Chemistry Chapter Three

The law of of energy states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed.

Blank 1: conservation

The law of Blank 1Blank 1 , Correct Unavailable of energy states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed.

conservation

James Maxwell proposed that light consists of waves, and that an electromagnetic wave contains both an electric component and a magnetic component. These two components travel in planes.

Blank 1: perpendicular, orthogonal, or mutually perpendicular

In Bohr's model of the atom, the quantum number n is associated with the _____ of an electron orbit. The lower the n value, the _____ the electron is to/from the nucleus and the _____ the energy level. Multiple choice question.

energy; closer; lower

An emission spectrum showing discrete, specific wavelengths is called a _____. Multiple choice question. spectral absorption line spectrum continuous spectrum photon flurry

line spectrum

The magnetic quantum number has the symbol mℓ and this value indicates the _____ of an orbital in space. The possible mℓ values are dictated by the value of _____. Multiple choice question.

orientation, ℓ

In a photoelectric cell, an electric current is produced by shining a light on a metal plate. The minimum frequency required to cause a current to flow is called the _________ frequency.

threshold

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle states that it is not possible to know the exact momentum and ________ of a particle simultaneously. In terms of atomic structure, this means that we cannot determine fixed ________ for electrons but can only determine the _________ of finding an electron in a given region of space.

Blank 1: position or location Blank 2: orbits, levels, energies, paths, locations, positions, or trajectories Blank 3: probability, likelihood, chance, or odds

An electron not only moves around the nucleus but also ______ on its own axis, thus generating a tiny _________ field. The direction of this field is described by the _________ quantum number, ms, which is not related to any specific orbital but is a property of the electron itself.

Blank 1: spins, rotates, or revolves Blank 2: magnetic Blank 3: spin, electron spin, fourth, 4th, or last

In a photoelectric cell, an electric current is produced by shining a light on a metal plate. The minimum frequency required to cause a current to flow is called the frequency.

Blank 1: threshold

In the quantum mechanical model of the atom, an electron is viewed as a particle-wave occupying a three-dimensional space near the nucleus. This space is modeled by the ___________ function (Ψ) in the Schrodinger equation. The different functions of Ψ are also called atomic ___________ , each with a characteristic energy and distribution of electron density.

Blank 1: wave Blank 2: orbitals

Which of the following is a consequence of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle? Multiple choice question. It is not possible to determine the number of electrons in an atom. Reason: It is not possible to determine both speed and location accurately at the same time; hence one cannot assign a fixed path for electron movement. Electrons, in any case, do not follow fixed paths. It is not possible to determine the number of energy states for an electron. Reason: It is not possible to determine both speed and location accurately at the same time; hence one cannot assign a fixed path for electron movement. Electrons, in any case, do not follow fixed paths. It is not possible to assign fixed paths for electrons. Reason: It is not possible to determine both speed and location accurately at the same time; hence one cannot assign a fixed path for electron movement. Electrons, in any case, do not follow fixed paths. It is not possible to record an accurate line spectrum for an element. Reason: It is not possible to determine both speed and location accurately at the same time; hence one cannot assign a fixed path for electron movement. Electrons, in any case, do not follow fixed paths.

It is not possible to assign fixed paths for electrons.

Which of the following statements correctly describe a photon? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. A high-frequency photon has low energy. Matter cannot absorb or emit a fraction of a photon. A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation. All photons have the same amount of energy.

Matter cannot absorb or emit a fraction of a photon. A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation.

Based on the equation below, which of the following statements are true? λ = hmuhmu (h = Plank's constant; m = mass; u = speed) Multiple select question. In order to maximize the wavelength, one should increase the value of h. Particles moving very slowly will have a long de Broglie wavelength. Particles with a high mass will have a small de Broglie wavelength. Particles with a high wavelength must have a low mass.

Particles moving very slowly will have a long de Broglie wavelength. Particles with a high mass will have a small de Broglie wavelength.

Which of the following options correctly describes the limitations of the Bohr model of the atom? Multiple choice question. The Bohr model does not account for the existence of a nucleus. The Bohr model cannot explain how atoms emit or absorb energy. The Bohr model cannot explain the existence of atomic line spectra. The Bohr model cannot account for the behavior of multielectron species.

The Bohr model cannot account for the behavior of multielectron species.

An orbital with ℓ = 0 is called a(n) _____ type orbital and has a(n) _____ shape. There is always a total of _____ orbital(s) of this type for each principal energy level.

s, spherical, 1

A p orbital has _____ regions or lobes of high electron probability, on either side of the nucleus. This gives the orbital a(n) _____ shape.

2, figure 8

Which of the following statements correctly describe atomic line spectra? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. Atomic line spectra include radiation outside the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. An atom emits radiation continuously to produce a line spectrum. Reason: An atom must be energized either by heating or by electrical discharge before a line spectrum to be observed. Each element has its own unique atomic line spectrum. An atomic line spectrum arises from the emission of light of specific wavelengths. An atom emits radiation that contains all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. Reason: An atom emits radiation of specific wavelengths only.

Atomic line spectra include radiation outside the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Each element has its own unique atomic line spectrum. An atomic line spectrum arises from the emission of light of specific wavelengths.

Visible light forms a small part of the spectrum, which includes other types of radiation. All radiation exhibits -like behavior.

Blank 1: electromagnetic Blank 2: wave or particle

Which of the following correctly reflects the relationship between energy and frequency? Multiple choice question. E = hνhν E = hλ E = νhνh E = hν

E = hν

Why are electrons restricted to certain, discrete energy levels within an atom? Multiple choice question. Electrons have wavelike motion and are restricted to certain energy states associated with specific wavelengths. The orbits and energies of electrons are restricted by the physical space each electron occupies. Electron-electron repulsion in multielectron systems prevents the energy of electrons from being continuous. The energies of electrons are restricted by the interference of electron waves.

Electrons have wavelike motion and are restricted to certain energy states associated with specific wavelengths.

Which of the following statements correctly reflect the law of conservation of energy? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. Energy is lost when an object slows down. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. The total energy of the universe is constantly decreasing. One form of kinetic energy must always be transformed into a different type of kinetic energy. Energy can be converted from one form to another.

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Energy can be converted from one form to another.

Which of the following options correctly describe aspects of the Schrodinger equation? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. The Schrodinger equation allows one to locate the electron within the atom. The Schrodinger equation models the wavelike behavior of the electron in an atom. The solutions to the Schrodinger equation take the form of wave functions (Ψ). The probability of finding an electron is proportional to Ψ.The Schrodinger equation models the wavelike behavior of the electron in an atom. The solutions to the Schrodinger equation take the form of wave functions (Ψ).

The Schrodinger equation models the wavelike behavior of the electron in an atom. The solutions to the Schrodinger equation take the form of wave functions (Ψ).

n a photoelectric diode, no current will flow unless light of a certain minimum "threshold" frequency is used. Which of the following explains this observation correctly? Multiple choice question. The photons of light must be moving fast enough to dislodge the electrons from the metal. The energy of the photons of light must match or exceed the energy needed for electrons to break free from the metal. The intensity of the light must be sufficient to allow electrons to break free from the metal.

The energy of the photons of light must match or exceed the energy needed for electrons to break free from the metal.

The _____ momentum quantum number has the symbol ℓ and can take values from _____ to (n - 1). This number is related to the _____ of the orbital. Multiple choice question. angular, 0, shape magnetic, 0, shape magnetic, 0, orientation angular, n, shape

angular, 0, shape

Wavelength and frequency are _____ proportional to each other. As wavelength increases, frequency will _____. Multiple choice question. directly; decrease Reason: Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional. directly; increase Reason: Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional, which means that as one quantity increases, the other will decrease. inversely; decrease inversely; increase Reason: Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional, which means that as one quantity increases, the other will decrease.

inversely; decrease

Solving the Schrodinger's wave equation for an atom produces wave functions that describe the electrons in the atom. The probability of finding a given electron in a region of space is represented by _____.

the square of its wave function

rue or false: Bohr's theory explains the line spectrum of hydrogen but cannot explain the spectra of other atoms. True false question.TrueFalse

true

Which of the following statements correctly describe an s orbital? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. An s orbital can have an mℓ value = 1. Reason: An s orbital is spherical and has only one orientation; the mℓ value can only be 0. A 2s orbital has two regions of higher electron density. Reason: A 2s orbital has 2 regions of high electron density, separated by a spherical node. An s orbital has a spherical shape. s orbitals always occur in pairs. Reason: s orbitals always occur singly.

A 2s orbital has two regions of higher electron density. An s orbital has a spherical shape.

Which of the following statements correctly describe a photon? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation. Matter cannot absorb or emit a fraction of a photon. All photons have the same amount of energy.

A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation. Matter cannot absorb or emit a fraction of a photon.

Interference patterns, a characteristic of waves, arise when X rays pass through a crystalline material like gold. What occurs when a beam of electrons passes through the same material? Multiple choice question. The electrons are absorbed by the gold, proving the crystalline nature of gold metal. The electrons bounce off the gold, proving the particle properties of electrons. A similar result occurs, proving the wavelike properties of electrons

A similar result occurs, proving the wavelike properties of electrons.

Which of the following statements correctly describes how energy is absorbed by an atom? Multiple choice question. The energy of the absorbed radiation must match the difference between the two energy states of the atom. The atom will keep absorbing more energy until the total amount absorbed equals the energy difference between the two energy states in the atom. The energy of the absorbed radiation must be greater than the difference between the two energy states of the atom.

The energy of the absorbed radiation must match the difference between the two energy states of the atom.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the spin quantum number of the electron? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. The spin quantum number has values of +1 or -1. The spin quantum number depends on the type of orbital the electron is in. The spin quantum number has values of +1212 or -1212. The spin quantum number is a property of the electron itself.

The spin quantum number has values of +1212 or -1212. The spin quantum number is a property of the electron itself.

Which statement correctly describes the quantum number n with reference to the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. n can have any positive, whole-number value greater than or equal to 1. An electron with n = 2 is at higher energy than an electron with n = 1. n is a measure of the difference in energy between two energy levels. The higher the value of n, the closer the electron is to the center of the atom. n indicates the energy level of an electron in the atom.

n can have any positive, whole-number value greater than or equal to 1. An electron with n = 2 is at higher energy than an electron with n = 1. n indicates the energy level of an electron in the atom.

True or false: Both heat and work can be measured in joules. True false question.True or False

true

Which of the following statements correctly describe p orbitals? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. A p orbital has a dumbbell shape with two lobes, one on either side of the nucleus. A p orbital has its highest electron density at the nucleus. Reason: The electron density of a p orbital is zero at the nucleus. The p orbitals of a group are perpendicular to each other. p orbitals always occur in groups of three. The p orbitals of a group have different shapes and energies. Reason: The p orbitals of a group are identical in shape and energy. They differ in their orientations in space.

A p orbital has a dumbbell shape with two lobes, one on either side of the nucleus. The p orbitals of a group are perpendicular to each other. p orbitals always occur in groups of three.

Which of the following statements best summarizes de Broglie's deduction regarding the relationship between particle and wave properties? Multiple choice question. Electrons are unique, in that they may exhibit wavelike properties (in the form of a wavelength) and particle-like properties. Every particle in a given energy state has multiple associated wavelengths. Every particle may be promoted to an excited state when given a certain amount of energy. All waves can behave like particles, and all particles can exhibit wavelike properties.

All waves can behave like particles, and all particles can exhibit wavelike properties.

Which of the following statements best summarizes de Broglie's deduction regarding the relationship between particle and wave properties? Multiple choice question. Every particle may be promoted to an excited state when given a certain amount of energy. Reason: De Broglie studied the wave-particle duality. Electrons are unique, in that they may exhibit wavelike properties (in the form of a wavelength) and particle-like properties. Reason: All particles exhibit both wavelike and particle-like properties, not just electrons. Every particle in a given energy state has multiple associated wavelengths. Reason: A particle in a given energy state has a single wavelength according to the de Broglie relationship. All waves can behave like particles, and all particles can exhibit wavelike properties.

All waves can behave like particles, and all particles can exhibit wavelike properties.

In order for a current to flow in a photoelectric cell, a photon of light must be _________ by an electron in the metal. For this to occur, the _______ of the photon must be equal to or greater than the energy needed to remove the electron from its energy state. It is the __________ of the light that is important, not its intensity.

Blank 1: absorbed Blank 2: energy Blank 3: frequency, energy, or wavelength

Each element has its own atomic line spectrum, consisting of fine lines of individual wavelengths that are characteristic of the element. This occurs because the atom contains specific Blank 1Blank 1 , Incorrect Unavailable levels, and an atom can only absorb or emit radiation that corresponds to the energy Blank 2Blank 2, Correct Unavailable between these levels.

Blank 1: energy or quantum Blank 2: difference, differences, gap, gaps, or transition

A central concept in quantum mechanics is that both matter and Blank 1Blank 1 , Correct Unavailable are alternate forms of the same entity and therefore both exhibit dual characteristics of particles and of Blank 2Blank 2 , Correct Unavailable. This model allows a better understanding of the behavior of tiny particles such as electrons.

Blank 1: energy or radiation Blank 2: waves

The speed of a wave is determined by multiplying the Blank 1Blank 1 , Correct Unavailable of the wave by its wavelength. In a vacuum, all electromagnetic radiation travels at a constant speed, the speed of Blank 2Blank 2 , Correct Unavailable, which is equal to 3.00 x 108 m/s. (Include a word in the last fill-in-the-blank space, not a symbol or number.)

Blank 1: frequency Blank 2: light

Atoms, like all other matter, have specific energy levels within them. For an atom to absorb radiation, the energy of the radiation must match the energy Blank 1, Incorrect Unavailable between the two energy levels in the atoms.

Blank 1: gap, difference, or change

Atoms, like all other matter, have specific energy levels within them. For an atom to absorb radiation, the energy of the radiation must match the energy Blank 1Blank 1 , Incorrect Unavailable between the two energy levels in the atoms.

Blank 1: gap, difference, or change

The SI unit of energy is the Blank 1Blank 1 , Correct Unavailable, which is abbreviated by the symbol ________.

Blank 1: joule Blank 2: J

According to the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom, the energy of the atom is not continuous but has certain discrete energy _________, each of which is related to a fixed circular ___________ of the electron around the nucleus. The farther the electron is from the nucleus, the ______________ the energy of the system.

Blank 1: levels or states Blank 2: orbit Blank 3: higher, greater, or larger

The principal quantum number is given the symbol ______ and has positive, whole-number values starting from ________.

Blank 1: n Blank 2: 1 or one

Electromagnetic radiation consists of particles called , which are characterized by a specific wavelength and . Listen to the complete question

Blank 1: photons Blank 2: frequency or energy

Which of the following statements correctly describe the photoelectric effect? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. Light that has a frequency greater than the threshold frequency will not cause a current to flow. Current begins to flow immediately when light of the correct frequency shines on the metal plate. Light of any frequency will cause a current to flow providing enough time is given. The kinetic energy of the electrons ejected from the metal depends on the frequency of the light used in the experiment.

Current begins to flow immediately when light of the correct frequency shines on the metal plate. The kinetic energy of the electrons ejected from the metal depends on the frequency of the light used in the experiment.

Which of the following correctly expresses energy in terms of Planck's constant? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. E = hcνhcν E = hν E = hcλhcλ E = Rν E = hν

E = hν E = hc/λ

Which of the following statements correctly describe the atom in terms of quantum mechanics? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. An electron may be precisely located within an atom if we know which atomic orbital it is in. Electrons have certain allowed energy states associated with fixed orbits around the nucleus. Electrons exhibit behavior of both waves and particles. Each electron occupies a three-dimensional space near the nucleus. This space is described by a wave function. The electron density in the atom can be described by wave functions.

Electrons exhibit behavior of both waves and particles. Each electron occupies a three-dimensional space near the nucleus. This space is described by a wave function. The electron density in the atom can be described by wave functions.

Which of the following options correctly describe aspects of the Schrodinger equation? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. The Schrodinger equation allows one to locate the electron within the atom. The probability of finding an electron is proportional to Ψ. The solutions to the Schrodinger equation take the form of wave functions (Ψ).

The Schrodinger equation models the wavelike behavior of the electron in an atom. The solutions to the Schrodinger equation take the form of wave functions (Ψ).

hich of the following statements correctly describe the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. The atom is in its lowest energy state when the electron is in the orbit closest to the nucleus. The electron can move to a higher energy state by absorbing a photon with energy equal to that of the new energy state. Only certain energy levels are allowed within the hydrogen atom. The atom is in an excited state when the electron is in the orbit closest to the nucleus. Each energy state of the hydrogen atom is associated with a fixed circular orbit of the electron around the nucleus.

The atom is in its lowest energy state when the electron is in the orbit closest to the nucleus. Only certain energy levels are allowed within the hydrogen atom. Each energy state of the hydrogen atom is associated with a fixed circular orbit of the electron around the nucleus.

In a photoelectric diode, no current will flow unless light of a certain minimum "threshold" frequency is used. Which of the following explains this observation correctly? Multiple choice question. The intensity of the light must be sufficient to allow electrons to break free from the metal. The energy of the photons of light must match or exceed the energy needed for electrons to break free from the metal. The photons of light must be moving fast enough to dislodge the electrons from the metal.

The energy of the photons of light must match or exceed the energy needed for electrons to break free from the metal.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the photoelectric effect? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. Light that has a frequency greater than the threshold frequency will not cause a current to flow. Light of any frequency will cause a current to flow providing enough time is given. The kinetic energy of the electrons ejected from the metal depends on the frequency of the light used in the experiment. Current begins to flow immediately when light of the correct frequency shines on the metal plate.

The kinetic energy of the electrons ejected from the metal depends on the frequency of the light used in the experiment. Current begins to flow immediately when light of the correct frequency shines on the metal plate.

Which of the following defines the ground state of an atom? Multiple choice question. An atom that has reached a low-energy state by gaining or losing electrons The energy state of an atom that has formed stable bonds The energy state of an atom when it has a full valence shell of electrons The lowest energy state of an atom, where all electrons are in the lowest energy levels possible

The lowest energy state of an atom, where all electrons are in the lowest energy levels possible

Which of the following statements correctly describe the angular momentum quantum number, symbol l? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. The number of possible ℓ values equals the value of n. This number is related to the orientation of the orbital in space. The values of ℓ can range from -n to +n. The allowed values of ℓ are determined by the value of n. The value of ℓ dictates the allowed values of mℓ.

The number of possible ℓ values equals the value of n. The allowed values of ℓ are determined by the value of n. The value of ℓ dictates the allowed values of mℓ.

Which of the following correctly describe the two components of Maxwell's electromagnetic wave? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. The two wave components travel at different speeds. The wave consists of an oscillating electric field component. The two wave components travel in parallel. The two wave components have the same wavelength and frequency. The wave consists of an oscillating magnetic field component.

The wave consists of an oscillating electric field component. The two wave components have the same wavelength and frequency. The wave consists of an oscillating magnetic field component.

Which of the following correctly describe the two components of Maxwell's electromagnetic wave? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. The wave consists of an oscillating magnetic field component. The wave consists of an oscillating electric field component. The two wave components travel in parallel. The two wave components have the same wavelength and frequency. The two wave components travel at different speeds.

The wave consists of an oscillating magnetic field component. The wave consists of an oscillating electric field component. The two wave components have the same wavelength and frequency.

Energy is quantized. What does this mean? Multiple choice question. Energy can be absorbed or emitted in any quantity. There is a basic unit of energy that cannot be subdivided further. There is a fixed quantity of energy in the universe. Energy can be measured.

There is a basic unit of energy that cannot be subdivided further.

nergy is quantized. What does this mean? Multiple choice question. There is a basic unit of energy that cannot be subdivided further. There is a fixed quantity of energy in the universe. Energy can be measured. Energy can be absorbed or emitted in any quantity

There is a basic unit of energy that cannot be subdivided further.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the magnetic quantum number, symbol mℓ? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. This value indicates the orientation of an orbital in the space around the nucleus. The number of possible mℓ values equals the value of n for a given level. The allowed values for mℓ range from -ℓ to +ℓ. This value is also known as the spin quantum number.

This value indicates the orientation of an orbital in the space around the nucleus. The allowed values for mℓ range from -ℓ to +ℓ.

Which of the following options correctly describe the way two waves can interact? Select all that apply. Multiple select question. When two waves that are in phase interact, constructive interference is observed. If the peaks of two waves coincide, a new wave with a larger amplitude will result. Destructive interference between two waves produces a new wave with a deeper trough. If the troughs of two waves coincide they will exhibit destructive interference.

When two waves that are in phase interact, constructive interference is observed. If the peaks of two waves coincide, a new wave with a larger amplitude will result.

Any two waves that meet as they travel through the same medium will interact. If the two waves are out of phase their crests will not coincide and they will exhibit _____ interference, producing a wave with a(n) _____ amplitude. Multiple choice question.

destructive, decreased

Thomson's observation of electron diffraction by gold foil was a significant experimental observation that confirmed that ______. Multiple choice question. gold atoms behave as both waves and particles electrons possess particle-like properties electrons possess wavelike properties

electrons possess wavelike properties

he relative energies of the orbitals in the hydrogen atom depend on the value of the ______ quantum number but not on the value of the _____ quantum number.

principal; angular momentum

Energy is not continuous, but is quantized or divided into "packets," each of which contains a definite amount of energy. An energy packet is called a(n) _____, and the energy of each packet is directly proportional to its _____. Multiple choice question. quantum; frequency blackbody; frequency blackbody; wavelength quantum; wavelength

quantum; frequency