chemistry 136 final

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used to explain observed facts as best as possible

a scientific hypothesis is _____

is produced by chemical reactions in the air

a secondary pollutant...

dead lakes where fish cannot survive, leaching of metal ions into groundwater, and damage to forests

acid rain (acid deposition) contributes to which of the following problems?

S

an element with 6 valence (bonding, or outer shell) electrons

7A (17)

an element with electronic structure of 2- 8- 7 is in which of the following groups of the periodic table?

100,000

approximately how many ozone molecules can one chlorine atom derived from one CFC molecule react with?

high for polluted water

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is _____

the greenhouse effect

carbon dioxide warms the earth by ______

matter and the changes it undergoes

chemistry is often defined as the study of ______

ozone

chlorofluorocarbons, such as CCl2F2, can cause problems in the upper atmosphere by destroying ____

refrigeration of air and fractional distillation

commercial nitrogen is produced from the air by _____

the scientific method is a process scientists use in order to conduct scientific research. the steps they follow are: 1- ask a question, 2- observe/do research; 3- make a hypothesis; 4- experiment; 5- analyze and record data; 6- draw a conclusion; 7- repeat the process if necessary

define the scientific method, including the steps

distillation and reverse osmosis

freshwater can be made from seawater through ___

5

how many valence electrons are in nitrogen, N?

pencil lead and a diamond

identify the pair that are allotropes

nuclear reactor

identify the type of pollution that is referred to as anthropogenic pollution

protons and electrons

in a neutral atom there is an equal number of

the chemical reaction is energized by light

in a photochemical reaction, _______

northeast

in what parts of the US is acid rain particularly prevalent?

aquifers

layers of water- bearing porous rocks are called ____

law of definite proportions

methane gas (CH4) always has the same formula. what principle does this illustrate?

tertiary treatment

non- biodegradable organic compounds (such as chlorinated hydrocarbons)

less than 1%

of the 2.5% of fresh water supply, what amount is available as groundwater or surface water for human use?

settling and filtration

primary wastewater treatment copies two of nature's purification methods. which two?

applied research

science orientated toward an immediate, practical goal

cesium, Cs

sodium has chemical properties most like _____

troposphere

the atmospheric layer in which is found the air we breathe

32

the fourth energy level can hold a maximum of how many electrons?

predicting natural events based on known patterns

the goal of all scientific inquiry (or scientific method) is _____

metals

the majority of elements are _____

atomic number

the name given to the number of protons in an atoms nucleus

atomic numbers

the periodic law of the elements states that the properties of the elements are a periodic function of ____

< 5.6 (less than)

the phrase "acid rain" applies to rain water with a pH of ____

the automobile

the primary source of carbon monoxide (CO) is _____

human activity

the primary source of global SO2 in the atmosphere is believed to be...

parts per trillion

the smallest concentration listed below? a- parts per trillion; b- parts per billion; c- parts per thousand; d- parts per million

Democritus

the term "atom" was first used by ____

sulfuric acid and nitric acid

two acids found in acid rain

isotopes

two atoms which have the same atomic number, but different mass numbers

Antarctica

what continent is the ozone hole located over?

sulfur dioxide

what does industrial smog have that photochemical smog normally does not have?

the formation and destruction of ozone

what does the Chapman cycle illustrate?

1 ppb

what does the Dobson unit (DU) equal?

calcium (Ca)

what element is a metal that forms +2 ions?

heat

what is another name for infrared radiation?

coal

what is considered a fossil fuel?

a theory is something that has not been proven yet... is can conclude multiple hypotheses, but nothing has been established. a law is something that has been established and proven

what is the difference between a theory and a law?

1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1 3p^2

what is the ground state configuration for a silicon atom?

5

what is the number of valence electrons in As (Arsenic) with an electron configuration of 2- 8- 5?

Ne

what is the symbol for a neutral atom with 10 protons, 10 electrons, and 11 neutrons?

mass number

what name is given to the sum of neutrons and protons in an atom's nucleus?

gas, solid, liquid

what physical state is water found under normal conditions that exists on Earth?

carbon dioxide

what substance naturally found in the atmosphere seems to be increasing in concentration over the years?

ozone and chlorine

what substances are used to disinfect water?

free radicals

what type of very reactive chemical species participates in the formation of photochemical smog?

in the respiratory tract

where do sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid cause the greatest harm?

nitrogen and oxygen

which are the most abundant gases in the atmosphere?

stratosphere

which atmospheric region contains the protective ozone layer?

2 - 8 - 9

which electron configuration is not consistent with the Bohr model?

Ca

which element has the following ground state electron configuration 1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^64s^2?

I

which element is a halogen?

aluminum, Al

which element is found in Group 3A (13) in Period 3?

Mg 2+ and Ca 2+

which ions are associated with hard water?

solar radiation is trapped and reemitted as heat

which is a greenhouse effect?

malleable

which is a property of metals?

CO

which is not a greenhouse effect?

ozone

which is the secondary pollution in photochemical smog?

good insulators

which is true about nonmetals?

law of the conservation of mass

which law states that matter is neither lost nor gained during a chemical reaction?

HCFC- 123, HFC- 152a, HCFC- 134a,

which molecule (s) is used as a replacement for CFC?

O3

which molecule absorbs UV- B radiation?

methane

which molecule will absorb infrared radiation?

P

which of the following elements has five valence electrons?

2- 8- 8- 1

which of the following ground state configuration matches potassium?

1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6

which of the following ground state configurations matches represents an atom with 8 valence electrons?

agriculture

which of the following is a major user of water in the US?

nickel

which of the following is a transition element in the periodic table?

water vapor

which of the following is not considered an air pollutant?

mass number

which of the following is not included with a periodic table entry?

an abundant supply of SO2

which of the following is not necessary for a thermal inversion?

O3

which of the following pollutants doe snot contribute to acid rain?

dissolved organic compounds

which of the following would affect biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)?

water containing dissolved metal salts; water which has been heated above normal; water containing organic solvents

which of the following would be considered polluted water?

particulates

which pollutant is related to the following sources - sea salt, automobile and truck exhaust, volcanoes, and electric power plants?

chlorination

which process is not used by nature to purify natural water?

fossil fuel combustion

which source is responsible for the greatest NOx emissions in the U.S.?

phytoplankton, plants, oceans

which sources remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

nucleus - neutral

which sub- atomic particle has the incorrect charge indicated?

15 protons, 15 electrons, 17 neutrons

which subatomic particles are found in the 32P (P- 32) atom?

NO

which substance would be present in the greatest concentration during the morning rush hour on a smoggy day in LA?

plastics manufacturing, petroleum refining, paint making

which type (s) of industrial product probably does not contribute to hazardous waste problems?

recycling and recovery

which type of disposal of hazardous waste listed below is probably best, when all of the alternatives are considered?

UV- B

which type of radiation is effective at damaging DNA?

ultraviolet

which type of radiation is the most energetic?

Mendeleev

who was the Russian who was a pioneer in the development of the periodic law?

Dalton

who was the first person to propose a consistent modern atomic theory?

they are suspected carcinogens

why are disinfection by- products a health concern?

increase in skin cancer

why are scientists worried about the ozone hole?

they can enter into and lodge in very small crevices of the lungs and cause concentrated abrasive injury

why are small particulates in the atmosphere dangerous to human beings?

ozone absorbs some incoming ultraviolet light

why must the ozone layer in the stratosphere be protected?


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