Chemistry Chapter 7 Assessment
How many orbitals are in the 3s sublevel
1
How many orbitals are in the 4s sublevel
1
Metallic cobalt crystallizes in a hexagonal close-packed structure. How many neighbors will a cobalt atom have?
12
How many electrons must Cl gain to achieve a stable electron configuration
1; a chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons and achieves and octet by gaining 1 electron
How many electrons must Li lose to attain a noble-gas electron configuration
1; a lithium atom has 1 valence electron, which it can lose
For XF, what is the A-group number to which element X belongs
1A (the F⁻ anion must be balanced by a cation with a charge of 1+)
What is the electron configuration for Nitride (N³⁻)
1s²2s²2p³
What is the electron configuration for Argon (Ar)
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶
What is the complete electron configuration for Ar, K⁺, Ca²⁺ (not sure if this is correct...need to check)
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶, 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s¹, 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²
How many orbitals are in the 4d sublevel
5
For Al₂X₃, what is the A-group number to which element X belongs
6A (the 2 Al³⁺ cations must be balanced by 3 anions with a charge of 2-)
For CaX what is the A-group number to which element X belongs
6A (the Ca²⁺ cation must be balanced by an anion with a charge of 2-)
What elements does the alloy sterling silver contain
Ag, Cu
What is the name and symbol of the ion formed when an aluminum atom loses three electrons
Aluminum ion, Al³⁺
What is symbol for the ion formed when aluminum loses its valence electrons?
Al³⁺
What kinds of ions form aluminum bromide, AlBr₃
Al³⁺, Br⁻
What ions form aluminum sulfide, Al₂S₃
Al³⁺,S²⁻
What is the formula for the ionic compound of Al³⁺, Sr⁻
Al₂S₃
Describe two ways that an ion forms from an atom.
An ion forms when an atom or group of atoms loses or gains electrons.
What is the formula for the ionic compound of Ba²⁺, Br⁻
BaBr₂
What is symbol for the ion formed when barium loses its valence electrons?
Ba²⁺
The chemically similar alkali metal chlorides NaCl and CsCl have different crystal structures, whereas the chemically different NaCl and MnS have the same crystal structures. Why?
Because the ratio of "cation" to "anion" is 1:1 and the sizes of the "ions" are somewhat similar. Cs and Cl are substantially different in size (Cs is much larger) and are packed differently than Na and Cl.
Why are the atoms of the noble gas elements stable
Because they have the maximum number of valence electrons that their outer shell can hold
For NaCl and CaO, in which compound would you expect the electrostatic forces that hold the compound together to be the strongest? Explain
CaO. The electrostatic forces of attraction between the Ca²⁺ cations and the O²⁻ anions in CaO are much stronger than the forces between the Na⁺ cations and the Cl⁻ anions in NaCl
What is an example of a metal that crystallizes in a Face Centered Cubic arrangement
Cu, Ag, Au, Al or Pb
Two physical properties of metals are ductility and malleability. Explain these properties based on what you know about the valence electrons of metal atoms
Ductile - be able to drawn into wires Malleable - hammered easily/bendable
What is the relationship between the number of electrons in the valence shells in an electron configuration diagram for an atom and the number of dots in the corresponding electron dot structure
Each dot in the electron dot structure represents a valence electron in the electron configuration diagram.
What is the formula of the ion formed when atoms of fluorine gain or lose valence electrons and attain noble-gas configurations?
F⁻
State the number of electrons either lost or gained in forming the ion Br⁻? Name the ion and identify it as an anion or a cation.
Gained one electron, Bromide, anion
Lithium - what group in the periodic table and how many valence electrons
Group 1A; 1 valence electrons
What is the simplest formula when an oxide (O²⁻) ion combines with Fe³⁺
Iron Oxide Fe₂O₃
In terms of electrons, why does an anion have a negative charge
It has gained valence electrons
What is symbol for the ion formed when lithium loses its valence electrons?
Li⁺
What kinds of ions form lithium oxide, Li₂O
Li⁺, O²⁻
State the number of electrons either lost or gained in forming the ion Na⁺? Name the ion and identify it as an anion or a cation.
Lost one electron, Sodium, cation
State the number of electrons either lost or gained in forming the ion Ba²⁺? Name the ion and identify it as an anion or a cation.
Lost two electrons, Barium, cation
Does O and S combine chemically to form an ionic compound
No. Both Oxygen and Sulfur are nonmetals
Does Na and Ca combine chemically to form an ionic compound
No. Both sodium and calcium are metals
Most ionic substances are brittle. Why?
Repulsions are minimized.
What is the symbol for the ion formed when Se (Selenium) gains electrons and attains a noble-gas electron configuration
Se²⁻
If ionic compounds are composed of charged particles (ions), why isn't every ionic compound either positively or negatively charged?
Sometimes the positive and negative particles cancel each other out.
What is symbol for the ion formed when strontium loses its valence electrons?
Sr²⁺
Explain why the properties of all steels are not identical
Steels may be composed by varying amounts of metals.
What is the name and symbol of the ion formed when a sulfur atom gains two electrons
Sulfide; S²⁻
What is a valence electron?
The electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an element's atoms.
Explain why ionic compounds are electrically neutral.
The total positive charge of the cations equals the total negative charge of the anions.
Why are many elements more stable as ions than they are as atoms?
They are more stable since they have a filled outer energy level.
How can you represent the composition of an ionic compound?
They are represented by chemical formulas.
Does Al and O combine chemically to form an ionic compound?
Yes. Aluminum is a metal and Oxygen is a nonmetal
Is CaS an ionic compound?
Yes. Calcium is a metal and Sulfur is a nonmetal
Describe the similarities between ionic compounds and metals in terms of their physical and chemical characteristics
composed of ions held together by electrostatic attractions
What physical state can ice become as you raise its temperature
liquid, vapor
What physical state can silver become as you raise its temperature
liquid, vapor
What physical state can wax become as you raise its temperature
liquid, vapor
What physical state can gasoline become as you raise its temperature
vapor
Is it accurate to describe sodium chloride (NaCl) as consisting of individual particles, each made up of one Na⁺ cation and one Cl⁻ anion?
there is a 1:1 ratio of cations to anions so that the compound is electrically neutral -No Na⁺ ion in NaCl is associated with just one particular Cl⁻ ion. In fact, each Na⁺ ion is equally held by six surrounding Cl⁻ ions and viceversa
For X₃N, what is the A-group number to which element X belongs
1A (the N³⁻ anion must be balanced by 3 cations with a charge of 1+)
What is the electron configuration for Oxide (O²⁻)
1s²2s²2p⁴
What is the electron configuration for Flouride (F⁻)
1s²2s²2p⁵
What is the electron configuration for Neon (Ne)
1s²2s²2p⁶
What is the complete electron configuration for Ne, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Al³⁺ (not sure if this is correct....need to check)
1s²2s²2p⁶, 1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹, 1s²2s²2p⁶3s², 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p¹
What is the electron configuration for Phosphide (P³⁻)
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p³
What is the electron configuration for Sulfide (S²⁻)
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁴
What is the electron configuration for Chloride (Cl⁻)
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁵
What is the electron configuration for Cr (chromium)
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁴
What is the electron configuration for Mn (manganese)
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁵
What is the electron configuration for Fe (iron)
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁶
What is the electron configuration for Co (cobalt)
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁷
What is the electron configuration for Ni (nickel)
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d⁸
How many electrons must Ba lose to attain a noble-gas electron configuration
2; a barium atom has 2 valence electrons, which it can lose
How many electrons must Ca lose to attain a noble-gas electron configuration
2; a calcium atom has 2 valence electrons, which it can lose
How many electrons must S gain to achieve a stable electron configuration
2; a sulfur atom has 6 valence electrons and achieves and octet by gaining 3 electrons
For XS, what is the A-group number to which element X belongs
2A (the S²⁻ anion must be balanced by a cation with a charge of 2+)
How many orbitals are in the 2p sublevel
3
How many electrons must Al lose to attain a noble-gas electron configuration
3; a aluminum atom has 3 valence electrons, which it can lose
How many electrons must N gain to achieve a stable electron configuration
3; a nitrogen atom has 5 valence electrons and achieves and octet by gaining 3 electrons
How many electrons must P gain to achieve a stable electron configuration
3; a phosphorus atom has 5 valence electrons and achieves and octet by gaining 3 electrons
How many variance electrons does an atom of each halogen element have?
7
For MgX₂ what is the A-group number to which element X belongs
7A (the Mg²⁺ cation must be balanced by 2 anions with a charge of 1-)
What is the symbol for the ion formed when As (arsenic) gains electrons and attains a noble-gas electron configuration
As³⁻
How can you describe the arrangement of atoms in metals
Atoms in metals are arranged in a compact and orderly manner
Why do nonmetal atoms tend to form anions when they react to form compounds?
Atoms of nonmetallic elements attain noble-gas electron configurations more easily by gaining electrons than by losing them because these atoms have relatively full valence shells.
Name the three crystal arrangements of closely packed metal atoms
Body Centered Cubic Face-Centered Cubic Hexagonal Close-Packed
The properties of all samples of brass are not identical. Explain
Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc. Because the composition of brass is not constant, the properties vary with the composition. More copper will give it more copper-related properties, and more zinc will give it more zinc-related properties.
Why do you think bronze is often used to create statues
Bronze is an alloy of copper and zinc. It is harder than copper and is easier to cast into molds
What is the symbol for the ion formed when Br (bromium) gains electrons and attains a noble-gas electron configuration
Br⁻
What is the name and symbol of the ion formed when a calcium atom loses two electrons
Calcium ion, Ca²⁺
What is symbol for the ion formed when calcium loses its valence electrons?
Ca²⁺
What kinds of ions form calcium fluoride, CaF₂
Ca²⁺, F⁻
What elements does the alloy Bronze contain
Cu, Sn
What elements does the alloy Brass contain
Cu, Zn
What elements does the alloy stainless steel contain
Fe, Cr, Ni, C
Name the first four halogens
Flourine (F) Chlorine (Cl) Bromine (Br) Iodine (I)
State the number of electrons either lost or gained in forming the ion H⁻? Name the ion and identify it as an anion or a cation.
Gained one electron, Hydrogen, anion
State the number of electrons either lost or gained in forming the ion As³⁻? Name the ion and identify it as an anion or a cation.
Gained three electrons, Arsenide, anion
Barium - what group in the periodic table and how many valence electrons
Group 2A; 2 valence electrons
Carbon - what group in the periodic table and how many valence electrons
Group 4A; 4 valence electrons
Nitrogen - what group in the periodic table and how many valence electrons
Group 5A; 5 valence electrons
Phosphorus - what group in the periodic table and how many valence electrons
Group 5A; 5 valence electrons
What group are the first four halogens in
Group 7A
Bromine - what group in the periodic table and how many valence electrons
Group 7A; 7 valence electrons
What is the symbol for the ion formed when H (hydrogen) gains electrons and attains a noble-gas electron configuration
H⁻
Explain how hexagonal close-packed, face-centered cubic, and body-centered cubic unit cells are different from one another
In a body-centered cubic structure, every atom has 8 neighbors. In a face-centered cubic, every atom has 12 neighbors, in a hexagonal close-packed cubic, every atom has 12 neighbors but its hexagonal shape is different from the face-centered cubic
In terms of electrons, why does a cation have a positive charge
It has lost valence electrons
What is symbol for the ion formed when potassium loses its valence electrons?
K⁺
What ions form potassium nitride, K₃N
K⁺, N³⁻
What is the formula for the ionic compound of K⁺, N³⁻
K₃N
What is the simplest formula when an oxide (O²⁻) ion combines with Pb⁴⁺
Lead Oxide PbO₂
What is the simplest formula when an oxide (O²⁻) ion combines with Li⁺
Lithium Oxide Li₂O
State the number of electrons either lost or gained in forming the ion Cu⁺? Name the ion and identify it as an anion or a cation.
Lost one electron, Copper, cation
State the number of electrons either lost or gained in forming the ion Ca²⁺? Name the ion and identify it as an anion or a cation.
Lost two electrons, Calcium, cation
State the number of electrons either lost or gained in forming the ion Cu²⁺? Name the ion and identify it as an anion or a cation.
Lost two electrons, Copper, cation
Lithium: 1. classify the element 2. will it form a cation or an anion or be nonreactive 3. For the atoms that do form ions during a chemical reaction, how many electrons will it gain or lose
Metal Cation lose 1 electron
Sodium: 1. classify the element 2. will it form a cation or an anion or be nonreactive 3. For the atoms that do form ions during a chemical reaction, how many electrons will it gain or lose
Metal cation lose 1 electron
Magnesium: 1. classify the element 2. will it form a cation or an anion or be nonreactive 3. For the atoms that do form ions during a chemical reaction, how many electrons will it gain or lose
Metal cation lose 2 electrons
Describe the differences between ionic compounds and metals in terms of their physical and chemical characteristics
Metals always conduct an electric current, ionic compounds only conduct an electric current when melted or dissolved in water Ionic compounds are composed of cations and anions, metals are composed of cations and free-floating valence electrons Metals are ductile, ionic compounds are brittle
What is an example of a metal that crystallizes in a Hexagonal Close-Packed arrangement
Mg, Zn or Cd
What is the simplest formula when an oxide (O²⁻) ion combines with Mg²⁺
MgO
Explain why molten MgCl₂ does conduct an electric current although crystalline MgCl₂ does not
Mg²⁺ and Cl- ions are free to move to carry the current in the liquid but not in the solid.
What is an example of a metal that crystallizes in a Body Centered Cubic arrangement
Na, K, Fe, Cr or W
What is the formula of the ion formed when atoms of sodium gain or lose valence electrons and attain noble-gas configurations?
Na⁺
What is the name and symbol of the ion formed when a nitrogen atom gains three electrons
Nitride, N³⁻
Does O and Cl combine chemically to form an ionic compound
No Oxygen and chlorine are nonmetals
Is CO₂ an ionic compound?
No. Carbon and Oxygen are both nonmetals
Does F and Cl combine chemically to form an ionic compound?
No. Flourine and Chlorine are both nonmetals
Does H and N combine chemically to form an ionic compound
No. Hydrogen and Nitrogen are both nonmetals
Is NH₃ an ionic compound?
No. Hydrogen and Nitrogen are both nonmetals
Is water, H₂O an ionic compound?
No. Hydrogen and Oxygen are both nonmetals
Is SO₂ an ionic compound?
No. Sulfur and Oxygen are both nonmetals
Neon: 1. classify the element 2. will it form a cation or an anion or be nonreactive 3. For the atoms that do form ions during a chemical reaction, how many electrons will it gain or lose
Noble Gas chemically nonreactive
Chlorine: 1. classify the element 2. will it form a cation or an anion or be nonreactive 3. For the atoms that do form ions during a chemical reaction, how many electrons will it gain or lose
Nonmetal anion gain 1 electron
Describe the formation of a cation that is an exception to the octet rule. Compare the electron configuration of the cation to the electron configurations of the nearest noble gases
Nonmetals attain stable noble gas configurations by gaining electrons and forming anions with outer electrons in the existing energy level. Metals attain noble gas configurations by losing electrons and forming cations with a complete octet in the next-lowest energy level
What is the formula of the ion formed when atoms of phosphorus gain or lose valence electrons and attain noble-gas configurations?
P³⁻
What is the formula of the ion formed when atoms of sulfur gain or lose valence electrons and attain noble-gas configurations?
S²⁻
A copper atom can lose one or two electrons to form a Cu⁺ ion or a Cu²⁺ ion, respectively. The charge of the copper ion in CuCO₃,is 2+. Write the electron configuration of this cation
The charge on the copper cation is 2+. Its electron configuration is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d9
For NaCl and CaO, the melting point of NaCl is 801 degrees celsius. The melting point of CaO is 2614 degrees celsius. Does this support that the electrostatic forces of attraction are stronger in CaO than NaCl. Why or why not?
Yes. CaO has stronger electrostatic attractions than NaCl, which must be overcome to melt the compound.
Does I and K combine chemically to form an ionic compound
Yes. Iodine is a nonmetal and Potassium is a metal
Does Li and S combine chemically to form an ionic compound
Yes. Lithium is a metal and Sulfur is a nonmetal
Is Na₂0 an ionic compound?
Yes. Sodium is a metal and Oxygen is a nonmetal
Does Na and S combine chemically to form an ionic compound
Yes. Sodium is a metal and Sulfur is a nonmetal