chemistry 136 final
used to explain observed facts as best as possible
a scientific hypothesis is _____
is produced by chemical reactions in the air
a secondary pollutant...
dead lakes where fish cannot survive, leaching of metal ions into groundwater, and damage to forests
acid rain (acid deposition) contributes to which of the following problems?
S
an element with 6 valence (bonding, or outer shell) electrons
7A (17)
an element with electronic structure of 2- 8- 7 is in which of the following groups of the periodic table?
100,000
approximately how many ozone molecules can one chlorine atom derived from one CFC molecule react with?
high for polluted water
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is _____
the greenhouse effect
carbon dioxide warms the earth by ______
matter and the changes it undergoes
chemistry is often defined as the study of ______
ozone
chlorofluorocarbons, such as CCl2F2, can cause problems in the upper atmosphere by destroying ____
refrigeration of air and fractional distillation
commercial nitrogen is produced from the air by _____
the scientific method is a process scientists use in order to conduct scientific research. the steps they follow are: 1- ask a question, 2- observe/do research; 3- make a hypothesis; 4- experiment; 5- analyze and record data; 6- draw a conclusion; 7- repeat the process if necessary
define the scientific method, including the steps
distillation and reverse osmosis
freshwater can be made from seawater through ___
5
how many valence electrons are in nitrogen, N?
pencil lead and a diamond
identify the pair that are allotropes
nuclear reactor
identify the type of pollution that is referred to as anthropogenic pollution
protons and electrons
in a neutral atom there is an equal number of
the chemical reaction is energized by light
in a photochemical reaction, _______
northeast
in what parts of the US is acid rain particularly prevalent?
aquifers
layers of water- bearing porous rocks are called ____
law of definite proportions
methane gas (CH4) always has the same formula. what principle does this illustrate?
tertiary treatment
non- biodegradable organic compounds (such as chlorinated hydrocarbons)
less than 1%
of the 2.5% of fresh water supply, what amount is available as groundwater or surface water for human use?
settling and filtration
primary wastewater treatment copies two of nature's purification methods. which two?
applied research
science orientated toward an immediate, practical goal
cesium, Cs
sodium has chemical properties most like _____
troposphere
the atmospheric layer in which is found the air we breathe
32
the fourth energy level can hold a maximum of how many electrons?
predicting natural events based on known patterns
the goal of all scientific inquiry (or scientific method) is _____
metals
the majority of elements are _____
atomic number
the name given to the number of protons in an atoms nucleus
atomic numbers
the periodic law of the elements states that the properties of the elements are a periodic function of ____
< 5.6 (less than)
the phrase "acid rain" applies to rain water with a pH of ____
the automobile
the primary source of carbon monoxide (CO) is _____
human activity
the primary source of global SO2 in the atmosphere is believed to be...
parts per trillion
the smallest concentration listed below? a- parts per trillion; b- parts per billion; c- parts per thousand; d- parts per million
Democritus
the term "atom" was first used by ____
sulfuric acid and nitric acid
two acids found in acid rain
isotopes
two atoms which have the same atomic number, but different mass numbers
Antarctica
what continent is the ozone hole located over?
sulfur dioxide
what does industrial smog have that photochemical smog normally does not have?
the formation and destruction of ozone
what does the Chapman cycle illustrate?
1 ppb
what does the Dobson unit (DU) equal?
calcium (Ca)
what element is a metal that forms +2 ions?
heat
what is another name for infrared radiation?
coal
what is considered a fossil fuel?
a theory is something that has not been proven yet... is can conclude multiple hypotheses, but nothing has been established. a law is something that has been established and proven
what is the difference between a theory and a law?
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1 3p^2
what is the ground state configuration for a silicon atom?
5
what is the number of valence electrons in As (Arsenic) with an electron configuration of 2- 8- 5?
Ne
what is the symbol for a neutral atom with 10 protons, 10 electrons, and 11 neutrons?
mass number
what name is given to the sum of neutrons and protons in an atom's nucleus?
gas, solid, liquid
what physical state is water found under normal conditions that exists on Earth?
carbon dioxide
what substance naturally found in the atmosphere seems to be increasing in concentration over the years?
ozone and chlorine
what substances are used to disinfect water?
free radicals
what type of very reactive chemical species participates in the formation of photochemical smog?
in the respiratory tract
where do sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid cause the greatest harm?
nitrogen and oxygen
which are the most abundant gases in the atmosphere?
stratosphere
which atmospheric region contains the protective ozone layer?
2 - 8 - 9
which electron configuration is not consistent with the Bohr model?
Ca
which element has the following ground state electron configuration 1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^64s^2?
I
which element is a halogen?
aluminum, Al
which element is found in Group 3A (13) in Period 3?
Mg 2+ and Ca 2+
which ions are associated with hard water?
solar radiation is trapped and reemitted as heat
which is a greenhouse effect?
malleable
which is a property of metals?
CO
which is not a greenhouse effect?
ozone
which is the secondary pollution in photochemical smog?
good insulators
which is true about nonmetals?
law of the conservation of mass
which law states that matter is neither lost nor gained during a chemical reaction?
HCFC- 123, HFC- 152a, HCFC- 134a,
which molecule (s) is used as a replacement for CFC?
O3
which molecule absorbs UV- B radiation?
methane
which molecule will absorb infrared radiation?
P
which of the following elements has five valence electrons?
2- 8- 8- 1
which of the following ground state configuration matches potassium?
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6
which of the following ground state configurations matches represents an atom with 8 valence electrons?
agriculture
which of the following is a major user of water in the US?
nickel
which of the following is a transition element in the periodic table?
water vapor
which of the following is not considered an air pollutant?
mass number
which of the following is not included with a periodic table entry?
an abundant supply of SO2
which of the following is not necessary for a thermal inversion?
O3
which of the following pollutants doe snot contribute to acid rain?
dissolved organic compounds
which of the following would affect biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)?
water containing dissolved metal salts; water which has been heated above normal; water containing organic solvents
which of the following would be considered polluted water?
particulates
which pollutant is related to the following sources - sea salt, automobile and truck exhaust, volcanoes, and electric power plants?
chlorination
which process is not used by nature to purify natural water?
fossil fuel combustion
which source is responsible for the greatest NOx emissions in the U.S.?
phytoplankton, plants, oceans
which sources remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
nucleus - neutral
which sub- atomic particle has the incorrect charge indicated?
15 protons, 15 electrons, 17 neutrons
which subatomic particles are found in the 32P (P- 32) atom?
NO
which substance would be present in the greatest concentration during the morning rush hour on a smoggy day in LA?
plastics manufacturing, petroleum refining, paint making
which type (s) of industrial product probably does not contribute to hazardous waste problems?
recycling and recovery
which type of disposal of hazardous waste listed below is probably best, when all of the alternatives are considered?
UV- B
which type of radiation is effective at damaging DNA?
ultraviolet
which type of radiation is the most energetic?
Mendeleev
who was the Russian who was a pioneer in the development of the periodic law?
Dalton
who was the first person to propose a consistent modern atomic theory?
they are suspected carcinogens
why are disinfection by- products a health concern?
increase in skin cancer
why are scientists worried about the ozone hole?
they can enter into and lodge in very small crevices of the lungs and cause concentrated abrasive injury
why are small particulates in the atmosphere dangerous to human beings?
ozone absorbs some incoming ultraviolet light
why must the ozone layer in the stratosphere be protected?
