Chemistry Chapter 7 Assessment

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How many orbitals are in the 3s sublevel

1

How many orbitals are in the 4s sublevel

1

Metallic cobalt crystallizes in a hexagonal close-packed structure. How many neighbors will a cobalt atom have?

12

How many electrons must Cl gain to achieve a stable electron configuration

1; a chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons and achieves and octet by gaining 1 electron

How many electrons must Li lose to attain a noble-gas electron configuration

1; a lithium atom has 1 valence electron, which it can lose

For XF, what is the A-group number to which element X belongs

1A (the F⁻ anion must be balanced by a cation with a charge of 1+)

What is the electron configuration for Nitride (N³⁻)

1s²2s²2p³

What is the electron configuration for Argon (Ar)

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶

What is the complete electron configuration for Ar, K⁺, Ca²⁺ (not sure if this is correct...need to check)

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶, 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s¹, 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²

How many orbitals are in the 4d sublevel

5

For Al₂X₃, what is the A-group number to which element X belongs

6A (the 2 Al³⁺ cations must be balanced by 3 anions with a charge of 2-)

For CaX what is the A-group number to which element X belongs

6A (the Ca²⁺ cation must be balanced by an anion with a charge of 2-)

What elements does the alloy sterling silver contain

Ag, Cu

What is the name and symbol of the ion formed when an aluminum atom loses three electrons

Aluminum ion, Al³⁺

What is symbol for the ion formed when aluminum loses its valence electrons?

Al³⁺

What kinds of ions form aluminum bromide, AlBr₃

Al³⁺, Br⁻

What ions form aluminum sulfide, Al₂S₃

Al³⁺,S²⁻

What is the formula for the ionic compound of Al³⁺, Sr⁻

Al₂S₃

Describe two ways that an ion forms from an atom.

An ion forms when an atom or group of atoms loses or gains electrons.

What is the formula for the ionic compound of Ba²⁺, Br⁻

BaBr₂

What is symbol for the ion formed when barium loses its valence electrons?

Ba²⁺

The chemically similar alkali metal chlorides NaCl and CsCl have different crystal structures, whereas the chemically different NaCl and MnS have the same crystal structures. Why?

Because the ratio of "cation" to "anion" is 1:1 and the sizes of the "ions" are somewhat similar. Cs and Cl are substantially different in size (Cs is much larger) and are packed differently than Na and Cl.

Why are the atoms of the noble gas elements stable

Because they have the maximum number of valence electrons that their outer shell can hold

For NaCl and CaO, in which compound would you expect the electrostatic forces that hold the compound together to be the strongest? Explain

CaO. The electrostatic forces of attraction between the Ca²⁺ cations and the O²⁻ anions in CaO are much stronger than the forces between the Na⁺ cations and the Cl⁻ anions in NaCl

What is an example of a metal that crystallizes in a Face Centered Cubic arrangement

Cu, Ag, Au, Al or Pb

Two physical properties of metals are ductility and malleability. Explain these properties based on what you know about the valence electrons of metal atoms

Ductile - be able to drawn into wires Malleable - hammered easily/bendable

What is the relationship between the number of electrons in the valence shells in an electron configuration diagram for an atom and the number of dots in the corresponding electron dot structure

Each dot in the electron dot structure represents a valence electron in the electron configuration diagram.

What is the formula of the ion formed when atoms of fluorine gain or lose valence electrons and attain noble-gas configurations?

F⁻

State the number of electrons either lost or gained in forming the ion Br⁻? Name the ion and identify it as an anion or a cation.

Gained one electron, Bromide, anion

Lithium - what group in the periodic table and how many valence electrons

Group 1A; 1 valence electrons

What is the simplest formula when an oxide (O²⁻) ion combines with Fe³⁺

Iron Oxide Fe₂O₃

In terms of electrons, why does an anion have a negative charge

It has gained valence electrons

What is symbol for the ion formed when lithium loses its valence electrons?

Li⁺

What kinds of ions form lithium oxide, Li₂O

Li⁺, O²⁻

State the number of electrons either lost or gained in forming the ion Na⁺? Name the ion and identify it as an anion or a cation.

Lost one electron, Sodium, cation

State the number of electrons either lost or gained in forming the ion Ba²⁺? Name the ion and identify it as an anion or a cation.

Lost two electrons, Barium, cation

Does O and S combine chemically to form an ionic compound

No. Both Oxygen and Sulfur are nonmetals

Does Na and Ca combine chemically to form an ionic compound

No. Both sodium and calcium are metals

Most ionic substances are brittle. Why?

Repulsions are minimized.

What is the symbol for the ion formed when Se (Selenium) gains electrons and attains a noble-gas electron configuration

Se²⁻

If ionic compounds are composed of charged particles (ions), why isn't every ionic compound either positively or negatively charged?

Sometimes the positive and negative particles cancel each other out.

What is symbol for the ion formed when strontium loses its valence electrons?

Sr²⁺

Explain why the properties of all steels are not identical

Steels may be composed by varying amounts of metals.

What is the name and symbol of the ion formed when a sulfur atom gains two electrons

Sulfide; S²⁻

What is a valence electron?

The electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an element's atoms.

Explain why ionic compounds are electrically neutral.

The total positive charge of the cations equals the total negative charge of the anions.

Why are many elements more stable as ions than they are as atoms?

They are more stable since they have a filled outer energy level.

How can you represent the composition of an ionic compound?

They are represented by chemical formulas.

Does Al and O combine chemically to form an ionic compound?

Yes. Aluminum is a metal and Oxygen is a nonmetal

Is CaS an ionic compound?

Yes. Calcium is a metal and Sulfur is a nonmetal

Describe the similarities between ionic compounds and metals in terms of their physical and chemical characteristics

composed of ions held together by electrostatic attractions

What physical state can ice become as you raise its temperature

liquid, vapor

What physical state can silver become as you raise its temperature

liquid, vapor

What physical state can wax become as you raise its temperature

liquid, vapor

What physical state can gasoline become as you raise its temperature

vapor

Is it accurate to describe sodium chloride (NaCl) as consisting of individual particles, each made up of one Na⁺ cation and one Cl⁻ anion?

there is a 1:1 ratio of cations to anions so that the compound is electrically neutral -No Na⁺ ion in NaCl is associated with just one particular Cl⁻ ion. In fact, each Na⁺ ion is equally held by six surrounding Cl⁻ ions and viceversa

For X₃N, what is the A-group number to which element X belongs

1A (the N³⁻ anion must be balanced by 3 cations with a charge of 1+)

What is the electron configuration for Oxide (O²⁻)

1s²2s²2p⁴

What is the electron configuration for Flouride (F⁻)

1s²2s²2p⁵

What is the electron configuration for Neon (Ne)

1s²2s²2p⁶

What is the complete electron configuration for Ne, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Al³⁺ (not sure if this is correct....need to check)

1s²2s²2p⁶, 1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹, 1s²2s²2p⁶3s², 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p¹

What is the electron configuration for Phosphide (P³⁻)

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p³

What is the electron configuration for Sulfide (S²⁻)

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁴

What is the electron configuration for Chloride (Cl⁻)

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁵

What is the electron configuration for Cr (chromium)

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁴

What is the electron configuration for Mn (manganese)

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁵

What is the electron configuration for Fe (iron)

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁶

What is the electron configuration for Co (cobalt)

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁷

What is the electron configuration for Ni (nickel)

1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁸

How many electrons must Ba lose to attain a noble-gas electron configuration

2; a barium atom has 2 valence electrons, which it can lose

How many electrons must Ca lose to attain a noble-gas electron configuration

2; a calcium atom has 2 valence electrons, which it can lose

How many electrons must S gain to achieve a stable electron configuration

2; a sulfur atom has 6 valence electrons and achieves and octet by gaining 3 electrons

For XS, what is the A-group number to which element X belongs

2A (the S²⁻ anion must be balanced by a cation with a charge of 2+)

How many orbitals are in the 2p sublevel

3

How many electrons must Al lose to attain a noble-gas electron configuration

3; a aluminum atom has 3 valence electrons, which it can lose

How many electrons must N gain to achieve a stable electron configuration

3; a nitrogen atom has 5 valence electrons and achieves and octet by gaining 3 electrons

How many electrons must P gain to achieve a stable electron configuration

3; a phosphorus atom has 5 valence electrons and achieves and octet by gaining 3 electrons

How many variance electrons does an atom of each halogen element have?

7

For MgX₂ what is the A-group number to which element X belongs

7A (the Mg²⁺ cation must be balanced by 2 anions with a charge of 1-)

What is the symbol for the ion formed when As (arsenic) gains electrons and attains a noble-gas electron configuration

As³⁻

How can you describe the arrangement of atoms in metals

Atoms in metals are arranged in a compact and orderly manner

Why do nonmetal atoms tend to form anions when they react to form compounds?

Atoms of nonmetallic elements attain noble-gas electron configurations more easily by gaining electrons than by losing them because these atoms have relatively full valence shells.

Name the three crystal arrangements of closely packed metal atoms

Body Centered Cubic Face-Centered Cubic Hexagonal Close-Packed

The properties of all samples of brass are not identical. Explain

Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc. Because the composition of brass is not constant, the properties vary with the composition. More copper will give it more copper-related properties, and more zinc will give it more zinc-related properties.

Why do you think bronze is often used to create statues

Bronze is an alloy of copper and zinc. It is harder than copper and is easier to cast into molds

What is the symbol for the ion formed when Br (bromium) gains electrons and attains a noble-gas electron configuration

Br⁻

What is the name and symbol of the ion formed when a calcium atom loses two electrons

Calcium ion, Ca²⁺

What is symbol for the ion formed when calcium loses its valence electrons?

Ca²⁺

What kinds of ions form calcium fluoride, CaF₂

Ca²⁺, F⁻

What elements does the alloy Bronze contain

Cu, Sn

What elements does the alloy Brass contain

Cu, Zn

What elements does the alloy stainless steel contain

Fe, Cr, Ni, C

Name the first four halogens

Flourine (F) Chlorine (Cl) Bromine (Br) Iodine (I)

State the number of electrons either lost or gained in forming the ion H⁻? Name the ion and identify it as an anion or a cation.

Gained one electron, Hydrogen, anion

State the number of electrons either lost or gained in forming the ion As³⁻? Name the ion and identify it as an anion or a cation.

Gained three electrons, Arsenide, anion

Barium - what group in the periodic table and how many valence electrons

Group 2A; 2 valence electrons

Carbon - what group in the periodic table and how many valence electrons

Group 4A; 4 valence electrons

Nitrogen - what group in the periodic table and how many valence electrons

Group 5A; 5 valence electrons

Phosphorus - what group in the periodic table and how many valence electrons

Group 5A; 5 valence electrons

What group are the first four halogens in

Group 7A

Bromine - what group in the periodic table and how many valence electrons

Group 7A; 7 valence electrons

What is the symbol for the ion formed when H (hydrogen) gains electrons and attains a noble-gas electron configuration

H⁻

Explain how hexagonal close-packed, face-centered cubic, and body-centered cubic unit cells are different from one another

In a body-centered cubic structure, every atom has 8 neighbors. In a face-centered cubic, every atom has 12 neighbors, in a hexagonal close-packed cubic, every atom has 12 neighbors but its hexagonal shape is different from the face-centered cubic

In terms of electrons, why does a cation have a positive charge

It has lost valence electrons

What is symbol for the ion formed when potassium loses its valence electrons?

K⁺

What ions form potassium nitride, K₃N

K⁺, N³⁻

What is the formula for the ionic compound of K⁺, N³⁻

K₃N

What is the simplest formula when an oxide (O²⁻) ion combines with Pb⁴⁺

Lead Oxide PbO₂

What is the simplest formula when an oxide (O²⁻) ion combines with Li⁺

Lithium Oxide Li₂O

State the number of electrons either lost or gained in forming the ion Cu⁺? Name the ion and identify it as an anion or a cation.

Lost one electron, Copper, cation

State the number of electrons either lost or gained in forming the ion Ca²⁺? Name the ion and identify it as an anion or a cation.

Lost two electrons, Calcium, cation

State the number of electrons either lost or gained in forming the ion Cu²⁺? Name the ion and identify it as an anion or a cation.

Lost two electrons, Copper, cation

Lithium: 1. classify the element 2. will it form a cation or an anion or be nonreactive 3. For the atoms that do form ions during a chemical reaction, how many electrons will it gain or lose

Metal Cation lose 1 electron

Sodium: 1. classify the element 2. will it form a cation or an anion or be nonreactive 3. For the atoms that do form ions during a chemical reaction, how many electrons will it gain or lose

Metal cation lose 1 electron

Magnesium: 1. classify the element 2. will it form a cation or an anion or be nonreactive 3. For the atoms that do form ions during a chemical reaction, how many electrons will it gain or lose

Metal cation lose 2 electrons

Describe the differences between ionic compounds and metals in terms of their physical and chemical characteristics

Metals always conduct an electric current, ionic compounds only conduct an electric current when melted or dissolved in water Ionic compounds are composed of cations and anions, metals are composed of cations and free-floating valence electrons Metals are ductile, ionic compounds are brittle

What is an example of a metal that crystallizes in a Hexagonal Close-Packed arrangement

Mg, Zn or Cd

What is the simplest formula when an oxide (O²⁻) ion combines with Mg²⁺

MgO

Explain why molten MgCl₂ does conduct an electric current although crystalline MgCl₂ does not

Mg²⁺ and Cl- ions are free to move to carry the current in the liquid but not in the solid.

What is an example of a metal that crystallizes in a Body Centered Cubic arrangement

Na, K, Fe, Cr or W

What is the formula of the ion formed when atoms of sodium gain or lose valence electrons and attain noble-gas configurations?

Na⁺

What is the name and symbol of the ion formed when a nitrogen atom gains three electrons

Nitride, N³⁻

Does O and Cl combine chemically to form an ionic compound

No Oxygen and chlorine are nonmetals

Is CO₂ an ionic compound?

No. Carbon and Oxygen are both nonmetals

Does F and Cl combine chemically to form an ionic compound?

No. Flourine and Chlorine are both nonmetals

Does H and N combine chemically to form an ionic compound

No. Hydrogen and Nitrogen are both nonmetals

Is NH₃ an ionic compound?

No. Hydrogen and Nitrogen are both nonmetals

Is water, H₂O an ionic compound?

No. Hydrogen and Oxygen are both nonmetals

Is SO₂ an ionic compound?

No. Sulfur and Oxygen are both nonmetals

Neon: 1. classify the element 2. will it form a cation or an anion or be nonreactive 3. For the atoms that do form ions during a chemical reaction, how many electrons will it gain or lose

Noble Gas chemically nonreactive

Chlorine: 1. classify the element 2. will it form a cation or an anion or be nonreactive 3. For the atoms that do form ions during a chemical reaction, how many electrons will it gain or lose

Nonmetal anion gain 1 electron

Describe the formation of a cation that is an exception to the octet rule. Compare the electron configuration of the cation to the electron configurations of the nearest noble gases

Nonmetals attain stable noble gas configurations by gaining electrons and forming anions with outer electrons in the existing energy level. Metals attain noble gas configurations by losing electrons and forming cations with a complete octet in the next-lowest energy level

What is the formula of the ion formed when atoms of phosphorus gain or lose valence electrons and attain noble-gas configurations?

P³⁻

What is the formula of the ion formed when atoms of sulfur gain or lose valence electrons and attain noble-gas configurations?

S²⁻

A copper atom can lose one or two electrons to form a Cu⁺ ion or a Cu²⁺ ion, respectively. The charge of the copper ion in CuCO₃,is 2+. Write the electron configuration of this cation

The charge on the copper cation is 2+. Its electron configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d9

For NaCl and CaO, the melting point of NaCl is 801 degrees celsius. The melting point of CaO is 2614 degrees celsius. Does this support that the electrostatic forces of attraction are stronger in CaO than NaCl. Why or why not?

Yes. CaO has stronger electrostatic attractions than NaCl, which must be overcome to melt the compound.

Does I and K combine chemically to form an ionic compound

Yes. Iodine is a nonmetal and Potassium is a metal

Does Li and S combine chemically to form an ionic compound

Yes. Lithium is a metal and Sulfur is a nonmetal

Is Na₂0 an ionic compound?

Yes. Sodium is a metal and Oxygen is a nonmetal

Does Na and S combine chemically to form an ionic compound

Yes. Sodium is a metal and Sulfur is a nonmetal


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