate is excess nutrients in lakes and streams, plant life grows rampantly, and all of the oxygen is used up, fish die.
list some contraindications for methotrexate?
PREGNANCY, alcoholism, alcoholic liver disease, other liver disease, immunodeficiency syndromes, preexisting blood dyscrasias like bone marrow hypoplasia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, significant anemia
what are the physical signs of acute inflammation?
PRISH: pain, redness, immobility, swelling, heat. Not all symptoms my be present
what is purulent inflammation
PUS
Analgesic
Pain Reliever
Arthralgia
Pain in joint
Snake venoms (signs and symptoms) Diamond Snake Bite
Painful swelling Nausea and vomitting Diarrhea Cardiac effects (systemic blood pressure) CNS effect and respiratory paralysis Hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria
Components of Creams: Preservatives
Parabens (methyl, ethyl) Phenoxyethanol DMDM hydantoin
Dibenzoylmethane
Parsol 1789 aka Avobenzone sun protection
Cinnamates
Parsol MCX, octoxinate, octocrylene sun protection
What are the classifications of penicillins?
Penecillin G Penicillin V Cloxacillin Ampicillin and Amoxacillin Carbenicillin Augmentin
How does penicillin work?
Penecillin takes the place of D-alanyl-D-alanine, a chemical that is necessary to form bacterial cell walls. Without the cell walls, the bacteria cells are called protoplasts and readily burst due to their high internal pressure.
Famotidine
Pepcid-AC, Pepcid Complete GERD
Bismuth Subsalicylate
Pepto-Bismol Heartburn, indigestion, gas, diarrhea
PR
Per rectum, rectally
Components of Lotions: Colouring agents - Colouring
Permitted colours
Components of Creams: Colourants
Permitted colours Pigments
Emulsion Instability
Phase separation into distinct oil and aqueous layers may occur in lotions or creams with time.
Magnesium Antacid
Phillips' Milk of Magnesia GERD
Give another name for lecithin.
Phosphatidyl Choline
Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide
Physical Sunblocks. sun protection
A valuable drug used today that was derived from the Calabar bean is:
Physostigmine-used in the treatment of glaucoma
Components of Lotions: Whitening agents - Inhibit melanin formation
Placenta liquid Kojic acid Arbutin Vitamin C derivatives
Oils
Plants like corn, olive, peanut, & soybean; contain a much higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, double bonds cause uneven molecules of a liquid, low melting point because they're not packed together
Clopidogrel
Plavix
Dipole Dipole
Polar Molecules have permanent partial separation of charge
Components of Creams: Oil phase components - Silicone oils HYDROPHOBIC
Polydimethylsiloxane (dimethicone) Cyclomethicone
Polysaccharide
Polymer of carbohydrates, also known as complex carbohydrates
Polyquaternium
Polyquad (Preservative) Dry Eyes
Components of Creams: Alkalis
Potassium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide Triethanolamine
Dabigatran etexilate
Pradaxa (formerly Pradax)
Pravastatin sodium
Pravachol
Conjugated Estrogens
Premarin
Yeast
Preparation H Hemorrhoids
Butyl Paraben
Preservative
Methyl Paraben
Preservative
Phenoxyethanol
Preservative
Propyl Paraben
Preservative
Antiseptic
Prevents infection
Lisinopril
Prinivil and Zestril
Lisinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide
Prinizide and Zestoretic
What is emulsification
Process of breaking bigger compunds to smaller compounds is called emulsification and the substance used for doing socis called emulsifier.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (produced by)
Produced by plants: Senecio Heliotropium Crotolaria
Purpose or Function: Moisturizing, softening the skin Stimulate skin circulation Cleansing, makeup removal Makeup base UV protection Remove hair Hairstyling Shaving
Product Category: Emollient cream Massage cream Cleansing cream Makeup cream, base cream Sunscreen cream Depilatory cream Hair cream Shaving cream
Purpose or Function: Moisturizing / softening the skin Stimulate skin circulation Cleansing / makeup removal UV protection Makeup base For the hands or body
Product Category: Emollient lotion Massage lotion Cleansing lotion Sunscreen lotion Makeup lotion, base lotion Hand lotion, body lotion
Federal Trade Commission Act (FTC)
Prohibits unfair and deceptive practices
Progesterone (micronized)
Prometrium
Snake venoms (protiens)
Proteinases Phospholipases Ribonucleases Deoxyribonucleases Phosphomonoesterases Phosphodiesterases ATpases
PT
Prothrombin time
PPI
Proton pump inhibitor
Tetrodotoxin (where is it found)
Puffer fish and Californian newt
PEARL
Pupils equal and reactive to light
Sodium Chlorite
Purite (Preservative) Dry Eyes
Plant toxins
Pyrorolizidine alkaloids pennyroyal oil Ricin Atropine-deadly nightshade berries (atropa belladona) Cytisine- laburnum Coniine-hemlock
All Food associated viruses are ________virusse in the US
RNA
ROM
Range of motion
Chelating agents
React with compounds to form water soluble complex which is eliminated Hydroxocobalamine for cyanide poisoning (forms Vit B12) Penicillamine for Pb, Cu, As poisoning Dimercaprol (BAL) for Lewisite gas or heavy metals
Cetirizine
Reactine Allergic Rhinitis/ Dermatitis
Hygroscopic
Readily absorbs moisture from atmosphere
RBC
Red blood cell
Erythema
Reddening of the skin
Antipyretic
Reduces fever
Anti-inflamatory
Reduces swelling and inflammation
Do Not Call Registry
Register created by federal law where consumers add their phone numbers and free themselves from unsolicited telemarketing and commercial telephone calls Exceptions - charitable orgs, surveys, collection agencies, government, established business relationships
Consumer Product Safety Act (CSPA)
Regulates potentially dangerous consumer products; created by the CPSC
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA)
Regulates the safety of foods, drugs, cosmetics, and medicinal devices Prohibits shipment, distribution, or sale of adulterated food Prohibits false and misleading labeling
Antitussive
Relieves cough
Antipruritic
Relieves itching
Strategies to treat poisoning
Removal of toxicants from the body Administration of antidotes
Do Not Call Implementation Act
Required FTC to create and administer the National Do Not Call Registry
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA)
Requires food manufacturers to disclose on food labels nutrimental information about the food Requires the discloser of uniform information about serving sizes and nutrients
Regulation of Cosmetics FDCA
Requires proper labeling, disclosure of ingredients, display of warnings if carcinogenic or dangerous to health Soap is not regulated
what are the four possible outcomes of acute inflammation?
Resolution, fibrosis (scarring), abscess formation (cavity containing pus) chronic inflammation
RR
Respiratory rate
US Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Responsible for regulating meat, poultry, and other food products Can initiate legal proceedings against violators
Linked to the poisoning of a Bulgarian Journalist in 1978
Ricin
RLL
Right lower lobe
Calcium/ magnesium
Rolaids GERD
Is butter is a more plastic fat when it is at a refrigerator temperature or room temperature.
Room temperature (we do not use plasticity w/ liquid fats because they are not a plastic fat)
Galactorrhea
Secretion of breast milk in persons not breast feeding an infant
What are the four classes of diarrhea?
Secretory, Osmotic, Motility related, Inflammatory/exudative
Selenium sulfide
Selsun Dandruff and Seborrhea
Gels
Semi-solids that give a uniform external appearance ranging from transparent to semitransparent, and they have a moist feeling.
Sennosides
Senokot, Glysennid Constipation
Who discovered Morphine?
Seturner, a pharmacist in Paderborn, Germany in 1803. He isolated crystals of morphine and tested the pure substance on himself and three companions.
Hemorrhage
Severe bleeding
SOB
Shortness of breath
Emollient
Skin Softener
Bradycardia
Slow heartbeat (under 60 beats per min)
Monomer
Small molecules that are combined together to make polymers
Aphthous ulcer
Small ulcer or sore in the mouth
One of the most common forms of poisoning by natural toxins worldwide
Snake venoms
Animal toxins
Snake venoms Tetrodotoxin- Puffer fish Saxitoxin- shellfish
carboxylic acid
Soap + acid --> carboxylic acid (s) + salt (s)
How soaps work
Soap molecules surround and emulsify the droplets of oil or grease; lipophilic tail dissolves in the oil, hydrophilic head extends out of the oil droplet toward the water. Oil droplets are stabilized in the water solution b/c the negative surface charge of the droplets prevents their coalescence
Components of Creams: Chelating or sequestering agents
Sodium EDTA
Components of Cleansing Foams - Thickeners
Sodium acrylate Sodium alginate Cationic polymers
Lidocaine
Solarcaine Bug Bites
Components of Cleansing Foams - Humectants HYDROPHILIC
Sorbitol Polyethylene glycol (300, 400, 600, 1500, 4000) Propylene glycol Butylene glycol Glycerol (glycerin)
Components of Creams: Oil phase components - Hydrocarbons HYDROPHOBIC
Squalene Mineral oil Petrolatum (petroleum jelly) Microcystalline wax
Constriction
Squeezing and tightening of a tube
Gastrointestinal
Stomac and Intestines
SC
Subcutaneous injection
Angioedema
Sudden swelling of skin
Sodium Sulfacetamide 10%, Sulfur 5%
Suphera, Rosac Acne Rosacea
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS)
Surfactant (anionic)
Sx
Symptom
Levothyroxine sodium
T4
Carbomer 940, 980
Tear Gel Dry Eyes
Lanolin
Tears Naturale PM, Optilube Dry Eyes
Atenolol
Tenormin
Biuret test
Tests for protein
Benedict's test
Tests for simple sugars
Iodine test
Tests for starch
What is reinforcement
The greater the "good feeling" obtained from a drug, the more likely the use of the drug is to be repeated
What is heart disease?
The heart muscle becomes weak and cannot expel blood with enough force. The blood flow through the small blood vessels is decreased.
What is Compulsive Use
The individual takes the substance in larger doses and for a longer period of time than intended Person spends a predominant amount of their time obtaining and using the drug Daily activities revolve around the drug The user will withdraw from family or society to use the drug and will prefer to spend time with drug using friends
Electronegativity
The pull an atom has for the electrons it shares with another atom in a bond
Surface Tension
The resistance of a liquid to spread out *The higher the IMF's the higher the surface tension
Viscosity
The resistance to flow
What is dependence liability
The tendency of the drug to produce physical and psychological dependence
What was the major problem with the bromides?
They are eliminated at a slow rate so they accumulated caused "bromism"-mental and neurological aberrations, skin rash and gastrointestinal disturbances
How do calcium channel blockers work?
They plug the calcium channel preventing -calcium to enter the vascular smooth muscel cell -calcium calmodulin to activate myosin kinase -prevents myosin kynase phosphoylating a light chain of myosin -myosin interacting with actin to cause contraction and constriction of arterioles
Sodium Polyacrylate
Thickening Agent
Super colourful indian/mexican paintings
Thought to be inspired by hallucinatory visions produced by consumption of the peyote cactus
T4
Thyroxine
Hydroxyphenyltriazine and benzotriazole
Tinosorb-S and M, bemotrizinol and bisoctrizole sun protection
Main function of creams
To maintain moisture balance and keep the skin moist through the supply of water, humectants and oils.
Digoxin
Toloxin
TBW
Total body weight or total body water
Scopolamine
Transderm V Nausea/ Vomiting
TIA
Transient ischemic attack
5.soft soap/liquid soap
Treated wiht potassium carbonate
6. Transparent soap
Treated with alcohol
Define Inesterfication.
Treatment of a fat, usually lard, with sodium methoxide or another agent to split fatty acids from glycerol and then to reorganize them on glycerol to form different fat molecules w/ less tendency to form coarse crystals; rearrangement
Components of Cleansing Foams - Antibacterial Agents
Triclosan
T3
Triiodothyronine
True or False? Lotions or creams have different functions depending on the ingredients present in the formulations.
True
True or False? The main difference between a lotion and a cream is the physical state.
True
Calcium antacid
Tums GERD
Rings and Chains
Two shapes that carbon molecules form
Steroid
Type of hormone (chemical messenger)
Beef, pork, lamb, poultry, and egg products federal agency
USDA FSIS
What are the two kinds of inflammatory bowel disease?
Ulcerative Colitis (UC) an Chrohn's disease
URTI,URI
Upper respiratory tract infection
UTI
Urinary tract infection
Diuresis
Urination
2. Scouring soap
Used in cleaning floors , in the laundry soap added to ground pumice, sand and sodium carbonate
Calabar Bean
Used in ordeal trials in west and central africa to determine if a person was a sorcerer. If the person vomited from the poison they were save, those who did not, died and were proclaimed sorcerers.
Nitroglycerin
Used in the manufacture of dynamite valuable for the treatment of angina pectoris (choking in the chest)
PV
Vaginally
Petrolatum
Vaseline Hemorrhoids
Enalapril/Hydrochlorothiazide
Vaseretic
Enalapril maleate
Vasotec
Formula for soap
Vegetable oil+ sodium hydroxide =soap + glycerine
Propylene glycol, glycerin, polysorbate 80
Visine Advance True Tears, Systane Dry Eyes
VS
Vital signs
Panthenol
Vitamin B Rejuvenating Agent
Pyridoxine
Vitamin B6 Nausea/ Vomiting
Tocopheryl Acetate
Vitamin E derivatives Rejuvenating Agent/Antioxidant
Components of Lotions: Rejuvenating agents - Rejuvenate skin (hydrate/renew/lighten skin pigmentation/slow down aging)
Vitamin derivatives Plant extracts
Emesis
Vomiting
Hydrophilic
Water loving
London Dispersion Forces (LDF)
Weakest of the three forces
what is a sinus track?
When the ulcer goes through the wall of the GI tract and the contents can move through this canal and affect other organs.
When do vitamins become drugs?
When vitamins are consumed in the chemically pure form as a tablet and not obtained from a healthy diet
WNL
Within normal limits
Anorexia
Without appetite
Rivaroxaban
Xarelto
Benzophenones
Xybenzone, dioxybenzone sun protection
Ethinyl estradiol/ Drospirenone
Yasmin and Yaz
Ranitidine
Zantac GERD
Simvastatin
Zocor
What is a gram positive bacteria
a bacteria which takes up the colour of gram's stain after treatment and observation under a microscope.
antibiotic
a chemical substance produced by microorganisms that suppress the growth of other microorganisms and may eventually destroy them.
colton
a chemist-lecturer who gave public demonstrations of nitrous oxide (laughing gas)
what is angina pectoris
a choking pain in the chest -usually due to lipid deposits in the coronary arteries hindering blood flow (atherosclerosis) and oxygen to an area of the heart muscle sudden severe pressing pain in chest
what are amphetamines?
a class of central nervous system stimulant drugs that enhance the activity of the brain they are synthetic organic compounds that are structurally similar to norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine found in the body
quinidine
a close relative of quinine. used for the treatment of certain disorders of heart rhythms (arrhythmias) Discovered by a dutch sea captain
what is inflammation
a complex reaction in the tissues. An early and protective response to injury
Quinine
a constituent of the bark of the cinchona tree indigenous to regions of south america. (treatment of malaria)
Wells
a dentist who saw colton's demonstrations of nitrous oxide. Noticed that one guy who got in a fight while on nitrous oxide gashed his leg but didn't feel any pain. decided to use it in tooth pulling
what is arrhythmia?
a disordered electrical rhythm of the heart
ma Huang
a drug classified as medium strength in ancient china. Widely used in coughs, influenza and fevers.
MSG is...
a flavor enhancer, bringing out the natural flavor of a food
what is hypertriglyceridemia?
a form of hyperlipoproteinemia where triglycerides predominate. VLDL is elevated
What is myocardial infarction?
a heart attack. A portion of the heart muscle deprived of oxygen-carrying blood leading to irreversible damage
Describe what is meant by the term dispersed system.
a kinetically stable mixture of one phase within another largely immiscible phase
drug habituation
a less intense form of drug use that produces detrimental effects on the individual only
what is infliximab?
a monoclonal antibody against tumor necrosis factor
short term moderate use barbs
a period of increased activity, a pleasurable state of intoxication and euphoria, followed by sleep. Some become hostile and aggressive decrease in bp and respiration
Rauwolfia plant
a plant long used in indian medicine to reduce tension and anxiety and to lower blood pressure
Aflatoxin is metabolized into
a reactive intermediate (epoxide)
Define plastic fat.
a solid fat, where plastic describes its ability to be spread
drug dependence
a state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of a drug (natural or synthetic)
what is a vitamin?
a substance essential for the maintenance of normal metabolic functions but not made in the body and therefore must be provided from an outside source
What is an element?
a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Define the term antioxidant.
a substance that delays the onset or slows down the rate at which oxidation occurs and hence extends the shelf life of food
What's a lipoprotein
a way of packaging fats for transport
How do the benzodiazepines work?
a) Increase synaptic inhibition and thus dampen neuronal responses b) Activate the benzodiazepine receptor and enhance the action of gaba
What are the two types of antibiotic classifications?
a) by spectrum -narrow spectrum -broad spectrum b) by action -bactericidal -bacteriostatic
ABD
abdomen
what are some general pathophysiological associations with IBS?
abnormal GI motility, CNS dysregulation, visceral hperalgesia (general abdominal pain), infection, altered gut flora
Asthenia
abnormal physical weakness or lack of energy
Physical dependence
abnormal physiological state that leads to the appearance of a characteristic and specific group of sympoms when drug administration is discontinued or decreased
effects of short term high dose use
accentuated low dose effects pseudohallucinations running together of senses (seeing music) confusion of events disorganized paranoid panic stricken toxic psychosis: hallucinations for real paranoid delusions feeling that you don't actually exist
Alcohol, 90% metabolized into
acetaldehyde, acetic acid and carbon monoxide
hydrolyzable tannins
acidic -> ester linkages hydrolyzed -> free sugar and phenolic acids
what is a broad spectrum antibiotic?
act on both gram positive and gram negative bacteria
what does the factor xii plasma mediator system do?
activates kinin( vasodilation and permeability), fibrinolysis (prevents blood clots), coagulation(blood clot development)
Clopidogrel
active bleeding such as peptic ulcer and intracranial hemorrhage, significant liver impairment, or cholestatic jaundice
What is nitroglycerin
active component in dynamite
Atorvastatin calcium
active liver disease, unexplained persistent serum transaminase elevations>3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN)
Pravastatin sodium
active liver disease, unexplained persistent serum transaminase elevations>3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN)
Rosuvastatin calcium
active liver disease, unexplained persistent serum transaminase elevations>3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN)
Simvastatin
active liver disease, unexplained persistent serum transaminase elevations>3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN)
what is a narrow spectrum antibiotic?
acts primarily on gram positive bacteria
Onset
acute
Isosorbide-5-mononitrate
acute coronary failure, postural hypotension, obstruction related myocardial insufficiency, increased intracranial pressure, severe aemia, concomitant sildenafil
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
psychological dependence on barbs
addiction due to craving of the psychological effects may panic if they don't get an adequate supply
Progesterone (micronized)
adjunct to estrogen therapy in females with intact uterus
Acidic urine can be achieved through
administration of ammonium chloride for the treatment of amphetamine poisoning
ACLS
advanced cardiac life support
what is a gram negative bacteria?
after application of gram's stain they have not taken up the colour
Contraindication
against the indication
symptoms of benzo withdrawal
agitation paranoia seizures delirium
How are opiates and opioids classified?
agonists mixed agonists/antagonists antagonists
Al-
alanine
what is the path of alcohol metabolism?
alcohol oxidized by aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde acetaldehyde oxidized further to acetic acid various tissues convert acetic acid to water and carbon dioxide
What are the medical uses of alcohol?
alcohol sponges to treat fever skin disinfectant small dose as an aperitif to improve appetite and digestion antidote in methanol poisoning hand sanitiser
aldonic acid
aldehyde groups of sugars are oxidized by a weak acid to yield carboxylic acids H-C=O --> O=C-OH on top
alditols
aldehyde groups of sugars are reduced to hydroxyl groups
pyranose
aldehyde that reacts with C5 hydroxyl group -- six membered ring
Why does the nobel peace prize exist?
alfred nobel learned to stabilize nitroglycerin, therefore inventing dynamite. warefare! he felt guilty so he made the prizes
caffeine
alkaloid
what layers does chrohns affect?
all layers
what is a semisynthetic penicillin?
all others but penicillin G the penicillium mold makes a bit of the penicillin molecule (the part that is tough to synthesize). then they modify it synthetically
what is dynamite, speed ball and whiz bang
all the same thing. cocaine+heroin
Adverse effects of penicillins
allergic reaction (1-10% of population) -rash, diarrhea, face and tongue swelling, itching wheels can eventually be deadly
name 4 side effects of immunomodulators
allergic reactions, leukopenia, pancreatitis, severe nausea
What type of fat crystal is a frozen dessert?
alpha
sucrose
alpha (1-2) of d-glucose and d-fructose
vitamin E
alpha-tocopherol is the active form - antioxidant in body
Life stock products who graze on plants with monocrotaline alkaloids
also affected
what is ibs a
alternating pain predominant
vitamin B6
amino acid decarboxylase enzymes in metabolic reactions - production of neurotransmitters red blood cell metabolism
NH₃
ammonia
inherent harmfulness of cocaine
among the highest of all abused drugs respiratory arrest, psychosis and seizures, cardiovascular damage
effects of long term use
amotivational syndrome-mental slowing, loss of memory, difficulty with abstract thinking, loss of drive, emotional flatness loss of short term memory lack of concentration loss of abstract thinking changes in blood pressure and heart rate bronchitis, asthma, sore throat, decrease in sperm count
augmentin
amoxicillin+clavulinic acid (inhibitor of penicillinase) effective against penicillinase producting strains of bacteria like staph and haemophilus influenzae
Which is longer acting? Cocaine or the amphetamines?
amphetamines
What was the first organic nitrite for angina stuff?
amyl nitrite introduced by lauder brunton in 1857
What is a fistula
an abnormal connection between an organ, intestine or vessel and another structure. A fistula is the result of a sinus tract.
what is congestive heart failure?
an inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to satisfy the body's needs
How does tolerance to alcohol develop
an increase in ethanol metabolic rate (metabolic tolerance) AND cns adapts to the effects (called cellular tolerance)
C. botulinum thrive under
anaerobic conditions and produce a mixture of six heat-labile toxins
Name ten pharmacological effects
analgesia euphoria sedation hypnosis/ sleep relief/prevention of cough respiratory depression constipation constricted pupils (miosis) nausea, vomiting drug dependence
Nitroglycerin (NTG)
angina
Diltiazem hydrochloride
angina, hypertension
Cilazapril monohydrate
angioedema
Enalapril maleate
angioedema
Fosinopril sodium
angioedema
Lisinopril
angioedema
Perindopril
angioedema
Quinapril hydrochloride
angioedema
Ramipril
angioedema
where do you find saturated fat?
animal: butter, bacon fat palm oils coconul oils meat dairy baked goods salad dressings soups cheeses
State a common food, apart from carrots, in which the following classes of pigment are found
anthocyanin: cranberries carotene: bananas
ADH
anti-diuretic hormone
Isosorbide-5-mononitrate
antiangina
Nitroglycerin (NTG)
antiangina
what is a bactericidal?
antibiotic that destroys microorganisms
what are some non infectious reasons for acute diarrhea?
antibiotics, shellfish, mushrooms, binge drinking
Warfarin sodium
anticoagulant
BHA and BHT, plus vitamins E and C, are important food additives because they prevent oxygen and enzyme destruction of food. They are classified as...
antioxidants
Clopidogrel
antiplatelet
Spironolactone
anuria, acute renal insufficiency, significant impairment of renal function, hyperkalemia, addison's disease
Indapamide
anuria, progressive and severe oliguria, hepatic coma, hypersensitivity to sulfonamides.
diazepam
anxiolytic and anticonvulsant
Warfarin sodium
any condition where the hazard of hemorrhage is greater than the benefit of treatment
What is an Opioid?
any natural or synthetic substance which exerts actions on the body that are similar to those induced by morphine and are antagonized by the drug naloxene
where does chrohn's occur
anywhere from the mouth to anus
yersinia enterocolitica
appendicitis like symptoms in teens
Balanced diet, abstinence from smoking and excessive alcohol, and adequate rest
are required for good skin.
arg-
arginine
phospholipid bilayer
arranged in layers with two hydrocarbon "tails" pointing in and the polar phosphatidlyamine ends making the membranes surface
ABG
arterial blood gas
What is the only legitimate use of cocaine in medicine
as a local anesthetic for the mouth and throat and eye
ad lib
as much as needed
ASAP
as soon as possible
as- as-
asparagine aspartic acid
the ratio of the amount of a compound that may cause toxicity symptoms to the amount that is permitted to be present in foods (toxicity/exposure=margin of safety) is likely to be lowest for which of the following...
aspartame in soft drinks solanine in potatoes
vitamin E and treatment of anemia
associated with anemia in amimals helpful in treating premature babies with an uncommon type of hemolytic anemia
Morton
associated with wells in the practise of dentistry. First to try ether in a surgical operation while at the massachusetts general hospital. It was a complete success!
what are some results of fistulas
asymptomatic, abscesses, obstructions, hydropnephrosis (water inside the kidney), passageof gas and feces through vagina, urethra or to surface of skin.
what is the leading cause of death for men and women in western countries?
atherosclerosis
AF
atrial fibrillation or afebrile
AV
atrioventricular
Treatment of organophosphate poisoning with
atropine which antagonizes the effect of the excess acetylcholine on receptors
heme group
attached to ferrous iron atom
what are the three mechanicsms that cytokines can act through?
autocrine, paracrine, endocrine
how to inhibit malliard reaction
avoid reducing sugars, use sugar alcohols, lower pH, dilution with water
botulinum produced
bacterial infection of home canned or non-bottled non acid food stuff
Halitosis
bad breath
ceramide/cholesterol/free fatty acid combos
barrier repair agents in dry skin
How are barbs classified?
based on their duration of action (long, short, ultrashort)
alkaloids
basic amine compounds in plants bitter tasting
isoprene
basic repeating building block of terpenes
coal tar
bath oil for dry skin
colloidal oatmeal
bath oil for dry skin
liquid paraffin
bath oil for dry skin
BPM
beats per minute
Why do they tell you to take things on an empty stomach?
because the drugs will have more access to the stomach walls to be absorbed into the bloodstream
How do you get vitamin D from sunshine?
because there is provitamin D in your skin that gets turned to vitamin D by the action of sunlight
1980
beginning of stabilization of marijuana use
Where does UC happen?
begins in the rectum and spreads to the colon
BPH
benign prostatic hypertrophy
what are the street names for amphetamines?
bennies black beauties copilots eye-opener upper dexies-dextroamphetamine methamphetamine=speed, crystal meth or crack smoked methamphetamine=ice, hawaiian salt, rock candy
What are the drugs of choice for anxiety relief?
benzodiazepines
What are the three drug classifications of cns depressants?
benzodiazepines (drugs of first choice) barbiturates other agents
What are the drugs of choice for sedation/
benzodiazepines (wide margin of safety)
choice drug for treatment of skeletal muscle spasm
benzodiazepines reduce elevated skeletal muscle tone and are useful in neuromuscular disorders (cerebral palsy)
choice drugs for treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome?
benzodiazepines-diazepam to be specific. diazepam substitutes for alcohol due to their cross dependence
metabolism of cocaine
benzolecgonine excreted in urine
Atenolol
beta blocker
Bisoprolol fumarate
beta blocker
Metoprolol tartrate
beta blocker
Propranolol hydrochloride
beta blocker
What type of fat crystal is shortening, freshly opened can?
beta primes
what is theorized to cause the immunosuppressive effects of marijuana
binding to CB2 receptors on lymphocytes in periphery.
How does digitalis lead to a greater force of contraction of the heart?
binds to sodium-potassium-atpase and inhibits the extrusion of sodium from cardiac cells. With the increase in calcium in the cardiac cells there is a greater force of contraction of the heart
BX
biopsy
piperine
black and white pepper alkaloid PICTURE contains N atom
adverse effects of short term use of alcohol
blackouts psychiatric effects-high dose=negative mood states...suicide, violence drinking and driving violence..impairment of judgement choking on your own vomit increases sexual desire but reduces performance
what is serous inflammation
blisters where fluid is produced by mesothelial cells of
antagonist
block the response to morphine, heroin and other opiates. When given to an addict, will cause withdrawal (naloxone) used for: reversal of ope overdose treatment of ope dependence diagnosis of ope dependence naltrexone-used to treat alcohol dependence
Why is cocaine a local anesthetic?
blocks nerve impulses in sensory nerve fibres
Hematuria
blood in urine
what is sepsis?
blood infection
BP
blood pressure
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
what is dysentry?
bloody diarrhea
triphenylmethane dyes
blue no. 1, green no. 3 reduction produces colorless derivatives
what is systemic acute inflammation
body infection when insult leaves local tissue
BW
body weight
name five side effects of corticosteroids
bone loss, anxiety/depression, hypertension, hyperglycemia, peptic ulcer,
BM
bone marrow or bowel movement
aldaric acid
both ends of sugars are oxidized - COOH on both ends
what immune cells get recruited in chronic inflammation?
both innate and adaptive immune cells-monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, occasionally mast cells and eosinophils
a major food source of the chemical defoliant dioxin for North Americans is...
bottom fish from the Great Lakes
the major food source of the chemical defoliant dioxin for North Americans is...
bottom fish from the Great Lakes
BS
bowel or breath sounds
Problems associated with the therapeutic jungle:
brand names are confusing...so we just use the generic name there's a boatload of drugs, some actually different, some just a few molecules off to try and compete because each mfg thinks it has to capture market share of every drug 3. boatload of advertising: have to read unbiased accounts of the drugs
BRBPR
bright red blood per rectum
what is chloramphenicol?
broad spectrum
what is a tetracycline?
broad spectrum bacteriostatic
ampicillin and amoxacillin
broader spectrum than G active against gram negative like e coli
Propranolol hydrochloride
bronchospasm, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis during pollen season, sinus bradycardia, >1 degree av block, cardiogenic shock, CHF, right ventricular failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension
Cleansing foams with a high proportion of amino acid surfactants are less irritating to the skin.
but they do not produce much foam. Foaming may enhance cleansing power.
How does morphine act?
by combining with receptors in the nervous system normally utilize by pain relieving chemicals produced in the nervous system (enkephalins and endorphins)
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (poisoning occurs by)
by contamination of cereal crops, human consumption of flour made from them
astaxanthin
by marine algae source of red color of lobster and shrimp - no vitamin A activity
List 2 categories of of protein found in cow milk.
caesins and whey
what is the most widely and regularly used drug in the world?
caffeine
vitamin D
calcitriol in body rickets degraded by light
Ca
calcium
Amlodipine besylate
calcium channel blocker
Diltiazem hydrochloride
calcium channel blocker
Nifedipine
calcium channel blocker
Verapamil
calcium channel blocker
what causes chronic diarrhea
can be infectious or non infectious
1997
canada allows you to grow varieties that have less thc..for rope etc
CA
cancer
botulism
canned vacuum packed sausages raw honey
Routes of administration of benzodiazepines
capsule or tablet mostly some are available for IV use
2 types of non enzymatic browning
caramelization and mallard reaction
CO
cardiac output
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Identify the class of pigment to which astaxanthin belongs.
carotenoids
beta-carotene
carrots yellow orange
What is the composition (%) of milk proteins?
caseins = 75-85% whey = 15-25%
What are some of the purgatives listed in the papyrus' found in ancient egypt
castor oil, figs, senna
Prognosis
cationic detergents associated with a worse prognosis
toluene
cause narcosis
What are the symptoms of secretory diarrhea and what is the cause?
cause: either increased secretion or decreased absorption. Mostly with fasting state. Symptoms: watery, large volume but PAINLESS outputs
Osmotic diarrhea: cause?
cause: osmotically active ingested solutes draw fluid into the lumen and overwhelms reabsorption.
Botulinum toxin syndrome
causes botulism as a result of oral ingestion of toxin
how does chronic alcohol use effect other drugs
causes growth of livder meaning that it can metabolize more. So as long as there is no co-existing ethanol induced liver injury, there will be faster metabolism of sedative hypnotics and phenytoin
To gain FDA approval, the manufacturer must show a food additive...
causes no deleterious health effects in humans.
what is ulcerative inflammation
causes tissue loss from the surface, exposes the dermis and nerve endings
CNS
central nervous system
What is alcohol classified as?
central nervous system depressant
Where do the benzodiazepines act?
cerebellum cerebral cortex limbic system reticular activating system spinal cord
where do low doses of amphetamines generally act?
cerebral cortex
CVA
cerebrovascular accident or costovertebral angle
State two factors that affect shelf life.
change in pH, temperature
How does digitalis help arrythmia?
changes the electrical properties of the heart. decreases the number of electrical impulses passig from the atria to the ventricles and slows the rate of beating of the ventricles
how does the complement system act in inflammation
changes vascular flow, permeability, leukocyte recruitment and chemotaxis
EDTA
chelating antioxidant 6 functional ligands PICTURE
Emetics
chemical compounds that are administered to induce vomiting
CXR
chest X-ray
CP
chest pain or cerebral palsy
CC
chief complaint
c/c
chief complaint
What were the replacements for the bromides?
chloral hydrate and paraldehyde -much safer
Identify one other colored compound commonly found in uncooked foods.
chlorophyll
What are the four major drugs used in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia?
cholestyramine gemfibrozil niacin lovastatin -another class that inhibits fat absorption in GI tract
what are the symptoms of IBS?
chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, incomplete evacuation of waste, gas, alteration of form or frequency of bowel movements, defacation improves symptoms
effects of long term use of barbs
chronic inebriation memory judgement and thinking are impaired hostility, mood swings (including depression)
COLD
chronic obstructive lung disease
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CRF
chronic renal failure
effects of long term use of amphetamines
chronic sleeping problems anxiety and tension poor appetite high bp abnormal cardiac rhythm suspicious/paranoid repetative behaviour
cinnamaldehyde
cinnamon antimicrobial properties produce gas in GI tract
Components of Creams: Buffers
citric acid sodium citrate lactic acid sodium lactate
3 chelating agents
citric acid, EDTA, erythorbic acid
vitamin e in skin and schizo
claims of effectiveness in minor skin ailments and in schizophrenia have not been substantiated
what is the pharmacological classification of marijuana?
cns depressant euphoriant hallucinogen (high doses)
symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome
cns dysfunction growth deficiency cluster of facial abnormalities malformations of other organ systems
what does chrohn's look like?
cobblestoned: patchy. Healthy and inflammed tissues alternate
What are the main differences between cocaine and amphetamines?
cocaine is: shorter acting usually sniffed or smoked tolerance less fast for hallucinatory or behavioural effects
where is the action of sulfazalazine limited to?
colon
betalains
color of beet roots similar to anthocyanins
barbs lethality
common esp when combined with alcohol. No antidotes. Deaths also occur during barbiturate withdrawal
How does caffeine work?
competitively blocks adenosine receptors in the brain adenosine inhibits a number of neurons and transmitter systems therefore the neurons are released from the adenosine inhibition and neuronal activity is increased
c/o
complaining of
CBC
complete blood count
Furosemide
complete renal shutdown, severe hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypovolemia, hypotension, hypersensitivity to sulfonamides
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
complete renal shutdown, severe hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypovolemia, hypotension, hypersensitivity to sulfonamides
Ethinyl estradiol/ Desogestrel
conception control
Ethinyl estradiol/ Levonorgestrel
conception control
Ethinyl estradiol/Norgestimate
conception control
Ethinyl estradiol/ Drospirenone
conception control and moderate acne treatment
Beecher 1955
conducted a study on placebo effects. found satisfactory relief in 35% of the subjects with things like the common cold, anxiety and tension, cough, mood changes, headache, seasickness...the list goes on
why is the marketing of drugs by different names confusing slash dangerous?
confusing because you're like thinking they are different but they are actually the same compound dangerous because different brand names can produce markedly different blood levels
CHF
congestive heart failure
what is IBS C
constipation dominant
adulterated food
contains poison, filth, a putrid substance. Will be hazardous when consumed in normal amounts
What are the types of ulcers in UC
continuous or pseudopolyps
Ethinyl estradiol/ Cyproterone acetate
contraceptive
Ethinyl estradiol/ Desogestrel
contraceptive
Ethinyl estradiol/ Drospirenone
contraceptive
Ethinyl estradiol/ Levonorgestrel
contraceptive
Ethinyl estradiol/Norgestimate
contraceptive
ethylene
controls the ripening of fruits induce ripening
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
Hemoptysis
coughing bloody sputum
CN
cranial nerves
Psychological dependence to opioids
craving and compulsion due to the euphoric action which is a very powerful reinforcing factor sometimes used with other psychoactive drugs (cocaine)
salts
created by neutralization between an acid and a base?
CRCL
creatinine clearance
CPK
creatinine phosphokinase
What is Opium?
crude, resinous exudate of the cut capsule of the opium poppy -contains at least 20 different chemical compounds including morphine and codeine
C&S
culture and sensitivity
b12
cyanocobalamin
cy- cy-
cysteine cystine
CF
cystic fibrosis
DOA
dead on arrival
As chain length of a fatty acid decreases, melting point _________
decreases
As the trans dbl bonds are converted to cis dbl bonds the melting point _______.Explain.
decreases because trans has a higher melting point than cis
what is the most concerning thing about diarrhea?
dehydration and electrolyte balance. Death is common in developing countries, and it represents the 2nd most cause of infantile mortality, period
C/s
dermal, ocular, GI, CNS, NM abnormalities
sulfonic acids
detergents have salt of a?
DI
diabetes insipidus
DM
diabetes mellitus
Another name for heroin
diacetylmorphine -produced synthetically from morphine
Adverse effects of taking vitamin C
diarrhea formation of kidney stones from enhanced excretion of oxalate induction of pathways of vitamin C metabolism...so if ppl stop taking it suddenly they can get rebound scurvy
what is IBS D
diarrhea dominant
what are the symptoms of chrohn's?
diarrhea, pain in the right lower quadrant, weight loss, malnutrition, fever
what are the symptoms of UC?
diarrhea, tenesmus (constant need to deficate), weight loss, pain
dysentery vs diarrhea
diarrhea: small intest. dysentery: inflammation of large intestine. blood in poop.
How do they treat alcohol withdrawal?
diazepam orally reduces the withdrawal syndrome of alcohol by administering a second drug of the same or similar classification
DAT
diet as tolerated
DRI
dietary recommended intakes
DDx
differential diagnosis
What is the actual name of foxglove?
digitalis purpurea
What are the two types of fats typically added to foods w/ a water and lipid loving component to form an emulsion?
diglycerides and monoglycerides
what is the major cardiac glycoside used in canada?
digoxin
What is the modern day version of powdered digitalus leaf?
digoxin (lanoxin) - treats certain disordered rhythms of the heart.
Effects of short term low dose use of cocaine
dilution of pupils exaggerated reflexes euphoria postponement of fatique reduced appetite increased talkativeness or quiet contemplative high self confidence increased speed of performance on simple physical and intellectual tasks vasoconstriction increased hr, bp increased respiratory rate
MOA
direct irritation of skin and mm; systemic effects of cationic detergents: CNS and NM abnormalities d/t cholinesterase inhibition, ganglionic blockade, and a curare like effect
DC
discontinue or discharge
Selman Waksman
discovered streptomycin in 1943. a turning point in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis and diseases caused by gram negative bacteria
alexander fleming
discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin in 1929. Used in the therapy of disease cause by gram-positive bacteria
effects of short term low dose use of alcohol
disinhibition self confidence and relaxation some feel irritable depressed or sleepy more willing to take risks even though their relexes and motor skills are impaired
as the dose of alcohol is increased what are the effects?
disinhibition (low dose) sedation (high dose) hypnosis general anesthesia coma death from respiratory depression
Atorvastatin calcium
dislipidemia drug
Ezetimibe
dislipidemia drug
Fenofibrate
dislipidemia drug
Pravastatin sodium
dislipidemia drug
Rosuvastatin calcium
dislipidemia drug
Simvastatin
dislipidemia drug
DAW
dispense as written
what drugs are used in the treatment of alcoholism?
disulfiram calcium carbimide inhibit hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in increased acetaldehyde concentration in person. Person doesn't like it
Furosemide
diuretic
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
diuretic
DNR
do not resuscitate
What is the shape of a DNA molecule described as?
double helix
C₂H₅OH
drinking alcohol, ethyl alcohol, or ethanol
benzos: high dose short term use
drowsiness, over sedation, sleep intoxicated looking before sleep (blurred vision, incoordination, slow reflexes, impaired thought) very high doses=coma...but you can also get that at low doses if you take it with other cns depressants (alcohol)
drug interaction by changes in liver handling of the drug
drug B may block the mechanisms in the liver responsible for the inactivation of drug A OR drug B may speed up the inactivation of drug A
drug interaction by changes in excretion
drug B may hinder the excretion of drug A by the kidney...therefore prolonging the effects of drug A OR drug B may facilitate the excretion of drug A by the kidney thus decreasing the blood level of drug A
drug interaction by absorption
drug may combine with another drug in stomach/intestine into a complex that cannot be absorbed into blood
termination of drug by redistribution/distribution
drug moves from the site of action to another part of the body where it is not active
effects of acute use of alcohol
drunkyyyyy
effects of excessive intake of vitamin A
dry itchy skin vomiting headache pressure in head enlarged liver and spleen
What effect to amphetamines have on the cardiovascular system?
due to drug-induced displacement of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve terminals that go and act on postsynaptic alpha (veins) and Beta 1 (heart) receptors effects are: fight-flight response increased bp increased heart rate
What are the street names for heroin?
dust H Horse Junk smack scag black tar
State the difference in terms of solubility between a dye and a pigment.
dyes are soluble in many liquids while pigments are insoluble in water and most solvents
Atorvastatin calcium
dyslipidemias
Ezetimibe
dyslipidemias
Fenofibrate
dyslipidemias
Pravastatin sodium
dyslipidemias
Rosuvastatin calcium
dyslipidemias
Simvastatin
dyslipidemias
list 5 complications of crohn's disease?
dysphagia, bowel obstructions, anemia, infections, malabsorption
DOE
dyspnea on exertion
Dabigatran etexilate
eCRCL < 30ml/min. never in combo with strong inhibitors of pgp
ENT
ears, nose, and throat
What are the four E's that precipitate angina pectoris?
eating exercise excitement exposure to cold
Drug interactions with potentially toxic substances in fooood
eating aged cheeese while on an MAO inhibitor antidepresant
Furosemide
edema associated with CHF, cirrhosis of the liver, and renal failure. Hypertension
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
edema associated with CHF, cirrhosis of the liver, and renal failure. Hypertension
Hydrochlorothiazide/Triamterene
edema associated with CHF, cirrhosis of the liver, and renal failure. Hypertension
effects of chronic high dose use of alcohol
effects cns cardiovascular system gastrointestinal tract liver
Placebo effects
effects which occur as a result of drug administration and have nothing to do with the pharmacological effects of the drug
Basic contents of meringue pie
egg whit foam, sugar, +/- acid
contents of angel food cake
egg white foam, sugar, cake flour, no fat, leavened by air and steam
basic contents of fluffy omelet
egg yolk foam + white foam
contents of sponge cake
egg yolk, leavened by air and steam evaporates
What Tx is contraindicated?
emesis and gastric lavage
Vitamin E
emollient for dry skin
castor oil
emollient for dry skin
ceramides
emollient for dry skin
cocoa butter
emollient for dry skin
coconut oil
emollient for dry skin
fatty acid
emollient for dry skin
lanolin
emollient for dry skin
lipids
emollient for dry skin
mineral oil
emollient for dry skin
palm oil
emollient for dry skin
vitamin A
emollient for dry skin
wool fat
emollient for dry skin
ETT
endotracheal tube
What are the three known families of endorphins
enkephalins dynorphins beta- endorphins
HEP. A and HEP E.
enteric
e. coli
epec: dirrhea etec: watery cholera like diarrhea eiec: dysentery, fever, pain eAggec: childhood diarrhea ehec: hemorrhagic colitis
What are amphetamines allowed to be prescribed for?
epilepsy narcolepsy -sudden uncontrollable attacks of sleep parkinsonism mental retardation hyperkinetic disorders hypotension during anesthesia
invert sugar
equal amounts of D-glucose and D-fructose when sucrose is broken down
abuse liability of barbs
equal to or greater than alcohol
what is e coli actually called
escherichia coli
vitamin E actions on reproductive system
essential for normal production in several mammals. possible treatment for habitual abortion and male and female sterility
isoamyl acetate
ester - ripe bananas and apples
Tryglyceride structure is attached by _______
ester bond (acid + alcohol)
EAR
estimated average requirement (meets the requirements for 50% of the ppl in any one category based on age, gender, ethnicity..
Conjugated Estrogens
estrogen-dependent cancers. Undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding, preggers, active hepatic dysfunction, thromboembolic disease, endometrial hyperplasia
Estradiol-17b
estrogen-dependent cancers. Undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding, preggers, active hepatic dysfunction, thromboembolic disease, endometrial hyperplasia
Estradiol-17b (micronized)
estrogen-dependent cancers. Undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding, preggers, active hepatic dysfunction, thromboembolic disease, endometrial hyperplasia
Estradiol-17b hemihydrate
estrogen-dependent cancers. Undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding, preggers, active hepatic dysfunction, thromboembolic disease, endometrial hyperplasia
ETOH
ethanol
another name for alcohol
ethanol
Toxicokinetics
ethanol and isopropanol in many cationic detergents enhances absorption
cross tolerance with alcohol
ethanol and sedative-hypnotics: higher dose of sedative-hypnotic needed ethanol and general anesthetics: high dose of anesthetic required for medical procedures
Why is it so dangerous for preggers to drink?
ethanol is readily transferred across the placenta and distributes throughout the total body water of the fetus
Effects of short term high dose use of alcohol
exaggerated emotional response (super happy and thankful and loving towards others, aggressive) thinking, memory, judgement, perception and motor skills severely impaired stupor coma death in high high doses
sodium chloride, baking soda, chalk
examples of salts?
Sodium lauryl sulfate
excellent detergent; the salt of a strong acid, near neutral solutions, doesn't cause insoluble salts with Ca or Mg, works in both soft and hard water
Effects of short term high dose use of amphetamines
exhilaration and euphoria ideas flow rapidly feel real strong talkative excited agitated and irritable psychosis with paranoid thinking, confusion and distortion of events with hallucinations violent behaviour seizure high fever stroke heart attack angina pain dysrhythmias bp changes fainting cardiovascular collapse
relationship between drinking and accidents
exponential relationship between drinking and driving accidents. Someone with 50mg/100ml blood is twice as likely to have an accident as a person who hs not taken a drink 80mg/100ml=8 times as likely
Potential for abuse of amphetamines
extremely high abuse liability water soluble in salt form so can be injected long term toxicities therefor harmful lifestyle risks
FBS
fasting blood sugar
Describe the function of fat in a crystalline candy.
fat promotes a smoother mouthfeel by coating and inhibiting formation of sugar crystals.
carotenoids
fat soluble red, orange, yellow trans carotenes and xanthophylls
Paul Ehrlich
father of chemotherapy, designed complexes of arsenic and organic molecules that selectively bound to parasites. The studies led to a cure for syphilis in the 20th century
Triglycerides
fats and oils are triglycerides, triesters of glycerol
what are pyrogens?
fever inducing substance
FUO
fever of unknown origin
what are some complications of chronic inflammation?
fibrosis can cause intestinal obstruction, perforation leads to fistulae formation and abnormal connection between adjacent organs
Inspiration
filling the lungs with air
class 2 recall
filthy food
State one food in which this antioxidant can occur.
fish, shellfish, red meat, eggs
Name some B vitamins
folate niacin riboflavin thiamin pyridoxine cyanocobalamin
FU
follow-up
Increase urine flow
forced diuresis, e.g. take large amounts of water
FEV1
forced expiratory volume in one second
FVC
forced vital capacity
what is granulomatous inflammation?
formation of granuloma (defined lesion caused by persistent attempts to encapsulate infection or foreign bodies). Happens in tb, leprosy, sarcoidosis, syphilis
What is vitamin C used for in the body?
forming collagen and intercellular ground substance which are required to hold cells together.
hard water
forms soap scum where?
flavanols
found in green tea ECG, EC, EGCG colorless
Fx
fracture
resveratrol
french paradox in skins of wine grapes nutritional supplement
carmine
from insect bright red color
Penecillin G
from penicillium mold narrow spectrum gram positive attacker treats pneumoniae, middle ear infection, skin infection, meningitis, syphilis
provitamin A
from plants
FRC
functional residual capacity
lactose
galactose and glucose beta( 1-4) linkage - reducing
What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the cns?
gamma-aminobutyric acid
GI
gastrointestinal
What is DNA?
genetic material that carries info about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring
what are some risk factors for IBD
genetics, intestinal flora, epithelial integrity, mucosal immunity, fatty foods, smoking
GU
genitourinary
zingerone
ginger similar to capsaisin PICTURE, no N atom
how do you fix an aspirin overdose/
give an alkaline substance such a sodium bicarbonate to facilitate the excretion of the aspirin by the kidney
Alkaline urine can be achieved by
giving sodium bicarbonate either orally or by intravenous injection in the treatment of aspirin poisoning or barbiturate poisoning
GFR
glomerular filtration rate
What are carbohydrates broken down into?
glucose
GTT
glucose tolerance test
gl- gl-
glutamine glutamic acid
Aminobenzoic Acid
glyceryl PABA, padimate, PABA sun protection
Gly-
glycine
anthocyanin
glycoside pigments with a glucose group
salmonella
gram neg. poultry
campylobacteriosis:
gram neg. coma shaped, food: milk poultry meat
shigellosis
gram neg. rods food: moist kind with human handling 4F disease: feces, fingers, flies, food
staph
gram pos. produces exotoxins
clostridum
gram pos. anaerobic spore former food: meat pies, stews, gravy
listerosis
gram pos. non spore forming food: processed meat
what is a granuloma and how common are they?
granulomas are macrophage accumulations. They occur in about 50% of people with chrohns
malvidin
grapes and red wine red color
Higher levels of aflatoxins in Africa
has been associated with higher incidence of liver cancer
Class 1 recall
hazardous food
HEENT
head, eyes, ears, nose, throat
2002
health canada started trials on medical use of marijuana
Digoxin
heart failure
vitam e on cardiovascular system
heart muscle degeneration in animals no beneficial effect on heart disease in humans may provide benefit in heart disease at some doses and not others...sometimes harmful
HR
heart rate
dimercaprol (chelating)
heavy metal poisoning
Hgb or Hb
hemoglobin
Fenofibrate
hepatic or severe renal dysfunction. Preexisting gallbladder disease, photoallergy or phototoxic reaction during treatment with fibrates or ketoprofen.
HAV
hepatitis A virus
HBV
hepatitis B virus
HCV
hepatitis C virus
what do we monitor wen people are on methotrexate?
hepatotoxicity (jaundice), nausea, vomiting, headaches, mouth ulcers, flu like symptoms, bone marrow suppression, liver toxicity, pneumonitis, immunosuppression, lymphoma
heroin vs morphine
heroin is more potent but not anymore efficaceous. Heroin is rapidly converted into morphine in the body
what is a bombita?
heroin plus amphetamines
HBP
high blood pressure
HDL
high density lipoprotein
heroin and pregnancy
high neonatal mortality rate born premature and of low birth weight (heroin plus lack of nutrition)
inherent harmfulness of morphine
high with low to moderate doses nausea and vomitting are common lethality with high doses can occur
potential for abuse of heroin
highest dependence liability of the opioids in common use extremely powerful euphoric and analgesic effects plus its solubility drug enters the brain quickly after intravenous administration providing an immediate and intense gratification
60s and 70s
hippiesss....used it alot
in IgE mediated food allergies, an allergen cross-links IgE molecules on sensitized mast cells with the release of inflammatory mediators such as...
histamine Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a kind of antibody (or immunoglobulin (Ig) "isotype") that has only been found in mammals.
what mediates vasodilation?
histamine and nitric oxide
what are the chemical mediators of vascular permeability?
histamine, leukotrienes, bradykinin, neuropeptide substance P
what are the soluble signals responsible for vasodilation?
histamine, prostaglandins, serotonin, leukotrienes, kinins
what are the soluble signals responsible for increased permeability?
histamine, serotonin, leukotrienes, kinins
hi-
histidine*
Hx
history
HPI
history of present illness
Does homogenization or pasteurization keep fat dispersed in cow's milk?
homogenization
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
hormonal replacement therapy; adjunctive or palliative treatment for endometrial or breast cancer. Depo provera: conception control; treatment of endometriosis.
Conjugated Estrogens
hormone replacement
Estradiol-17b
hormone replacement
Estradiol-17b (micronized)
hormone replacement
Estradiol-17b hemihydrate
hormone replacement
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
hormone replacement
Progesterone (micronized)
hormone replacement
critical food temperatures
hot: above 140 cold: below 40
the negative ion from the acid combines with the positive ion from the base
how are salts created?
evaporation
how can we obtain salt?
12-18
how many carbon atoms must soap have?
How is penicillin selectively toxic?
human cells do not have cell walls. Bacteria do. so by attacking the cell wall integrity, you are only affecting bacteria cells
all food associated viruses are reservoired in_______
humans
alpha-hydroxy acid
humectant for dry skin
glycerin
humectant for dry skin
glycolic acid
humectant for dry skin
lactic acid
humectant for dry skin
propylene glycol
humectant for dry skin
sodium hyaluronate
humectant for dry skin
sorbitol
humectant for dry skin
urea
humectant for dry skin
Ethinyl estradiol/ Cyproterone acetate
hx or actual thrombophlebitis, cerebrovascular disorders, MI, coronary arterial disease, liver tumors, estrogen dependent cancers, severe diabetes with vascular changes
Ethinyl estradiol/ Desogestrel
hx or actual thrombophlebitis, cerebrovascular disorders, MI, coronary arterial disease, liver tumors, estrogen dependent cancers, severe diabetes with vascular changes
Ethinyl estradiol/ Drospirenone
hx or actual thrombophlebitis, cerebrovascular disorders, MI, coronary arterial disease, liver tumors, estrogen dependent cancers, severe diabetes with vascular changes
Ethinyl estradiol/ Levonorgestrel
hx or actual thrombophlebitis, cerebrovascular disorders, MI, coronary arterial disease, liver tumors, estrogen dependent cancers, severe diabetes with vascular changes
Ethinyl estradiol/Norgestimate
hx or actual thrombophlebitis, cerebrovascular disorders, MI, coronary arterial disease, liver tumors, estrogen dependent cancers, severe diabetes with vascular changes
H₂O₂
hydrogen peroxide
invertase
hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose
what do they think causes IBD
hypersensitivity reaction to endogenous flora/enteropathogens
Bisoprolol fumarate
hypertension
Candesartan
hypertension
HTN
hypertension
Indapamide
hypertension
Irbesartan
hypertension
Losartan potassium
hypertension
Telmisartan
hypertension
Valsartan
hypertension
Verapamil
hypertension
Atenolol
hypertension, angina pectoris
Propranolol hydrochloride
hypertension, angina pectoris
Metoprolol tartrate
hypertension, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction
Amlodipine besylate
hypertension, chronic stable angina
Nifedipine
hypertension, chronic stable angina
Cilazapril monohydrate
hypertension, congestive heart failure
Enalapril maleate
hypertension, congestive heart failure
Fosinopril sodium
hypertension, congestive heart failure
Perindopril
hypertension, congestive heart failure
Quinapril hydrochloride
hypertension, congestive heart failure
Lisinopril
hypertension, congestive heart failure, post acute myocardial infarction
Ramipril
hypertension, post acute myocardial infarction
flurazepam
hypnotic
Levothyroxine sodium
hypothyroidism
vitamin E and muscular system
if deficient, muscular dystrophy in animals but not humans
when do they use calcium channel blocking drugs?
if gtn and propanolol fails
how does acute alcohol use effect other drugs?
if taken with other cns depressants the effect is additive inhibits the metabolism of sedative hypnotics
what cytokines stimulate acute phase proteins?
il1,6,8, TNF alpha
where is the most common chrohn's location
ileum
Agonist opes
illicit a full response can be: natural-morphine and codeine semi-synthetic-heroin synthetic-meperidine and methadone
mixed opes
illicit a response when given alone but can block part of the response to morphine when given together with morphine
patterns of use of barbs
illicit use is a problem not prescribed too often
folate
important for women of childbearing age. Can markedly decrease the incidence of neural tube defects in their offspring
Humphrey Davy
in 1800 showed that nitrous oxide has the ability to prevent pain and suggested that it be tried in surgery.
Albert Hofmann
in 1943, synthesized LSD which was similar in chemical structure to ergotamine and ergonovine
actions of vitamin D
increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from the intestine (used for new bone) regulates the blood calcium level for optimal health removal of calcium from older bone
What is diarrhea defined as?
increased stool frequency, increased stool volume, decreased stool consistency
1990s
increased use
What does caffeine do?
increases mental performance and decreases drowsiness and fatigue in the cerebral cortex enhances motor activity respiratory and vasomotor centres are stimulated in the medulla leading to increased respiration and heart rate increase in heart rate and blood pressure in cardiovascular system
Why is it bad to take more than the RDA of vitamins?
increasing the dose of a therapeutic compound leads to a maximum effects and a further increase leads to the production of toxic effects
how does alcohol affect sleep?
incrrease in slow wave sleep decrease in rapid eye movement sleep (feel like you slept poorly)
what is the cause of most acute diarrhea?
infection
what are common triggers of acute inflammation?
infections, tissue damage
ID
infectious disease or identification
what are the causes of inflammatory or exudative diarrhea?
inflammation damages mucosa. Cause: when damaged epithelial lining leaks protein rich fluids. People with chrohns and colitis. Severe e.coli infection
what is chronic inflammation?
inflammation that lasts from weeks to months to years with inflammation injury and repair all ongoing
types of labeling
ingredient nutrition allergen
Name the ways that drugs are absorbed
inhalation rectal administration oral administration
Drug Absorption by inhalation
inhale-enters bloodstream through lungs-then bloodstream transfers them to the rest of the body. With respect to inhalers they are inhaled so that they produce a respiratory effect but minimize the effect on other organs
niacin
inhibits secretion of VLDL from the liver. Since LDL is a product of VLDL, it also decreases the production of LDL. Employed either alone or in combination with other lipid lowering drugs. It is the most effective agent at increasing HDL.
how does cocaine work?
inhibits the active re-iptake of dopamine and norepinephrine into the presynaptic nerve terminal so that more is uptaken by the POSTsynaptic nerve terminal
what happens when THC binds to the CB1 receptors
inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitters
Compounds that do not contain carbon are called..?
inorganic compounds
which approach is better in crohn's? top down or bottom up?
insufficient evidence stating one is better than the other
IDDM
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Drug addiction
intense pattern of drug use that is detrimental to the individual and society
effects of short term high dose use of cocaine
intensification of cocaine's low dose effects intense euphoria followed by a state of severe agitation tremor and muscle twitches, seizures, headache, hemorrhagic stroke, cerebral infarction high bp, pallor, rapid weak puls, heart attack nausea and vomiting rapid irregular shallow breathing fluid accumulation in the lungs coughing up blood lung tissue diseases and hypersensitivity lung reactions acute renal failure elevated body temp and cold sweat
Effects of high dose short term use of morphine
intensification of the low dose effects increase in duration of the effects of low dose irregular heart rate shallow respiration coma (super high dose) low body temp cold clammy skin constricted pupils
ICU
intensive care unit
ICS
intercostal space
alcohol dependence
interferes with home life, job, school, finances, mental and physical health
what is pyrexia
internal temperature set point gets elevated causint the body to shiver and produce heat
IM
intramuscular
IV
intravenous
paul ehrlich
introduced the concept of chemotherapy. designed organoarsenical drugs providing a cure for syphilis in the earth years of the twentieth century
gerhard domagk
introduced the sulfanomide group of drugs in 1930s germany. worked against bacterial diseases that previously meant death
caramelization
inversion of sucrose, condensation to produce reversion products, isomerization of aldoses and ketoses, enolization and dehydration reactions
Oxalic acid treatment (ethylene glycol)
involve administration of ethanol to compete with ethylene glycol
metmyoglobin
iron atom is oxidized to ferric state (Fe3+)
oxymyoglobin
iron-O2 complex bright red
Effects of short term high dose use of caffeine
irritability, restlessness, nervousness, insomnia, rambling flow of thoughts and speech, psychomotor agitation rapid and irregular heartbeat increased capacity for muscular work
Capsaicin
irritate trigeminal nerve TRPV1 receptor hydrophobic
Botulism
is a rare and potentially fatal paralytic illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum.
Aflatoxin B1
is a very potent liver carcinogen and hepatotoxin
reserpine
isolated from rauwolfia plant in the 1950's by a swiss pharmaceutical company
what are the functions of inflammation?
isolates infections, removes injured and damaged cells, initiates healing response
is-
isoleucine*
How does sublingual administration of nitroglycerin (GTN) work?
it dissolves into the fluids under the tongue and is absorbed into blood vessels under the tongue very rapidly peak in plasma reached after 5 mins, drug action terminated after 20-30 minutes
tetrodotoxin (where is is consumed readily)
it is a delicacy in Japan (safe if properly prepared)
Why is chlorpromazine and related substances preferred to reserpine for the management of mentally ill patients
it is difficult to find the correct dose of reserpine.
what is the rule about using placebos in drug trials with sick people
it is not ethical to compare a new drug to a placebo if there is an older drug of proven value with which to compare the new drug. basically, if you use a placebo instead of the proven drug you are depriving the individuals who get the placebo of effective therapy.
what was one of fleming's memorable quotes?
it is not the marble halls which make for intellectual grandeur-it is the spirit and brain of the worker
Why is alcohol abuse such a big problem?
it is readily available attitudes of society are permissive
what are the 5 signs of liver failure?
jaundice, dark brown urine, pain on the right side of the stomach, fever, extreme fatigue
sterilization
kills 100% living
disinfection
kills 100% vegetative microbes
Cholestyramine
large, insoluble, positively charged resin that binds bile acids in the intestine and prevents their reabsorption in the intestine. (usually cholesterol is changed to bile acid in liver, and then reabsorbed by intestine) because the cholestyramine gets the bile acids out of the intestine, more bile is converted in the liver from cholesterol. therefore there is enhanced uptake of ldl from blood to liver and lowering of ldl cholesterol by 20% (only useful when ldl's are elevated)
penicillamine (chelating agent)
lead poisoning
Plasma alcohol level of 500 to 1500 mg/L
lead to coma
5000mg/L may lead to death
lead to death
Monocrotaline undergoes metabolic activation to a reactive metabolite (Chronic effect)
leads to liver cirrhosis
Halogenated solvents sensitization of the myocardium to catecholamines
leads to ventricular arrhythmias
contents of chiffon ckae
leavened by baking powder, CO2 produced = increased volume
1920s-30s
legislation to outlaw marijuana
why do they prefer methylphenidate instead of d-amphetamine for adhd?
less cardiovascular and anorectic effects
How long does acute diarrhea last?
less than two weeks
le-
leucine*
phospholipid
like fats except that one chain is replaced by a phosphatidylamine, a phosphate and amine group
the major reason that additives are used in food production is to...
limit food spoilage by bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms
Fats, oils, and waxes are all..?
lipids
chylomicrons
lipoproteins that form in the small intestine following a meal
where are acute phase proteins produced?
liver
Chronic effect of alcohol poisoning
liver cirrhosis
termination of drug action by the liver/kidney
liver converts drugs to more water soluble products (usually inactivates them tooo) which may be excreted by the kidney
what is the hallmark side effect of mtx?
liver toxicity
detergents
long hydrocarbon chains?
Draw alanine where the R group = CH3. Show 3 different structures that form depending on pH.
look at notepad
lethality of benzos
lots of overdoses, but deaths from them are very rare.
inherent harmfulness of caffeine
low
what is the abuse liability of the benzos?
low abuse liability and low inherent harmfulness. high margin of safety
mechanism of action of alcohol?
low concentrations: alcohol binds to the gaba receptor and enhances gaba mediated neuronal transmission (like barbs and benzos)
effects of alcohol on liver
low dose: not much high dose: chronically-alcoholic liver disease
chronic use effect on cardiovascular system
low dose: reduce risk of coronary heart disease and stroke high dose: alcoholic cardiomyopathy : poor heart muscles increased incidence of hypertension and stroke
inherent harmfulness of heroin
low in low to moderate doses - do get nausea and vomitting high doses can be life threatening street users can easily administer a lethal dose by accident
dependence liability
low to moderate because less intense euphotia and reinforcement
inherent harmfulness
low with the greatest danger possibly being asn automobile accident (infrequently) taken frequently: adverse effects on respiratory track
abuse liability of caffeine
low-mild high experienced
How do you treat someone with this condition?
lowering blood lipid level with diet or diet plus drugs cessation of smoking therapy of hypertension institution of a physical fitness program control of blood glucose in diabetes therapy of hypothyroidism therapy of alcohol dependence
Consolidation (Pulmonary)
lung tissue abnormally filled with liquid
What is the actual name of LSD
lysergic acid diethylamide
ly-
lysine*
margarine
made by hydrogenation cottonseed, soybean, peanut, or corn oil to get a butter-like consistency
What are the 5 steps involved in leukocyte recruitment
margination (redistribution of leukocytes to endothelial surface), rolling (leuks roll over endothelium through a series of weak interactions and detachments) integrin activation and firm adhesion, transmigration (diapedesis, mediated by chemokines), chemotaxis (directs leukocytes with concentration gradient of IL 8 nd LTB4)
what are some street names of cannabis?
marijuana hashish hashish oil chara bhang ganja dagga
where are there higher concentrations of carcinogens; marijuana or tobacco smoke
marijuana smoke. plus the user holds it in for a long time increasing the amount of tars and carcinogens absorbed
in IgE mediated food allergies, an allergen causes release of inflammatory mediators by cross-linking IgE molecules on sensitized___________ .
mast cells
vitamin d and cancer
may have protective effects against breast cancer in premenopausal women. sorry boys. no dice for prostate cancer
opioid overdose
medical emergency because of the huge respiratory depression that can cause death administer antagonists like naloxone
1996
medical use in arizona and california approved
RX
medicine
what are the street names for methamphetamine
meth crystal speed
potency of amphetamines high to low
meth amph dextro amph normal amph
me-
methionine*
what does MDA stand for?
methyl ene dioxy amphetamine...shiiiit
Old ass intoxicating substances
mexico-psilocybe mushroom-psylocibin and psylocin North america-peyote cactus-has mescaline in it widely used to achieve the mystical state (hallucination, a feeling of wellbeing and distorted perceptions)
What are the steps a manufacturer needs to take in order to introduce a new drug into therapeutics?
mfg has to submit proff of safety and efficacy of the drug in several animal species detailed methodology for the proposed clinical trial is submitted if they are satisfied, they will alllow the clinical trials on humans
among the most commonly allergenic foods in the U.S. are
milk and milk products peanuts and tree nuts eggs
Tx
milk, water, vinegar or activated charcoal to dilute and neutralize the alkaline; supportive care for GIT and fluid loss
rock salt
mined underground?
class 3 recall
misbranded
What is the smallest unit of most compounds?
molecule
what other leukocytes show up between 24-48 hours post injury
monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils sometimes
waxes
monoester; harder, less greasy, non-polar & not soluble in water, used in cosmetics, ointment, candles, plants
What is another word for glucose/fructose?
monosaccharides
Effects of long term use of morphine
mood instability pupillary constriction reduced libido constipation menstrual irregularity respiratory impairment
effects of long term use of heroin
mood swings reduced libido menstrual irregularities certain types of respiratory impairment
penicillin V
more acid stable than penicillin G so is better to take orally higher blood levels achieved
cyanidin
more acidic - red more basic - blue falvylium cation --> hemiketal--> quinonoidla base
secondary hyperlipoproteinemia
more generalized genetic disturbances such as diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, chronic ingestion of large amounts of alcohol
how long does chronic diarrha last?
more than 4 weeks
rotaviruses
most common cause of severe diarrhea among children
what are the two initiations of chronic inflammation
most commonly preceded by acute inflammation but can also begiin as a low grade mild inflammation (R.A)
what is thc?
most potent psychoactive agent in cannabis accounts for most, NOT ALL of the psychoactive effects of cannabis
What detergents and soaps are most toxic?
most soaps, anionic or nonionic detergents have low oral toxicity at low exposure; some anionic detergents are highly alkaline (automatic dishwashing detergents) are therefore more toxic; Cationic detergents are more toxic (they can cause systemic toxicosis) and cause irritation at 1 %
why do we have to give folic acid supplements to people on methotrexate? How much do we give?
mtx is a potent inhibitor of folic acid. We give a supplemental dose of 1mg diaily
Name three types of opioid receptors:
mu-present in all structures of brain and spinal cord -mediate analgesia and respiratory suppression in brain stem kappa- analgesia dysphoria and miosis delta delta-analgesia at spinal cord and brain. modulate the emotional response to opioids
terpenes
multiples of 5 c's essential oils obtained through distillation of the plant and water, most terpene structures have multiple isoprene units. ex. citronellal (bug stuff), menthol
Candesartan
na
Ezetimibe
na
Irbesartan
na
Losartan potassium
na
Telmisartan
na
Valsartan
na
what drug has been good at reducing the psychological dependence on alcohol
naltrexone: diminishes the craving
what is marijuana legally classified as?
narcotic-controlled under the narcotic drug act
what is penicillin G?
narrow spectrum bactericidal
NG
nasogastric
what is the most common side effect of methotrexate?
nausea
possible uses for cannabinoids
nausea vomitting anorexia epilepsy glaucoma spasticity migraine legit: nausea and vomitting from cancer meds neuropathic pain (metered dose inhaler)
what are the adverse effects of digitalis
nausea and vomiting disordered rhythms of th heart (arrythmia) disturbances of vision..often blurred neurological effects (headache, fatigue, muscle weakness, confusion)
what are some intolerances to sulfazalazine that patients experience?
nausea, headache, vomiting, epigastric pain
NEB
nebulizer
Botulinum toxin acts on
nerve terminals preventing the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Effects of long term use of cocaine?
nervous, agitated, has mood swings, toxic psychosis hallucinations or sensations of insects crawling under the skin sleep and eating disorders sexual dysfunction high bp and irrecular heart rhythm social problems change in nasal mucosa
adverse effects of long term use of alcohol
neurological and mental disorders becase it damages the axons of the brain resulting in fewer connections between neurons (ie alcoholic dementia) increases metabolism of vit B1 (thiamine) so ppl get deficient leads to either: werniche's encephalopathy (drowsy confused, cant walk) or korsakoff's psychosis=dementia real bad loss in feeling of feed, burning pain, difficulty walking due to peripheral neuropathy. damages axons in peripheral nervous system
Nonionic detergents
neutral pH
what leukocytes dominate between 6 and 24 hourse post insult
neutrophils
Rivaroxaban
never give in combo with strong inhibitors of cyp 3a4 and pgp
b3
niacin
the bright pink color of bacon, ham, salami, and hot dogs results from the presence of______, which is added to meat to prevent the growth of Clostridium botulinum.
nitrates and nitrites.
is mesalazine shown to be clinically beneficial?
no
Are sulfanamides antibiotics?
no they are not produced by microorganisms. they are antimicrobial compounds
Tolerance to gtn?
non for sublingual yes to gtn in explosives industry -workers initially get headaches, flushing and dizziness, then after a few weeks no longer get it
norovirus
norwalk-like virus or small round structured (SRS) virus. acute vomiting and dirrhea transmits virus
fetal alcohol effects
not as bad as fetal alcohol syndrome
gelatinization
not reversible
Dabigatran etexilate
novel anticoagulant
Rivaroxaban
novel anticoagulant
What are the additional controllable factors for coronary heart disease?
obesity cigarette smoking hypertension lack of exercise
lanolin
occlusive Irritant contact dry skin
paraffin
occlusive for dry skin
petrolatum
occlusive for dry skin
soybean oil
occlusive for dry skin
mineral oil
occlusive for irritant contact dry skin
dimethicone
occlusive irritant contact dry skin
beeswax
occlusive, irritant contact dry skin
retinol
one half of the beta-carotene
Cocaine's abuse liability
one of the highest among all drugs of abuse-fast powerful euphoria
benzos and patterns of use
one of the most videly prescribed drugs (10% of canadians use at least once medicinally) 30-76% of alcohol abusers use benzos
Hemiplegia
one side of the body is paralysed
Opioids include:
opiate narcotics from opium poppy substances structurally related to morphine synthetic drugs with structures different from morphine endogenous brain peptides that exert analgesic actions (enkephalins and endorphins)
Routes of administration of the barbs
oral for epilepsy IV for anesthesia recreationally is oral or IV for the rush effect
OD
overdose
Effects of short term low dose use of amphetamines
overstimulation restlessness dizziness insomnia euphoria dysphoria midl confusion tremor rare: panic and psychosis reduced appetite increased talkativeness alertness and energy reduction of fatigue/drowsiness general increase in activity feeling of wellbeing enhance performance irregular heartbeat headache increased bp increased resp rate increase or decrease in libido possible temporary impotence
Other than condensation, state the name of one type of reaction involved in the other two steps of the Maillard reaction.
oxidation, reduction
condensed tannins
oxidized in acidic alcohol solution -> free anthocyanidins
name two other narcotics that are sought after for the street market
oxycodone hydrocodone
Describe two ways in which shelf life could be increased
packaging: keep jars full to minimize the amount of air above the oil processing: refrigeration, radiation
PALP
palpation
alprazolam
panic disorders
b5
pantothenic acid
PT
patient
when do they uses propanolol and isosorbide dinitrate?
patients who suffer frequent anginal attacks
which of the following are likely to reduce the nutritional quality of fresh produce?
peeling, blanching, canning, and irradiating (less harmful than some other processes, but allows longer shelf life for natural nutrient breakdown.)
why does the remission rate not last for systemic steroids?
people become steroid dependent. (50% within a year)
who does UC affect?
people between 15 and 30 and people older than 50
who can we not treat with sulfazalazine?
people who have been previously treated with steroids. They wont respond. Just like all the guys I message on tinder. :( hahahahahah
menthol
peppermint oil turpentine in pine trees cooling sensation is neurological
A substance intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any pest is a....
pesticide
choice drug as an anticonvulsant (epilepsy)
phenobarbital and some of the benzodiazepines
ph-
phenylalanine*
an example of non-immune food intolerance with a genetic mechanism is...
phenylketonuria
Name the phospholipid in egg yolks.
phosphotidyl choline (lecithin)
dependence
physical dependence
William Withering
physician and botanist. Introduced foxglove into medicine in 1785 to be used to treat conditions of the heart
Faraday
pointed out in 1808 that ether had similar properties to nitrous oxide
what to eat to lower blood cholesterol and improve hdl/ldl ratio?
polyunsaturated fats: fish, vegetable oils
what happens to a) positive b) negative acute phase proteins in inflammation?
positive-increase. Negative-decrease
what is IBS PI
post infection onset
K
potassium
Spironolactone
potassium sparing diuretic
triamterene
potassium sparing diuretic
Barbiturates mechanism of action
potentiate the effect of GABA at its receptor, enhancing the inhibitory effect of GABA but have their own binding sites. Stimulate the chloride channel
Morphine's Potential for abuse
powerful euphoris and analgesic properties make it have the second highest dependence liability next to heroin
tolerance and dependance of heroin
powerful physical and psychological dependence
1997
ppl can grow it in ontario for controlling epilepsy
digitalis intoxication
pretty low margins of safety, and cause pretty severe reactions approximately 25% of patients show some signs of toxicity digitalis intoxication is fatal
what is bacteriostatic?
prevent the multiplication of microorganisms, facilitating the ability of the natural defense system of the body to destroy the bacteria
Dabigatran etexilate
prevention of VTE in patients who have undergone hip/knee replacement. Treatment of DVT/PE and prevention of recurrence. Prevention of stroke and systemeic embolism in patients with atrial fib in whol anticoagulation is appropriate
Rivaroxaban
prevention of VTE in patients who have undergone hip/knee replacement. Treatment of DVT/PE and prevention of recurrence. Prevention of stroke and systemeic embolism in patients with atrial fib in whol anticoagulation is appropriate
Isosorbide-5-mononitrate
prevention of angina (not for acute attacks)
Spironolactone
primary hyperaldosteronism. Edema in chf, cirrhosis of the liver with edema and or ascites associated. Nephrotic syndrome, hypertension, hypokalemia
why are amphetamines widely abused?
produce euphoria and are effective cns stimulants
withdrawal from alcohol
produces excitability because alcohol is a cns depressant... hyperexcitability tremors irritability anxiety sweating etc increased heart rate convulsions coma death Delirium tremens
Diaphoretic
profuse sweating
pr-
proline
What are four situations that cause chronic inflammation?
prolonged infection, autoimmune disorders (RA), hypersensitivity reactions (asthma), toxic agents (silicosis, asbestosis)
Warfarin sodium
prophylaxis and or treatment of venous thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism
Skin care cosmetics are used to
protect the skin from harmful effects of drying, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidation.
Snake venoms (mixture of )
protein and polypeptides
prions
protiens devoid of detectable nucleic acids
Effects of short term low dose use of caffeine
provide mild mood elevation and reduce fatigue small increase in performance probs clearer and more rapid flow of thought nervousness and jitters in newbs interferes with sleep constriction of cerebral blood vessels ( makes headache better) increased peripheral blood flow cardiac muscle stimulated mild stimulation of the respiratory rate and a relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
How did jacques cartier cure scurvy in his ships?
provided an extract of spruce leaves recommended by the indians in canada
addiction
psychological dependence
What is thought to cause migraines
pulsation of the blood vessels (arterial) which carry blood to the head
solution mining
pumps water into an area with salt and then it is removed from the area?
b6
pyridoxine
Cationic detergents
quaternary ammonium compounds that contain a halogen
RXN
reaction
Countries have different laws about the use of synthetic colorants in food. Explain why this can be dangerous for the consumer.
reading labels that come from other countries may not mean much, and you may have allergies to the products
GPCR-cAMP cell signalling
receptor= GPCR transducer= G protein amplifier= adenylate cyclase messenger= cAMP
GPCR-InsP3 cell signalling
receptor=GPCR transducer= g-protein amplifier= PLC messenger= InsP3 and diacylglycerol
what are the steps to cell signalling?
receptors-transducers-amplifiers-messengers-sensors and effectors-cellular responses (aka fertilization, cell proliferation etc)
RDA
recommended daily allowance-daily intake sufficient to meet the needs of 97 to 98 percent of healthy ppl in a group
What is the American Psychiatric Association's definition of substance abuse
recurrent and significant adverse consequences such as repeated failure to fulfil major role obligations, legal problems, social and personal problems, repeated use in situations in which it is physically harmful AND doesn't meet the criteria for substance dependence
Give 4 examples of foods that contain nucleic acids.
red meat, shellfish, mushrooms, and peas
What are the three mechanisms available for the termination of drug action
redistribution/distribution in general excretion Liver
sanitization
reduce number of microbes to a safe level
What is considered the most effective way to lower blood cholesterol?
reducing saturated fat intake
prostaglandins
related to the fatty acids, arachidonic acid has 20 carbon atoms, metabolic function, high or low blood pressure, arthritis, etc;
effects of low to moderate dose short term use
relaxation drowsiness disinhibition talkativeness hearing and vision enhanced distorted perception of time, body image, distance enhanced touch smell taste spontaneous laughter motor coordination impaired impairment of short term memory and attention span decreased muscle strength flashbacks increased heart rate orthostatic hypotension irritation of mucous membranes lining the respiratory system dryness of mouth and throat increased appetite sex drive reduced in males ovarian cycle changed in women
benzos: effect of low dose, short term use
relief of anxiety and tension relaxation and calmness moderate impairment of motor coordination drowsiness, lethargy, fatigue, impairment of thinking and memory respiratory depression (IV) gastrointestinal (nausea, constipation, dry mouth, abdominal discomfort) impair driving
Estradiol-17b hemihydrate
relief of menopausal and post menopausal symptoms
Conjugated Estrogens
relief of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms. Atrophic vaginitis
Estradiol-17b
relief of menopause and post menopausal symptoms and prevention of osteoporosis
Name the therapeutic uses of opioid drugs
relief of severe pain and analgesia treatment of diarrhea (because the ones that are used for analgesia cause it)
cleaning
removal of microbes from surface
Removal of drug or toxicants through hemoperfusion
removes the toxicant from the blood by adsorption onto charcoal or resin
CO poisoning treatment
removing the victims from the source of CO exposure in mild cases hyperbaric oxygen chamber in severe cases
Hydrochlorothiazide/Triamterene
renal or hepatic dysfunction, combination therapy with other potassium sparing agents, hypersensitivity to sulfonamides
maltose
repeat unit of starch (amylose) - alpha (1-4) linkages of 2 d-glucoses
drug tolerance
repeated administration of a given does of a drug has progressively less pharmacological effect OR a state in which the dose of a drug must be increased to obtain the same magnitude of pharmacological effect as was produced by the original drug dose
Soaps + minerals
replacement reaction, check charges. Ca +2, insoluble salt and a soluble salt
cloxacillin
resistant to attack by penicillinase that breaks down the penicillin molecule and inactivates it. Used to treat staphylococcus aureus, a condition that produces penicillinase
Skin protects the body by
responding to various changes in the environment.
Effects of long term use of caffeine
restlessness nervousness insomnia increased urinary output gastric upset rambling speech and thought
effects of deficiency of vitamin A
retarded growth and development night blindness and dry eye due to deficiency of the complex molecule rhodopsin found in rods of eye changes in bronchiole lining cells in lungs so enhances the opportunity for respiratory infection dry, thick, horny skin
vitamin A
retinal active form antioxidant good vision
what are some other indications for methotrexate? (3)
rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, malignancies
b2
riboflavin
cholera
rice water poop
why do we avoid narcotics in crohn's/
risk of toxic megacolon
How does nitroglycerin ointment work?
rub on area of skin and absorbed into blood vessels under skin. maximum plasma levels reached after 1 hour and remains constant for atleast 3 hours
what are the street names for cocaine?
salt: C, coke, flake, snow, stardust (sniffed or snorted) freebase: crack, rock, freebase (smoked or inhaled)
soap
salts (usually sodium) of long-chain fatty acids; nonpolar lipophilic carbon chain & polar hydrophilic carboxylate ion with Na- on it
animals
salts are essential for many?
Soaps
salts of fatty acids, usually made by the reaction of alkali with natural fats and oils or with fatty acids obtained from animal or vegetable sources
calcium and sodium
salts provide what which is essential for health?
effect of high dose short term use of heroin
same as low dose but greater in magnitude user gets sleepy respiration depressed, slowed heartrate, decreased blood pressure very high doses: deep sleep, low bp, slow irregular heartbeat shallow and depressed respiration low body temperature cold clammy skin
What is fibrinous inflammation
scar formation by fibrinous exudate like in pseudomembranous colitis
What food sensitivity reaction can develop from consuming spoiled tuna, mackerel, or mahi-mahi?
scombroidosis
Clopidogrel
secondary prevention of MI, stroke, vascular death
Deduce which fat or oil from the table could best be described as saturated, mono-unsaturated, and poly-unsaturated.
see notes
Identify the types of nutrients A, B, and C.
see notes
Using RCHO to represent glucose and H2NR' to represent an amino acid, deduce the structural formula of the product.
see notes
SZ
seizure
Explain what is meant by the term genetically modified food.
selecting a single gene for a single characteristic and transferring it from one organism to another
Identify an element that is a common naturally occurring antioxidant.
selenium
carbenicillin
semisynthetic even broader than ampicillin good against severe gram negative infections
what is bactermia?
sepsis caused by bacteria
what is septicemia?
sepsis caused by generic microorganisms or toxins
Chelating agent
sequesters metal ions like iron and copper in water-soluble complexes - inhibit oxidation
free ions, such as ion and copper, produce undesirable flavors and appearance of foods, and also promote rancidity. These effects can be prevented by binding the ions with the aid of additives classified as...
sequestrants
se-
serine
what are the 6 types of exudate fluid in acute inflammation?
serous (clear, cell free) (2) mucinous (thick, clear mucous) (3) Purulent-thick, coloured, FOUL smelling. (pus cnntains wbc's...PYOGENIC means it accumulates in an abcess) (4) sanginous- bloody (red) (5)mucopurulent (mixed mucinous and purulent) (6) fibrinous-thick fibrous discharge-strep throat and pneumonia
how long do you need to treat with immunomodulators?
several years due to the high relapse rate if stopped
Nitroglycerin (NTG)
severe anemia, increased intraocular pressure, increased intracranial pressure, hypotension, concomitant sildenafil
Amlodipine besylate
severe hypotension (<90mmHg)
Nifedipine
severe hypotension (<90mmHg), preggers, lactation
Progesterone (micronized)
severe liver disease, unexplained abnormal vaginal bleeding, breast/endometrial malignancy, thrombophlebitis, peanut allergy
What is the drug of choice for hypnotics?
short acting benzodiazepines
Verapamil
sick sinus syndrome, 2nd or 3rd degree av block, hypotension (sbp<90mmhg,) MI pts with left ventricular failure
Diltiazem hydrochloride
sick sinus syndrome. 2nd or 3rd degree av block, hypotension<90mmhg, MI, pts with left ventricular failure
who called cocaine the third scourge of cocaine and in what year?
sigmund freud-1884
Metoprolol tartrate
sinus bradycardia, 2nd and 3rd degree AV block, sick sinus syndrome, right ventricular or uncontrolled heart failure, cardiogenic shock, hypotension, severe peripheral arterial disorders
Atenolol
sinus bradycardia, 2nd and 3rd degree av block, sick sinus syndrome, right ventricular or uncontrolled heart failur, cardiogenic shock, hypotension, severe peripheral arterial disorders
Bisoprolol fumarate
sinus bradycardia, 2nd or 3rd degree av block, cardiogenic shock, OVERT heart failure, right ventricular failure, secondary pulmonary hypertension
what is withdrawal from marijuana like?
sleep disturbances irritability lack of appetite nervousness mild agitation upset stomach sweating
short term use high dose of barbs
sleep or loss of consciousness same effect of low dose but a greater intensity very high doses-death from respiratory depression
what are the new angina drugs supposed to do?
slow cardiac work load by either slowing the heart via altered electrical conduction or alter the metabolism of the heart to require less oxygen.
psychological dependence on cocaine
smoking crack brings about rapid onset and a short duration duration of behavioural effects. This makes it almost ideal for the development of compulsive drug use
how is thc absorbed?
smoking: almost immediate, lasts 3-4 hours orally: 30 to 60 min delay. less of an effect than smoking
nixtamalization
soak and cook corn kernels in basic solution - degrades pectin improves bioavailability
Sources/uses
soap, laundry/hand/dishwashing detergents, shampoo, fabric softeners, germicides, sanitizers
synthetic detergents or syndets
soap-like molecules designed to work well in hard water and produce neutral solutions
NaHCO₃
sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
The first syndets
sodium salts of alkyl hydrogen sulfates
Treatment of Opioid Dependence
some countries-docs can give morphine or heroin to them canada: methadone is used either for cessation or for maintenance of the drug levels
tolerance to caffeine
some evidence of tolerance act of drinking it is very important because the same pick me up can be had from decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee
FDA has limited the use of sulfites on raw fruits and raw vegetables at salad bars because...
some people suffer adverse reactions such as wheezing, hives, vomiting and diarrhea after exposure.
benzos: effects of long term use
some ppl will get chronic sedative-hypnotic intoxication shown by: impaired thinking poor memory and judgement disorientation slurred speech incoordination weak muscles
pyridoxine
some studies show a relationship between high intake of vitamin B6, decreased serum concentrations of homocysteine and a lower risk of heart disease
carvone
spearmint flavor
cross over design
split the population into two groups. first trial: give A the new drug, give B the old or placebo second trial: give B the new drug, give A the old or placebo
what is the dosing for 6MP?
start with 50mg daily and increase by 25mg every 1-2 weeks to target dose of 1-1.5mg/kg/day
what is the dosing for azathioprine?
start with 50mg daily and increase the dose by 25mg every 1-2 weeks to target dose of 2.5mg/kg/day
how do the amphetamines work?
stimulate both the cns and the sympathetic nervous system (increased bp, dilation of pupils) they act primarily by releasing the neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and dopamine from nerve terminals. Then the neurotransmitters go and act on postsynaptic receptors giving a response
effects of alcohol on gastrointestinal track
stimulates gastric secretion (low dose) high dose: gastritis (inflammation and erosion of stomach) -causes vomiting and abdominal pain also aggravates ulcers -severe bleeding gastrointestinally
psychological dependence
stopping or abruptly reducing the doese of a given drug produces non-physical symptoms -emotional and mental preoccupation with the drug's effects and by a persistent craving for the drug
myoglobin
store O2 in muscle purple red color
How can you prevent oxidative rancidity?
store fats in: - cold - dark - prevent contact w/ metals - exclude O2
does lowering plasma concentration of ldl diminish the risk of coronary heart disease?
strong evidence of this yes. 1984 study
How were vitamins discovered?
studying deficiency diseases scurvy-vit c rickets-vit d asian beriberi-thiamin (vit b1) found in husks of rice pernicious anemia-b12 pellagra-B3
Randomization
subjects are assigned to groups in a strictly random manner
Parallel design
subjects are divided into two groups. group A gets drug group B gets placebo or old drug (most phase III studies)
double blind study
subjects are unaware of whether they are receiing the new drug or old/placebo clinical investigator should be unaware too. eliminates bias on the part of both the subject and the investigator
SL
sublingual
what was the next angina pectoris organic nitrite?
sublingual nitroglycerin 1879 william murrell
porphyrin
substituted porphin rings transition ions are bound in the center chlorophyll, myoglobin
sugar
sucrose
anthocyanidins
sugar is freed
lauder brunton
suggested the use of amyl nitrite in the treatment of angina pectorus. lowers the blood pressure of animals and man. 1867 he demonstrated it efficacy on himself
Anionic detergents
sulfonated and phosphorylated hydrocarbons
excess foaming in water, don't break down easily, remain in the environment?
sulfonic?
why do we taper people off steroids?
super horrible side effects/toxicities
Detergents
surfactants that contain an inorganic ingredient such as phosphates, silcates or carbonates
in order for an individual to become sensitized to a food allergen, the allergen must at certain times
survive digestion to enter the blood or lymph system
What does loss of biolgical activity to the protein make it susceptible to ?
susceptibility or protein proteolysis or enzymatic degradation because of the exposure of covalent peptide bonds
2005
suspended trials
Estradiol-17b (micronized)
symptomatic relief of menopausal symptoms
what is needed for a diagnosis of IBS?
symptoms 3 days/month for 3 months
chlorophyll
synthesize glucose from CO2 and water, releasing O2 A - more common blue green B- yellow green
cholecalciferol
synthesized in skin from cholesterol using UV light
State the name given to additives such as THBP and TBHQ.
synthetic antioxidants
what is the result of systemic acute inflammation
systemic inflammation, organ dysfunciton, organ failure
what is SIRS
systemic inflammatory response syndrome
which one is better at inducing remission? Placebo, sulfasalazine or systemic steroids or azathioprine?
systemic steroids. Azathioprine plays no role in remission
what are 6 SIRS symptoms
tachycardia, tachypnea (rapid shallow breathing), rigors/shivering, anorexia, somnolence, malaise
why are chemicals such as pcb's and ddt so bad
takes a long time for them to be converted into something water soluble so they end up accumulating in the body for long periods of time
how do you taper with prednisone.
taper according to improvement in clinical symptoms. If higher does taper by 5-10mg/week. At lower doses, taper by 2.5-5mg/week
what are some concerns with biological agents in crohn's treatment?
tb reactivation, reduced immune response to infections, infusion related side effects, development of cancers
who does chrohns affect?
teens or people over 50 years old
T
temperature
how much alcohol is metabolized by the liver each hour?
ten to 13ml
what is the mechanism of action of marijuana?
thc binds to receptors in cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, spinal cord and brain in other places
Skin is the interface between
the body and the external environment.
Suggest the function of the tertiary butyl group in antioxidants.
the butyl group reacts with and removes the free radicals involved in the oxidation of the food, thus prolonging the shelf life
canavanine is a structural analog of argine present in alfalfa sprouts. high levels of exposure may cause an autoimmune disease, such as lupus erythematosis or rheumatoid arthritis. which of the following is the most likely mechanism for this effect?
the canavanine replaces arginine in certain proteins. When the immune system recognizes these proteins as "foreign" it launches an immune attack against the body's own proteins.
what is cannabis
the drug containing forms of the hemp plant called cannabis sativa
where do high doses of amphetamines generally act?
the entire cerebrospinal axis
cool fact about alcohol
the first sedative hypnotic drug to be used by ancient physicians
where do they get digoxin and digitoxin from?
the leaves of the digitalis lanata
Where do they get digitoxin and other cardiac glycosides?
the leaves of the digitalus purpurea plant
Where do the ulcers happen in UC?
the mucoa and submucosa
which are better at prolonging life? The cardiac glycosides or the non cardiac tissue aimed drugs/
the non cardiac ones :)
bioavailability
the percentage of a drug contained in a drug product that enters the systemic circulation in an unchanged form after administration of the product. (also the rate at which that occurs)
limit dextrin
the polysaccharide that remains after amylopectin is exhaustively digested by amylases
State the conditions required for the hydrogenation of unsaturated oils.
the presence of heat (140-225 deg Celc) and a finely divided nickel, zinc, or copper catalyst
hardening/hydrogenation
the process of converting oils to fats by catalytic hydrogenation of double bonds; Ni catalyst, breaks double bonds
Explain how the color of astaxanthin changes to red when cooked.
the proteins are de-natured (broken down), releasing the astaxanthin which appears red when alone
anaphalactic shock is an allergy reaction that may affect...
the respiratory system the cardiovascular system the skin
where do they get the cardiac glycoside ouabain
the seen of strophanthus
cannabinoids
the sixty compounds that are found only in cannabis sativa
what is stasis
the slowing of cells near the walls of blood vessels so that they slow down and can get into the tissues
Explain, in terms of their effect on light, why these compounds are colored.
the structures of the mollecules diffract light differently
why is the cross over design of a phase III study flawed?
there may be differences in the individual groups when studied on the second occasion
whay do we avoid nsaids in people with crohn's?
these people already have ulcers! You just don't feel em
Food allergies are considered to be individualistic reactions because...
they adversely affected certain individuals while many other people have no reaction to the same compounds.
Why are immunomodulators used for maintenance/remission?
they are slower acting than steroids. Take around 4 months to get going.
How do Beta-adrenergic blockers work?
they block beta receptors in the heart decreasing the heart rate and myocardial contractility. The cardiac output and myocardial oxygen requirements decrease and the angina pain is alleviated
how do drugs that are meant to treat alcohol abuse work?
they inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase causing acetaldehyde to accumulate in the body. The person feels ill and will presumably stop drankin constantly
Why are british sailors called limies?
they were given lime juice rations to keep them from getting scurvy
b1
thiamin
Hydrochlorothiazide/Triamterene
thiazide diuretic/potassium sparing diuretic
Indapamide
thiazide-like diuretic
name an immunomodulator
thiopurines (6 mercaptopurine and its prodrug azathiprine)
What is the risk of heart attack in individuals with 220-250mg/dl of cholesterol?
three times greater than in ppl with less than 195mg/dl
th-
threonine*
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
thrombophlebitis, thromboembolic disorders, undiagnosed vaginal/urinary tract bleeding, breast/endometrial cancer, hepatic dysfunction
how is ethanol distributed in the body?
throughout total body water and across the blood-brain barrier
what are some other physiological responses to chronic inflammation (3)
tissue degradation by cytotoxic immune cells. Fibrosis replaces destroyed tissue with collagen. Angiogenesis forms new blood vessels
Why are their white settlements in south africa?
to grow fresh fruits and replenish ships on long journeys so ppl didn't get scurvy
What are proteins used for?
to speed up chemical reactions
where does tolerance develop with marijuana?
to the psychoactive properties and the effects on cardiovascular system, performance impairment, cognitive function
barbs tolerance
tolerance develops quickly to the good things like sleep induction and mood effects, but slowly for the bad things like impaired motor coordination and slowed reaction time tolerance to anticonvulsant actions is not a problem
tolerance to opioids
tolerance to all the good things with repeated administration, no tolerance to constipation or miosis
lycopene
tomatoes, watermelon deep red no beta-ionone rings - no vitamin A activity more available when cooked
what is the cause of motility related diarrhea?
too rapid movement through the intestine leaving insufficient time for fluid absorption. Often due to cuttingof the vagal nerve or hyperthyroidism
barbs short term low dose
tranquility and relaxation. mild euphoria reduced interest in one's surroundings dizziness mild impairment of motor coordination esp motor dexterity
TSE: prion diseases
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
Antidotes which specifically increase the detoxication of a reactive metabolite (N- acetylcysteine )
treatment of paracetamol overdoses
Ethinyl estradiol/ Cyproterone acetate
treatment of severe acne in women unresponsive to other treatments
Gemfibrozil
treats hypertriglyceridemia decreases the levels of VLDL in plasma by causing enhanced breakdown of triglycerides and decreased secretion of VLDL by the liver
Identify the most predominant type of dietary lipid.
triglycerides
tr-
tryptophan*
curcumin
tumeric --> curry enol form is lower energy poorly absorbed strong antioxidant
Primary hyperlipoproteinemia
type i) because of an inherited single-gene defect type ii) caused by a combination of subtle genetic factors acting together with environmental results
ty-
tyrosine
Levothyroxine sodium
untreated thyrotoxicoses, acute myocardial infarction, uncorrected adrenal insufficiency
UL
upper limit-the highest recommended daily intake that is not likely to pose an adverse health risk to all individuals
1978
usa tries to kill mexican cannabis crops so americans stop smoking..cause they are retarded. sprayed fields with paraquat, now us citizens can get lung toxicity while they smoke!! woooo
HFCS
use alpha-amylase, then glucoamylase then glucose isomerase
2700bc-1800s
used to make rope and to get high
termination of drug action by excretion
usually through the kidney but only if water soluble. If there is no mechanism in the body to convert them to water soluble they would stay there forever
Drug absorption by rectal administration
usually used when a patient is nauseous/vomitting so they can't take it by the mouth. Absorbed through the rectum into the bloodstream. Can also be used for just *********** action (ie hemorrhoids) Harrison would love this method. HAHAHAHAHA
va-
valine*
What are the 5 brand names of the generic diazepam?
valium vivol novo-dipam apo-diazepam diazepam
what famous painter was on digitalis when he created his awesome paintings?
van gogh
vanillin
vanilla
what physiological change of acute inflammation comes first?
vasodilation
acute use effect on cardiovascular system
vasodilation, feel warm (low dose) alterations in normal rhythm of heart (high dose)
Digoxin
ventricular fibrillation
inherent harmfulness of barbs
very high. risk of death from respiratory depression or withdrawal is high
withdrawal symptoms of cocaine
very similar to the dependence on the amphetamines
what is the process of vitamin d to its active form?
vitamin D-->25 hydroxyvitaminD (liver)-->1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(kidney)
ascorbic acid
vitamin c collagen, iron absorption, antioxidant most susceptible to loss L-isomer is active form
Components of Creams: Others
vitamin derivatives UV absorbents (anti-fading agent, prevent tanning) whitening agents
pyridoxal
vitamin of B6 PLP - active form of B6
State the names of two types of nutrients other than proteins, carbs, and lipids.
vitamins (Vitamin C), minerals (Fe)
Exfoliate
wash or rub to remove dead cells
H₂O
water
Identify the other product of the Maillard reaction.
water
lake
water insoluble pigment made from organic dye absorbed on the suface of an inert particle alumina
How are vitamins classified?
water soluble-C and D fat soluble-A, D, E, K
Identify the phases of the two components of emulsion.
water-in-oil (butter), oil-in-water (milk)
Aqueous gels contain
water-soluble polymers with gelling ability.
What is cholesterol?
waxy, fat-like, ring structured chemical present in all cells in the body. A component of cell membranes and used for making sex hormones, bile salt and vitamin D.
soaps
what are salts?
surfactants
what helps detergents clean better?
physical dependence on barbs
when abruptly stop taking the barbs they get sleep distrubances if it was chronically used they can get tremors anxiety, weakness and insomnia plus a rapid drop in blood pressure when standing from sitting. severe weakness hyperactive blink delusions, seizures, fever, delirium, visual hallucinations
mutarotation
when all of the possible species are produced - sucrose does not undergo this
chlorophyllides
when chlorophyll is degraded - still green
pheophytin
when chlorophyll is processed by cooking at high acid - olive green
What is atherosclerosis?
when fatty sludge infiltrates the inner coronary artery walls so that the narrowed coronary artery will carry less blood. The heart muscle receives too little oxygen to function at max capacity and pumps with less fuel. If the patient does exercise they get angina pectoris.
Explain the meaning of the term shelf life.
when food no longer maintains the expected quality desired by the consumer because of changes in flavor, smell, texture, and appearance (such as color)
what is main lining
when heroin powder is diluted in water and injected either intramuscularly or intravenously
what is skin popping?
when heroin powder is diluted in water and injected subcutaneously
When does cholesterol become dangerous?
when it is super highly concentrated in blood and infiltrates arterial walls, narrowing them
Maillard reaction
when reducing* sugars are heated in solution in the presence of amines - glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose
micelles
when soap is shaken with water, it forms a colloidal dispersion with globs called micelles, with their polar hydrophilic heads facing the water and their nonpolar lipophilic tails in the center
what is scurvy?
when the cells are not held together adequately. blood vessels--> bleeding gums--> spongy gums and loosening of teeth
What is the amphetamine run?
when users try to maintain the initial effects and then repeatedly administer the drugs only stopping when exhausted or out of drugs (speed freaks, speeders)
what is chasing the dragon?
when you smoke heroin
Who first described angina pectoris and in what year?
william heberden 1768
surfactants
with their unusually low surface tension and "wetting power" soaps are surfactants- contain polar and nonpolar parts and therefore act at the surfaces where different substances meet
physical dependence to opioids
withdrawal is not life threatening -restlessness, anxiety, insomnia -sweating, fever, chills -increased respiratory rate -retching and vomiting -cramping -explosive diarrhea
physical dependence on amphetamines
withdrawal: profound depression, prolonged sleep, huge appetite, lassitude and fatigue
dependence on caffeine
withdrawal=headache, fatigue, drowsiness psychological dependence does occur
above 18
won't dissolve in water?
below 12
won't remove dirt?
why is gtn not swallowed?
would be inactivated by the intestine and liver by the time it reached the general circulation
zeaxanthin
xanthophyll fat soluble yellow color- corn
azo compounds
yellow no. 5, yellow no. 6, red no. 40 double N bond
Psychological dependence on amphetamines
yes absolutely. because of the euphoria
Tolerance to amphetamines
yes to euphoria and mood elevating and anorectic no to drug induced psychosis yes to lethal effects, cardiovascular and respiratory parts
tolerance to cocaine
yes to mood elevating effect
basic contents of souffle
yolks in white sauce, then fold into egg white foam
psychological dependence
you bet
Tolerance to benzos
you get tolerance to the impairment of coordination which is good. When used for non therapeutic effects tolerance to euphoria can develop
tolerance to alcohol
yupp. decreased intensity or shortened duration of action individuals can get good at drinking and performing tasks if they do it lots only minimal tolerance develops to the lethal dose
C₃H₇OH
rubbing alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, or 2-propanol
Ricin
-Highly toxic plant product found in the seeds of castor oil plant -Small protein of two polypeptides, a short chain A and a longer chain B linked by disulfide bridge
What atoms form carbon dioxide?
2 oxygen, 1 carbon
What atoms form a water molecule?
2 oxygen, 1 hydrogen
Antifreeze/Methanol
ADH bioactivates it into formaldehyde, then formic acid Causes metabolic acidosis
Inhibit bioactivation
Block the metabolic transformation that leads to the reactive metabolite Ethanol competes with toxic ethylene glycol or methanol for the enzyme ADH
Bleach/MMS poisoning
NaOCl + HCl --> Cl2 (poisonous) + HOCl (irritant) Edema of pharynx and larynx MMS is 28% sodium chlorite (NaClO2) NaClO2 + acid --> ClO2 (strong oxidant) Severe dehydration Potential renal failure
Pennyroyal Oil (the oil)
Oil contains terpenoid compounds -Toxic to the liver -Induce abortion
Antifreeze/Ethylene glycol mechanism
Oxalic acid causes acidosis Directly Indirectly, via ↑NADH, which ↑ lactic acid production Oxalic acid also causes the precipitation of calcium oxalate crystals in kidney tubules
Hemodialysis and hemoperfusion
Passage of blood of poisoned patient through a semi-permeable membrane or in contact with charcoal or a resin
Pennyroyal Oil
Pennyroyal plant may be used for tea and the oil has been used directly
Natural poisons of natural origin
Plant toxins Fungal toxins Microbial toxins Animal toxins
Antifreeze/Ethylene glycol
Sweet-tasting; a cupful is lethal Bioactivated to oxalic acid by alcohol dehydrogenase
What is facilitated diffusion?
a process by which substances are transported across cell membranes by means of protein carrier molecules
What is an enzyme?
a type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions
Fixing radon problem
a vent pipe system and fan, which pulls radon from beneath the house and vents it to the outside
HC₂H₃O₂ or CH₃COOH
acetic acid (vinegar)
C₃H₆O
acetone (nail polish remover)
What are the 2 ways substances can move in and out of cells?
active and passive transport
What are carbohydrates used for?
carbohydrates are an energy source
What elements are in carbohydrates?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What elements do lipids contain?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What elements do nucleic acids contain?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus
What elements make up proteins?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
What part of the cell consists mainly of lipids?
cell membranes
What part of the cell are carbohydrates in?
cell walls and cell membranes
What is water used for?
chemical reactions, to help cells maintain their shape, keeps temperature of cells from fluctuating, and helps carry substances in/out of cells
Organic compounds are..?
compounds that contain carbon
What are nucleic acids used for?
contain instructions that cells need to carry out all functions of life
What are two forms of passive transport?
diffusion and osmosis
What are lipids used for?
lipids store energy for later use
Give 5 examples of foods that are proteins.
meat, dairy products, fish, nuts, and beans
CH₄
methane (natural gas)
Name (at least) 4 examples of carbohydrates.
rice, potatoes, pasta, and bread
NaCl
sodium chloride (table salt)
NaClO
sodium hypochlorite (bleach)
What are 2 examples of carbohydrates?
sugar and starch
What is osmosis?
the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
Antidotes for Cyanide poisoning
thiosulfate S2O3- Rhodanese converts thiosulfate into thiocyanate if cyanide is present Thiocyanate SCN-excreted in urine
What is a necessary inorganic compound?
water
How do compounds form?
when 2 or more elements combine chemically
