Chemistry

Determine the type of bond formed (non-polar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic) by phosphorus and oxygen using your table of electronegativities.

1.4—Polar Covalent

Convert 125 cm to km.

125 cm x 1 m x 1 km = 0.00125 km 100 cm 1000 m

. If you measure the mass of a book at 125 grams and the accepted value is really 130 grams, what is your percent error?

130g-125gx100 =3.9% 130 g

What temperature is absolute zero in Celsius and Kelvin?

0 K and -273.15 ° C

What is a physical change? List three examples.

A change in which a new product is not formed. Examples are cutting, folding, or tearing a piece of paper, any change of state of matter, and painting or coloring a substance.

Define compound.

A compound is a pure substance that contains one or more different types of elements in a fixed ratio. Examples are H2O and NaCl.

What is the difference between a homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture?

A homogeneous mixture is evenly dispersed and looks the same throughout the mixture. A heterogeneous mixture looks different throughout the mixture.

What is a mixture?

A mixture is a system that contains two or more substance mixed but not chemically combined.

An ionic bond involves a _ of electrons to the _ electronegative element. A non-polar bond involves an __ of electrons. A polar bond involves an __ of electrons.

Giving More Equal sharing Unequal sharing

Group VII

Halogens

List three properties of a solid, a liquid, and a gas.

Solid—Definite Shape, Definite Volume, Incompressible Liquid—Indefinite Shape, Definite Volume, Incompressible Gas-Indefinite Shape, Indefinite Volume, Compressible

Element + Element>Compound A+B>AB

Synthesis

State the Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy.

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can change from one form to another. The law of conservation of mass states that the total amount of mass remains constant in an isolated system in spite of any physical or chemical changes that may take place.

C-12 and C-14 are isotopes. What does that mean?

They have the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons.

Lewis Dot Diagrams use dots to represent the ___ electrons and the chemical symbol to represent the ___ electrons.

Valence or outer Rest of the

What part of Dalton's atomic theory has been changed? Why?

a. Elements contain only one type of atom. b .Atoms rearrange in chemical reactions. c .Atoms are solid masses that can't be split into smaller particles

How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in each of the following?

a. carbon-14 6 P+ 6 e- 8 n0 b. chlorine-37 17 P+ 17 e- 20 n0 c. Na+1 11P+ 10e- 12n0 d. Br—1 35P+ 36e- 45n0

Matter is

anything that has mass and takes up space.

What does "amu" stand for? What is it defined as ?

atomic mass unit 1/12th the mass of a carbon atom

Dalton

continued the work of Democritus in the 1800's still believing in an indivisible particle.

Democritus

first used the term "atmos" meaning indivisible particle to describe the smallest possible particle of matter.

Atoms are composed of

protons, neutrons, and electrons

Define Energy

the ability to work

Rutherford

used the Gold Foil experiment to prove the existence of a dense, positively charged nucleus.

Thomson

used the cathode ray to find the negatively charged electron. His model was the "Plum Pudding Model."

Convert 625 K to °C.

° C + 273.15 = 625 K 625 K - 273.15 = 325 ° C

Write a formula to convert Celsius to Kelvin.

° C + 273.15 = kelvin

A metal _ electrons

Gives

The mass number of an element is the total number of

Protons plus neutrons

Element+Compound>Element+Compound A+BC>AC+B

Single Replacement

There are two isotopes of Lithium, Li-6 and Li-7, found in nature at 7.50% and 92.5% respectively. Calculate the atomic mass of lithium.

6 x 0.0750 = 0.500 7 x 0,925 = 6.48 0.500 + 6.48 = 6.98

Convert 78.5 cm to m. Report your answer in scientific notation.

785cmx1m =7.85m=7.85x100 m 100 cm

What is a chemical change? List three examples.

A change in a product in which a new product is formed. Examples are food rotting or cooking, burning something, or digesting food.

What is a solution ?

A solution is a homogeneous mixture. The particles are evenly spread out and mixed throughout.

What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

Accuracy is how close an experimental value to the accepted value. Precision is how close two measurements are to each other.

Group I

Akali Metals

Group II

Akaline Earth metals

Define atom

An atom is a p article of matter. They are the smallest unit that defines the chemical elements

Define element.

An element is a pure substance that contains one type of atom. Examples are found on the Periodic Table.

A certain "particle" has 17 protons, 18 electrons, and 18 neutrons. Write it's isotopic notation

Chlorine-35 or 3517Cl

Compound>Element+Element AB>A+B

Decomposition

A piece of iron (mass = 47.5 grams) is placed into a graduated cylinder filled with 50.0 ml of water. The new volume (with the metal) is 62.0 ml. Calculate the density of iron.

Density = Mass/Volume = 47.5 g/ (62.0 mL - 50.0 mL) = 3.96 g/mL

Compound+Compound>Compound+Compound AB+CD>AD+CB

Double Replacement

A __ involves the sharing of two pairs of electrons and a __ involves a sharing of three pairs of electrons.

Double bond Triple bond

The type of bond that is formed is determined by the difference in _ between the two bonding atoms. If the difference is between 0 and 0.4, then the bond will be ___; if the difference is greater than 0.4 and less than 1.7, then the bond will be __; if the difference is greater than 1.7, then the bond will be _

Electro negativity Non polar covalent Polar covalent Ionic

What two things are classified as pure substances?

Elements and Compounds

Why is there uncertainty in any measurement? What are two sources of this uncertainty?

Every measurement has uncertainty because there is always a gap between 2 graduations in a measuring instrument. Two sources of error are random error (operator error or human error) and systematic error (instrument error).

What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?

In an ionic bond a metal gives up electrons to become a cation or positively charged ion and a non-metal takes in electrons to become an anion or negatively charged ion. The opposite charges attract and form a compound. A covalent bond occurs between two non-metals which share electrons to form an octet.

6. List the metric prefixes in order from largest (kilo) to smallest (micro).

Kilo Hecto Deca UNIT deci centi milli micro 1000 x 100 x 10 x 0.1 x 0.01 x 0.001 x 0.000001 x

Differentiate between kinetic and potential energy

Kinetic energy is energy in motion and potential is energy that is stored such as a chemical energy

Non metals normally _ electrons

Loses

A certain "particle" has 12 protons, 10 electrons, and 12 neutrons. Write it's isotopic notation.

Magnesium-24 or 2412Mg

elements on the staircase

Metalloid

Group VIII

Noble gases

If an element fulfills either of the two rules mentioned in question above, then that element has the same ___ as one of the __

Number of electrons Noble gases

All elements follow the _ rule, except for _ and _ which follow the _ rule.

Octet Hydrogen Helium Duet

Co2 + H20

Products of Combustion rxn

What is a chemical property? List three examples.

Properties that do change the chemical make-up of a substance. Examples are flammability, reactivity, and pH.

What is a physical property? List three examples.

Properties that do not change the chemical make-up of a substance. Examples are color, smell, boiling point, freezing point, melting point, and density.