Chem ch 4 climate change
Which of following correctly interprets balanced equation CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O?
1. 1 molecule of CH4 reacts with 2 molecules of O2 2. 15 mol of CH4 will produce 15 Mol of CO2 when burned completely in O2 3. 1 mole of CH4 produces 1 mole of CO2 when reacted with 2 moles of O2
an atom may lose or gain electrons to form an ion. Match each description of ions and their charges correctly.
1. An ion with more electrons than its neutral atom is called: anion 2. An ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom is called: cation 3. Charge of an ion with more electrons than its neutral atom is: negative 4. Charge of an ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom is: positive
Match. Element to ionic form
1. Cl - -1 2. Sr - +2 3. S - -2 4. Al - +3
consider the formula for the ionic compound Na2O. which of the following statements correctly interpret this formula? select all that apply.
1. The cation in this compound is Na+ 2. The compound contains 2 Na+ ions for every O2- ion
match the number of outer electron groups correctly to the molecular shape observed
4 bonding pairs-tetrahedral 3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair- trigonal pyramidal 2 bonding pairs- linear 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs- bent 3 bonding pairs- trigonal planar
the atomic mass of magnesium is 24.31. Given that Avogadro's number is 6.02x10^23, what is the average mass of one Mg atom?
4.04x10^-23g
there are exactly -- x 10^23 atoms in 12 g of carbon-12 (given to TWO places after the decimal). this number is called -- number.
6.02; Avogadro's
Which statement correctly describes the procedure used to predict the ion formed by a main group element?
A metal loses enough electrons to attain the same number as its nearest noble gas.
match each compound correctly to its molar mass. (round all atomic masses read from the periodic table to one place after the decimal.)
CCl4- 154.0 g/mol PF3- 88.0 g/mol SO2- 64.1 g/mol
which greenhouse gases were specifically targeted by the kyoto protocol? select all that apply
CO2 N2O Cl2
which of the following ion combinations will result in an ionic compound that has a balanced number of positive and negative charges? select all that apply.
Ca2+ and 2F- 2Li+ and S2- Na+ and Br-
the ability of a covalently bonded atom to attract the shared electrons is called
Electronegativity
what type of radiation is absorbed by all greenhouse gases?
IR radiation
match each type of radiation to the effect it has on a molecule
IR radiation- causes the molecule to vibrate UV radiation- breaks bonds, causing the molecule to dissociate Microwave-causes the molecule to spin faster
the most stable molecular arrangement is the one in which the -- electron groups are as far apart as possible, to minimize electron-electron --.
Outer, repulsion
a precipitate is
a solid that separates from a solution
the proportion of incoming radiation that is reflected by a surface is called the --. this quantity is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface.
albedo
natural locations that store carbon, usually in the form of one of its compounds, and that naturally exchange carbon with each other are known as --.
carbon reservoirs
when naming an ionic compound, the -- is always named first. To name the anion, the root of the nonmetal name is added to the suffix --.
cation; -ide
match each type of bond to the correct description given covalent bond ionic bond
covalent- attraction between two nuclei and a shared pair of electrons ionic bond- attraction between oppositely charged ions
the most important greenhouse gas on earth is carbon --
dioxide
match each solar body with the primary type of radiation it emits.
earth- infrared radiation sun-ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation
the process by which atmospheric gases trap and return more than 80% of the heat energy radiated by earth is called the -- greenhouse effect, resulting in an increase in average global temperatures.
enhanced
fuels formed by natural processes such as the decomposition of prehistoric organisms are called __________ fuels
fossil
what is the difference between the terms global warming and climate change?
global warming is one aspect of climate change
a gas that is able to absorb and trap infrared radiation, resulting in a warming of the atmosphere, is called a(n) -- gas
greenhouse
the natural process by which earths atmospheric gases trap the infrared radiation radiated by earth is called the -- effect. this causes earths average surface temperature to be -- than that predicted when considering the distance of the earth from the sun.
greenhouse; higher
any process that decreases the earths reflectivity causes the amount of radiation absorbed to -- and temperatures to --.
increase; increase
an infrared spectrum records
intensity of transmitted radiation vs. wavelength
in order for a molecule to absorb IR radiation, which of the following must be true?
its bond vibrations must involve a change in charge distribution
the central oxygen atom in H2O is surrounded by four electron pairs. The two lone pairs occupy more space than the bonding pairs, causing the bond angle in H2O to be -- the ideal angle of 109.5 degrees.
less than
what is the approximate value of the marked bond in the structure shown?
less than 109.5
Aerosols scatter incoming radiation very effectively, so that ____ IR radiation is absorbed and trapped by atmospheric greenhouse gases. This leads to a ___ effect.
less; cooling
which of the following has the greatest impact on global warming
levels of atmospheric greenhouse gasses
nonbinding electron pairs are also referred to as -- pairs.
lone
the organic material that decomposed to form fossil fuels has a very -- level of carbon-14. burning fossil fuels therefore causes a(n) -- in the levels of carbon-14 in atmospheric CO2
low; decrease
which of the following are common greenhouse gases? select all that apply
methane (CH4) CO2 H2O
H2O molecules containing the isotope 2H condense -- readily than H2O molecules containing 1H, causing snow and ice to be enriched in -- when compared to ocean water. the 2H/1H ratio in ice depends on temperature, and this value can be measured and used to estimate the temperature at the time the ice formed.
more; 2H
which of the following options correctly describes the effects of the observed increase in global temperatures over the last century?
on average the planet is warmer than it was a century ago
the chemistry of carbon-based compounds is called -- chemistry.
organic
which of the following options are correct systematic names for ionic compounds? select all that apply.
potassium chloride copper (II) oxide
In order to predict if a given molecule can act as a greenhouse gas, we must determine its molecular -- using the Lewis structure.
shape
match each type of electron pair to the correct designation b a .. H---Cl: ..
solid line-b dots- a
a -- is a homogeneous mixtures of a solvent and one or more solutes.
solution
match each component of a solution with the correct description solvent solute
solvent- the majority component of the solution solute- the minority component of the solution
what is climate adaption?
the ability of a system to adjust to climate change, in order to moderate potential damage
degasification is --
the loss of a gas from a liquid solution
true or false: the central oxygen atom of the ozone molecule (shown) is surrounded by three electron groups
true
electronegativity generally increases -- on the periodic table, excluding noble gases
up and to the right
ice core data shows that atmospheric CO2 levels --
were relatively constant from the beginning of the last millennium until around 1800
an ecological footprint estimates the biologically productive space required to support a particular lifestyle. which of the following are included in this estimate? select all that apply.
-sea surface -fresh water -land
which of the following options correctly describe electronegativity and its trends? select all that apply
-the higher the electronegativity value of an element, the more strongly it attracts bonding electrons to itself -the element with the highest electronegativity is fluorine -electronegativity increases from left to right in the periodic table.
which of the following statements correctly describe the carbon cycle? select all that apply.
-the main atmospheric form of carbon is CO2 -CO2 is generated by the combustion of fossil fuels
select the options that correctly reflect the mass ratios and mass percentages of the elements in SO3
-the mass ratio of S is 0.400 -the mass percentage of O is 60.0%
which of the following are considered possible effects of climate change
-rise in sea levels -an increase in the incidence of insect-borne diseases -changes in freshwater distribution
the biologically productive space in australia is estimated to be 162 million hectares. calculate the ecological footprint of australia in 2006 in hectares per person, when the population was estimated at 20.8 million people.
7.8
match the symbols correctly to describe the uneven charge distribution in any polar covalent bond.
8+ marks the atom with the lower electronegativity 8- marks the atom with the higher electronegativity
any action undertaken with the purpose of permanently eliminating or reducing the long-term risks and hazards of climate change is called climate --
mitigation
one -- of any substance contains Avogadro's number of particles.
mole
the molar mass of any substance is the mass of 1 -- of the particles of that substance.
mole
match each representation of sulfur dioxide to the correct description
molecular formula- c lewis structure- b space-filling model- a
isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same -- number but a different -- number. this is because isotopes have the same number of protons but a different number of --.
atomic; mass; neutrons
ozone is able to act as a greenhouse gas because its -- shape allows it to vibrate in ways that involve -- in overall charge distribution
bent; change
both venus and earth have higher than average surface temperatures than expected because --.
both planets have atmospheres that trap radiation
which human activity has the GREATEST net effect on atmospheric CO2 levels?
burning fossil fuels
one system used in the united states to encourage reduction in CO2 emissions is the -- and -- system, which sets an upper limit for CO2 emissions for the year for a given company. A company may purchase extra allowances from a company that is under its limit for the year.
cap; trade
The most abundant isotope of ______ is the internationally accepted standard for determining atomic mass.
carbon
the atomic mass of an element is the mass in grams of the same number of atoms found in exactly 12 g of -- -12
carbon
factors that influence the balance of earths incoming and outgoing radiation are called ----
radiative forcings
small changes in the average global temperatures are expected to have a(n) -- impact on our climate.
huge
which of the following human activities increase the levels of atmospheric CO2?
-replacing trees with cultivated crops -respiration -burning fossil fuels
which of the following will increase the earth's albedo, causing a cooling effect? select all that apply
- an increase in snow or ice cover -deforestation for the purpose of crop cultivation
direct measurements of atmospheric CO2 levels in Hawaii show that since 1960 ---
- the annual average CO2 levels have increased steadily -the CO2 levels in a given year fluctuate depending on the time of year.
which of the following options correctly interpret the information given? select all that apply. Molar mass of NO2=46.0 g/mol; atomic mass of nitrogen=14.0g; atomic mass of oxygen=16.0 g.
- the mass ratio of nitrogen in NO2 is equal to 0.304 -there are 14.0 g of nitrogen in every 46.0 g of NO -The percentage oxygen in NO2 is equal to 32.0/46.0x100
which of the following sources provide information about atmospheric CO2 levels over time? select all that apply.
--- Direct atmospheric measurements --- Data obtained from air bubbles trapped in ice cores
which of the following options correctly describe the interaction of a molecule with IR radiation? select all that apply.
--- IR radiation can excite both bending and stretching vibrations. ---The wavelengths of IR radiation absorbed depends on the structure of the molecule --- IR radiation causes the bonds in a molecule to vibrate in various ways.
which of the following options correctly describe variations in solar irradiance and its effect on earths climate
--- Seasonal variations in sunlight intensity affect local temperatures significantly. --- Changes in the Earth's orbit can affect the amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth.
Which of the following statements about the use of Roman numerals in naming and writing chemical formulas is correct?
-A Roman numeral is included for any metal that can form more than one monatomic cation. -The ionic compound Fe(III) has a charge of +3.
which of the following options correctly explain how carbon-14 levels can provide information about the source of atmospheric CO2? select all that apply.
-CO2 produced by burning of fossil fuels causes the carbon-14 levels in the atmosphere to decrease -CO2 produced by burning of fossil fuels contain virtually no carbon-14
which of the following options describe possible strategies to reduce atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases. Select all that apply.
-Development of technology that does not depend on fossil fuels -Geological sequestration of CO2 -Reducing and/or phasing out the use of CFCs
which gases have shown concentration changes in the atmosphere that correlate with global temperature changes? select all that apply.
-N2O -CO2 -CH4
a molecule will absorb IR radiation if it is capable of vibrational mode --. (select all that apply.)
-a: --><-- --> ^ ^ -c:/ / / v ^ ^ -d: | | | v
match each labeled bond in the wedge-dash representation shown to its correct meaning.
-a:in the plane of the page (thin line) -b:in the front of the plane of the page (thick line) -c: behind the plane of the page (fractured line)
which of the following options correctly describe atomic mass? select all that apply.
-atomic masses are defined relative to the mass of carbon-12 atom -the atomic mass of an element can be read from the periodic table
which of the following processes release CO2 into the atmosphere
-combustion -respiration -decomposition
which of the following conclusions were reached by the IPCC (international panel on climate change)? select all that apply
-human activities play an important role in climate change -the average global temperature of the earth is increasing -the burning of fossil fuels has a major impact on climate change
radiative forcings --. (select all the options that complete the sentence correctly.)
-may have either a cooling or a heating effect on Earth -are factors that influence the balance of incoming and outgoing radiation on Earth
which of the following options explain why the term "global warming" is considered inaccurate by some scientists? select all that apply.
-the term "global warming" could be thought to describe a benign influence -the effects of global warming vary across the globe
which of the following options correctly describe the electron groups and geometry of the molecule shown? Select all that apply. .. .. .. :Cl----P-----Cl: .. .. .. | :Cl: ..
-there are 4 electron groups around the central P atom -this molecule is trigonal pyramidal in shape
quizlet if the sign 8-(not 8 but resembles it) is used to mark an atom in a covalent bond, it means that --. (select all the options that complete the sentence correctly.)
-this atom is more electronegative -this atom has a higher electron density -this atom has a partial negative charge
which of the following options correctly describe the expected greenhouse gas activity of CH2Cl2? select all that apply.
-this molecule will absorb IR radiation and can behave as a greenhouse gas -this molecule can undergo bending vibrations that will absorb IR radiation
rank the following countries in order of increasing ecological footprint. start with the country that has the lowest ecological footprint at the top of the list.
1. mexico 2. china 3. france 4. united states
the bond angle for a tetrahedral molecule (such as CH4) is equal to
109.5 degrees
the molar mass of CH2Cl2 is 85.0 g/mol, while the atomic mass of carbon is 12.0 g/mol. the mass ratio of carbon in this compound is correctly expressed as --.
12.0 g C/85.0 g CH2Cl2
the isotope Mg-25 isotope has -- protons and -- neutrons in its nucleus. Mg has an atomic number of 12.
12; 13
the production of nitric acid (HNO3) is closely linked to the manufacture of fertilizers, and it is estimated that 60 million tons of this substance was produced worldwide in 1999. what is the mass of nitrogen in this quantity of nitric acid?
13 million tons
match each forcing with the effect it has on global temperatures on earth
Increasing atmospheric CH>4 ------ Causes a warming effect Increasing cloud cover -------- Causes a cooling effect. An example of a positive forcing ----- Increasing levels of GHGs in the atmosphere An example of a negative forcing ---- Increasing levels of aerosols in the troposphere
how can ice-core data provide information about changes in atmospheric CO2 levels over time?
air bubbles trapped in the ice are analyzed to determine the CO2 content at a particular time period
what is meant by the term "carbon footprint" when applied to an individual?
an estimate of the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions produced by the individual in a given time frame
influences on the environment resulting from human activities are called -- influences.
anthropogenic
a(n) -- solution is one in which water is the solvent.
aqueous
A unit that contains two or more elements covalently bonded together but that has an overall charge is called a _____ ion. Many _____ compounds contain such units.
polyatomic, ionic
contrast weather and climate by matching each term to the correct definition.
weather- describes events of relatively short duration, including daily high and low temperatures climate- describes regional events recorded over longer periods